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534 of the 543 seats in the Lok Sabha 268 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Registered | 498,363,801 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Turnout | 56.73% ( 5.22pp) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results by constituency | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in India on 20 May, 12 June and 15 June 1991 to elect the members of the 10th Lok Sabha, although they were delayed until 19 February 1992 in Punjab.
No party could muster a majority in the Lok Sabha, resulting in the Indian National Congress (Indira) forming a minority government under new Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao with the support of other parties.The government survived 28 July 1993 no confidence vote in controversial circumstances by engineering defections from the Janata Dal and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha. [2] [3]
Elections were not held for the six seats allocated to Jammu and Kashmir, nor for two seats in Bihar and one in Uttar Pradesh. Voter turnout was 57%, the lowest to date in an Indian general election. [4]
The 1991 elections were held as the previous Lok Sabha, with Chandra Sekhar at its helm had been dissolved just 16 months after government formation. Over 500 million eligible voters were once again given the chance to elect their government. [5] The elections were held in a polarised environment and are also referred to as the 'Mandal-Mandir' elections after the two most important poll issues, the Mandal Commission fallout and the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid issue.
While the Mandal Commission report implemented by the VP Singh government gave 27 per cent reservation to the Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in government jobs, it led to widespread violence and protests across the country with many students in and around Delhi even setting themselves on fire. Mandir represented the hallmark of this election, where there was a debate over the disputed Babri Masjid structure at Ayodhya, which the Bharatiya Janata Party was using as its major election manifesto.
The Mandir issue led to numerous riots in many parts of the country and the electorate was polarised on caste and religious lines. With the National Front falling apart, the Congress(I) managed to make the most of the polarisation, by getting the most seats and forming a minority government. [6]
A day after the first round of polling took place on 20 May, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning for Margatham Chandrasekar in Sriperembudur. The remaining election days were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.
Since the assassination took place after first phase of polling in 211 of 534 constituencies and the balance constituencies went to polls after the assassination, the 1991 results varied greatly between phases. [7] Congress (I) was almost wiped out in the first phase, and rode a massive sympathy wave to sweep the second phase. [5] The end result was a Congress(I)-led minority government supported by the Janata Dal led by P. V. Narasimha Rao, who had previously announced his retirement from politics. While Rao had not contested in the election, he contested in a by-election in Nandyal which he won by a record five lakh votes.
76 to 126 people were shot dead during campaign on 17 June 1991 in two attacks by gunmen in Punjab, an area racked by separatist violence. Police reports said the killings, on separate trains, were carried out by Sikh militants. [8] No elections were held in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab, a total of 19 Lok Sabha seats. [9] Elections were held in Punjab on 19 February 1992, [10] where INC won 12 out of 13 seats, [11] thereby taking their tally in the Lok Sabha up from 232 to 244.
This article is part of a series on the |
Politics of India |
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Indiaportal |
Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian National Congress (Indira) | 99,799,403 | 36.26 | 232 | |
Bharatiya Janata Party | 55,345,075 | 20.11 | 120 | |
Janata Dal | 32,589,180 | 11.84 | 59 | |
Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 16,954,797 | 6.16 | 35 | |
Janata Party | 9,267,096 | 3.37 | 5 | |
Telugu Desam Party | 8,223,271 | 2.99 | 13 | |
Communist Party of India | 6,851,114 | 2.49 | 14 | |
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 5,741,910 | 2.09 | 0 | |
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | 4,470,542 | 1.62 | 11 | |
Bahujan Samaj Party | 4,420,719 | 1.61 | 2 | |
Shiv Sena | 2,208,712 | 0.80 | 4 | |
Revolutionary Socialist Party | 1,749,730 | 0.64 | 4 | |
Asom Gana Parishad | 1,489,898 | 0.54 | 1 | |
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | 1,481,900 | 0.54 | 6 | |
Janata Dal (Gujarat) | 1,399,702 | 0.51 | 1 | |
Pattali Makkal Katchi | 1,283,065 | 0.47 | 0 | |
All India Forward Bloc | 1,145,015 | 0.42 | 3 | |
Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha | 982,954 | 0.36 | 1 | |
Indian Union Muslim League | 845,418 | 0.31 | 2 | |
Indian Peoples Front | 644,891 | 0.23 | 0 | |
Natun Asom Gana Parishad | 494,628 | 0.18 | 0 | |
Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha | 490,275 | 0.18 | 0 | |
Doordarshi Party | 466,869 | 0.17 | 0 | |
All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen | 456,900 | 0.17 | 1 | |
Kerala Congress (M) | 384,255 | 0.14 | 1 | |
Jharkhand Party | 350,699 | 0.13 | 0 | |
Haryana Vikas Party | 331,794 | 0.12 | 1 | |
Nagaland People's Council | 328,015 | 0.12 | 1 | |
Bharatiya Republican