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Hydrocarbon exploration is the search by petroleum geologists and geophysicists for deposits of hydrocarbons, particularly petroleum and natural gas, in the Earth using petroleum geology.
Petroliam Nasional Berhad, commonly known as Petronas, is a Malaysian oil and gas company. Established in 1974 and wholly owned by the Government of Malaysia, the corporation is vested with the entire oil and gas resources in Malaysia and is entrusted with the responsibility of developing and adding value to these resources. Petronas is ranked among Fortune Global 500's largest corporations in the world. In the 2017 Forbes Global 2000, Petronas Gas was ranked as the 1881st -largest public company in the world.
Eni S.p.A. is an Italian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in Rome. Considered one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world, it has operations in 66 countries with a market capitalization of US$55.61 billion, as of 31 December 2019. The Italian government owns a 30.303% golden share in the company, 3.934% held through the state treasury and 26.369% through the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.
Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa. Crude oil from the Niger delta basin comes in two types: light, and comparatively heavy – the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier, 20–25 gravity. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur.
Oil India Limited (OIL) is the second largest hydrocarbon exploration and production Indian public sector company with its operational headquarters in Duliajan, Assam, India. The company is a state-owned Navratna under the administrative control of India's Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas with its corporate offices in Noida in the New Delhi-NCR region.
Oil and Gas Development Company Limited, commonly known as OGDCL, is a Pakistani oil and gas company. It has a primary listing on the Pakistan Stock Exchange, and secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange. Established in 1961 by the Government of Pakistan, it was turned into a public listed company on 23 October 1997. Today it is involved in exploring, drilling, refining and selling oil and gas in Pakistan. It is the market leader in terms of reserves, production and acreage. It is based on Jinnah Avenue, Blue Area in Islamabad, with the Government of Pakistan holding 74% stake in the company. Rest are held by private investors. In 2013, it has revenue of Rs. 223.365 billion and profit before tax soaring at Rs. 90.777 billion.
The Ministry of Petroleum (MOP) (Persian: وزارت نفت Vezârat-e Naft) manages the oil industry, the producer of oil and petrochemical products. MoP is in charge of all issues pertaining to exploration, extraction, exploitation, distribution and exportation of crude oil and oil products. In addition, according to the "Imports and Exports Regulation Act", issuing import licenses for such products is also among the functions of the Ministry of Petroleum. According to BP, Iran's has 137.6 billion barrels (2.188×1010 m3) of proven oil reserves and 29.61 trillion cubic meters of proven gas reserves. Iran ranks third in the world in oil reserves and second in gas reserves. It is responsible for applying the principle of Iranian ownership and sovereignty over oil and gas reserves. Also, it is undertake the separation of sovereignty tasks from management and development of country's oil and gas industry.
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is an Indian public sector multinational crude oil and gas company. Its registered office is in New Delhi. It is owned by the Government of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in the country, and produces around 70% of India's crude oil and around 84% of its natural gas. In November 2010, the Government of India conferred the Maharatna status to ONGC.
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) is an Indian public sector oil and gas company. It is a subsidiary of ONGC with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has a 25% market-share in India among public sector undertakings (PSUs) coupled with a strong marketing infrastructure. Its parent company is ONGC which owns a 51.11% stake in the company. The company is ranked 367th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016. HPCL was removed from NIFTY 50 INDEX in March 2019 On 24 October 2019, the company became a Maharatna PSU.
Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO) was founded in 1954 by Law No. 6327 with the responsibility of being involved in hydrocarbon exploration, drilling, production, refinery and marketing activities as Turkey's national company.
Hydrocarbons are the leading sector in Algeria's mineral industry, which includes diverse but modest production of metals and industrial minerals. In 2006, helium production in Algeria accounted for about 13% of total world output. Hydrocarbons produced in Algeria accounted for about 2.9% of total world natural gas output and about 2.2% of total world crude oil output in 2006. Algeria held about 21% of total world identified resources of helium, 2.5% of total world natural gas reserves, and about 1% of total world crude oil reserves.
Morocco's energy policy is set independently by two agencies of the government: the Office of Hydrocarbons and Mining , which sets domestic oil policy, and the Office National de l'Electricité (ONE), which sets policy with regard to electricity. The two major weaknesses of the energy policy of Morocco are the lack of coordination between these two agencies and the lack of development of domestic energy sources.
Niko Resources is an India- and South East Asia-focused oil and gas exploration and production company that shares ownership of many exploration and development properties with Komodo Energy and Reliance Industries. Though it holds exploration rights to 37,000,000 acres (150,000 km2) of land in 7 countries production currently (2011) only takes place in India and Bangladesh. Major acquisitions include a $310 million November 18, 2009 purchase of Black Gold Energy followed by the 2010 $37.6 million acquisition of Voyager Energy which expanded its presence in Trinidad.
Energy production in Greece is dominated by the state owned Public Power Corporation. In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all electric energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009.
New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) was conceptualised by the Government of India, during 1997-98 to provide an equal platform to both Public and Private sector companies in exploration and production of hydrocarbons with Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) as a nodal agency for its implementation. It was introduced to boost the production of oil and natural gas and providing level playing field for both public and private players.
The Directorate General of Hydrocarbon (DGH) is the Indian governmental regulatory body under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
The petroleum fiscal regime of a country is a set of laws, regulations and agreements which governs the economical benefits derived from petroleum exploration and production. The regime regulates transactions between the political entity and the legal entities involved. A commercial or legal entity in this context is commonly an oil company, and two or more companies may establish partnerships to share economic risks and investment capital.
Bangladesh is the nineteenth-largest producer of natural gas in Asia. Gas supplies meet 56% of domestic energy demand. However, the country faces an acute energy crisis in meeting the demands of its vast and growing population. Bangladesh is a net importer of crude oil and petroleum products. The energy sector is dominated by state-owned companies, including Petrobangla and the Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation. Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Equinor, Gazprom and ONGC are major international companies engaged in Bangladesh's hydrocarbon industry, with Chevron's gas fields accounting for 50% of natural gas production.
Rex International Holding is an oil and gas company headquartered in Singapore. The company's main activity is in offshore oil exploration in assets located in Oman and Norway.
Petrowatch is an English-language market intelligence newsletter on the Indian oil industry published uninterrupted since February 1997.
References
1. https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cabinet-relaxes-nelp-pre-nelp-pact-rules/article24454109.ece 2.http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137638
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