Artemis 2

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Artemis 2
Artemis 2 map march 2023.jpg
Summary of the Artemis 2 mission plan
NamesArtemis 2
Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2)
Mission typeCrewed lunar flyby
Operator NASA
Mission duration10 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft Orion CM-003
Crew
Crew size4
Members Reid Wiseman
Victor Glover
Christina Koch
Jeremy Hansen
Start of mission
Launch dateSeptember 2025 (planned) [1]
Rocket SLS Block 1
Launch site Kennedy Space Center, LC-39B [2]
Contractor NASA
End of mission
Recovered by U.S. Navy
(San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock)
Landing dateSeptember 2025
Landing sitePacific Ocean (planned)
Flyby of Moon
Distance6,400 mi (10,300 km) (planned) [3]
Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg
Official Crew Portrait (Clockwise from left) Koch, Glover, Hansen, Wiseman
←  Artemis 1
Artemis 3  →
 

Artemis 2 (officially Artemis II) [4] is a scheduled mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. It will use the second launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) and include the first crewed mission of the Orion spacecraft. The mission is scheduled for no earlier than September 2025. [1] Four astronauts will perform a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth, becoming the first crew to travel beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Artemis 2 will be the first crewed launch from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center since STS-116 in 2006.

Contents

Originally designated Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2), the mission was intended to collect samples from a captured asteroid in lunar orbit by the now-canceled robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission; [5] it was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis program.

History

In 2017, Exploration Mission-2 was a projected single-launch mission of a Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B with an Exploration Upper Stage, lunar Block 1 Orion spacecraft, and a payload insertion of 50.7  t (55.9 short tons ; 112,000  lb ). The plan was to rendezvous with an asteroid previously placed in lunar orbit by the robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission and have astronauts perform space-walks and gather samples. [6] After the cancellation in April 2017 [7] of the Asteroid Redirect Mission, an 8-day mission was proposed with a crew of four astronauts, sent on a free-return trajectory around the Moon. [8] Another proposal suggested in 2017 was to take four astronauts aboard Orion on an 8-to-21–day trip around the Moon to deliver the first element of the Deep Space Gateway. [9] In March 2018, it was decided to launch the first Gateway module on a commercial launch vehicle [10] because of delays in building the Mobile Launcher needed to hold the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage. [11] The launcher was selected to be the SpaceX Falcon Heavy. [12]

Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit Illustration of Orion over lunar surface with Earthrise (32125696615) (cropped).jpg
Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit

On 11 February 2023, NASA flipped the engine section for the Artemis 2 core to horizontal, the final major milestone before mating the section to the rest of the vehicle. On March 20, the engine section was mated with the Artemis 2 core stage in Building 103 at the Michoud Assembly Facility. NASA expected the core stage, complete with engines, to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in summer 2023. [13] In May, the delivery date was moved to late fall 2023. [14] [15] As of April 2024, this has still not happened. The RS-25 engines now installed on the core stage in New Orleans as of September 25,2023 have serial numbers E2047, E2059, E2062, and E2063. [16] [17]

The crew was announced on April 3, 2023, as stated by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, in his "State of NASA" speech reacting to President Joe Biden's FY2024 budget proposal. [18] The announcement occurred at a NASA facility at Ellington Field outside Houston. [19] They appeared later that day at nearby NRG Stadium for the 2023 March Madness championship game. [20]

Proposed secondary payloads

MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers SLS MPCV Stage Adapter for 11 CubeSats.png
MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers

NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) sought proposals in 2019 from U.S. institutions and U.S. companies to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis 2 mission. [21] [22] NASA would accept proposals for both 6-unit (12 kg, 26 lb) and 12-unit (20 kg, 44 lb) CubeSats. [23] As with the Artemis 1 mission, the CubeSats flying on Artemis 2 were to be mounted on the inside of the stage adapter ring between the SLS upper stage and the Orion spacecraft, and will be deployed after Orion separates. [23] Selections were initially planned to be made by February 2020, [21] but in October 2021, NASA dropped all secondary payloads from the mission. [24]

Launch date

During preliminary reviews in 2011, the launch date was placed somewhere between 2019 and 2021, but afterwards the launch date was delayed to 2023. [25] [26] As of January 2024, the mission is expected to launch no earlier than September 2025. [1]

In April 2024, Lockheed was on track to hand over the Orion module by September. [27] [28] [29] The Orion module completed electromagnetic testing successfully in April and will undergo further work in preparation for additional testing in the summer. [30]

Crew

Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander Flag of the United States.svg Reid Wiseman, NASA
Second spaceflight
Pilot Flag of the United States.svg Victor Glover, NASA
Second spaceflight
Payload Specialist Flag of the United States.svg Christina Koch, NASA
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Jeremy Hansen, CSA
First spaceflight
Jenni Sidey-Gibbons, pictured in 2017, is Jeremy Hansen's substitute. Jenni Sidey official portrait.jpg
Jenni Sidey-Gibbons, pictured in 2017, is Jeremy Hansen's substitute.

Artemis 2 is to be crewed by four astronauts: Commander Reid Wiseman, Pilot Victor J. Glover, Payload Specialist Christina Koch, and Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen. [31] Jenni Sidey-Gibbons is Hansen's backup; she will join the mission if Hansen is unable to do so. [32] [33]

Glover, Koch, and Hansen are to be the first person of color, woman, and non-American to go beyond low Earth orbit respectively. [31] Hansen and Sidey-Gibbons are Canadian and have been assigned by the Canadian Space Agency; [31] a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada led to their involvement. [34]

Mission

Orion spacecraft outfitted interior, 2021 Orion Spacecraft Outfitted Interior 2021 (labeled).jpg
Orion spacecraft outfitted interior, 2021

The Artemis 2 mission plan is to send four astronauts in the first crewed Orion MPCV spacecraft into a lunar flyby for a maximum of 21 days using the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The mission profile is a multi-trans-lunar injection (MTLI), or multiple departure burns, and includes a free-return trajectory from the Moon. The Orion spacecraft will be sent to a high Earth orbit with a period of roughly 24 hours. During this time the crew will perform various checkouts of the spacecraft's life support systems as well as an in-space rendezvous and proximity operations demonstration using the spent Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) as a target. When Orion reaches perigee once again, it will fire its main engine to complete the TLI maneuver, which will send it to a lunar free-return trajectory, before returning to Earth. [3] [35]

Optical communications

O2O optical communications modules on the Orion spacecraft O2O optical communications modules on the Orion Spacecraft.png
O2O optical communications modules on the Orion spacecraft

Artemis 2 will test and demonstrate optical communications to and from Earth using the Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O). [36] The O2O hardware will be integrated into the Orion spacecraft and includes an optical module (a 4-inch [100 mm] telescope and two gimbals), modem and control electronics. [36] O2O will communicate with ground stations in California and New Mexico. [36] The test device will send data to Earth with a downlink rate of up to 260 megabits per second. [37]

Similar missions

Flown

In December 1968, the Apollo 8 mission, crewed by astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders, flew their command and service module beyond low Earth orbit and completed ten orbits of the Moon. Similar to the planned Artemis 2 mission in that it was crewed and did not land, it differed by being placed into orbit. [38] Apollo 13 (1970) was the only Apollo mission that flew past the Moon by a free-return trajectory.

Proposed

In 2005, the company Space Adventures announced plans for a lunar tourism mission to take two tourists within 100 km (62 mi) of the lunar surface using a Soyuz spacecraft piloted by a professional cosmonaut. The mission, named DSE-Alpha, has been priced at US$150 million per seat and was expected to last 8–9 days when scheduled. Company CEO Eric Anderson stated in 2011 that one seat had been sold, but the launch date has continually slipped as the second seat remained unsold as of 2017. [39]

A SpaceX lunar tourism mission was initially proposed for late 2018 and would have been similar to Artemis 2 in crew size, with two space tourists paying for a free-return loop around the Moon and back to Earth, using the Crew Dragon capsule and launched on the Falcon Heavy. [40] [41] After the first flight of Falcon Heavy in 2018, SpaceX announced that Falcon Heavy would not be used for crewed flights to focus their future development on Starship and indicated that the lunar mission would more likely be carried out with the Starship. [42] [43] On 14 September 2018, SpaceX officially announced that it had signed one of the paying passengers, Yusaku Maezawa, for the dearMoon project mission using Starship and that he would invite six to eight artists to join him. [44] [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crew Exploration Vehicle</span> Planned orbiter component of NASAs cancelled Project Constellation; became Orion crew vehicle

The Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was a component of the U.S. NASA Vision for Space Exploration plan. A competition was held to design a spacecraft that could carry humans to the destinations envisioned by the plan. The winning design was the Orion spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA</span> American space and aeronautics agency

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the U.S. space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program, and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle retirement</span> End of NASAs Space Shuttle spacecraft system in 2011

The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. Discovery was the first of the three active Space Shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Launch System</span> NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis 1, which took place on 16 November 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orion (spacecraft)</span> American–European spacecraft class for the Artemis program

Orion is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to be launched atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 1</span> 2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I and formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis 1 marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.

A distant retrograde orbit (DRO), as most commonly conceived, is a spacecraft orbit around a moon that is highly stable because of its interactions with two Lagrange points (L1 and L2) of the planet–moon system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 3</span> Third orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis 3 is planned to be the first crewed Moon landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Starship HLS lander. Artemis 3 is planned to be the second crewed Artemis mission and the first American crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17 in December 1972. In December 2023, the Government Accountability Office reported that the mission is not likely to occur before 2027; as of January 2024, NASA officially expects Artemis 3 to launch no earlier than September 2026 due to issues with the valves in Orion's life support system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Gateway</span> Lunar orbital space station under development

The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is a space station which Artemis program participants plan to assemble in an orbit near the Moon. The Gateway is intended to serve as a communication hub, science laboratory, and habitation module for astronauts. It is a multinational collaborative project: participants include NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). The Gateway is planned to be the first space station beyond low Earth orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the United States' National Aeronoautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 moon mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 4</span> Fourth orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis 4 is a planned mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. The mission will include the fourth use of a Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle, will send an Orion spacecraft with four astronauts to the Lunar Gateway space station, install a new module on the Gateway, and conduct the second lunar landing of the Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 5</span> Fifth orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis 5 is the fifth planned mission of NASA's Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Blue Moon lander. The mission will launch four astronauts on a Space Launch System rocket and an Orion to the Lunar Gateway and will be the third lunar landing of the Artemis program. In addition, Artemis V will also deliver two new elements to the Gateway Space Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starship HLS</span> Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship

Starship HLS is a lunar lander variant of the Starship spacecraft that is slated to transfer astronauts from a lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back. It is being designed and built by SpaceX under the Human Landing System contract to NASA as a critical element of NASA's Artemis program to land a crew on the Moon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power and Propulsion Element</span> Power and propulsion module for the Gateway space station

The Power and Propulsion Element (PPE), previously known as the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle propulsion system, is a planned solar electric ion propulsion module being developed by Maxar Technologies for NASA. It is one of the major components of the Lunar Gateway. The PPE will allow access to the entire lunar surface and a wide range of lunar orbits and double as a space tug for visiting craft.

A Human Landing System (HLS) is a spacecraft in the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Artemis program that is expected to land humans on the Moon. These are being designed to convey astronauts from the Lunar Gateway space station in lunar orbit to the lunar surface, sustain them there, and then return them to the Gateway station. As of 2024 NASA intends to use Starship HLS for Artemis III, an enhanced Starship HLS for Artemis IV, and a Blue Origin HLS for Artemis V.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Habitation Module</span> Planned lunar habitat module

The International Habitation Module, International Habitat or I-HAB is designed as a habitat module of the Lunar Gateway station, to be built by the European Space Agency (ESA) in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA. The I-HAB will have a maximum launch mass of 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) and provide a habitable volume of 10 m3 (350 cu ft).

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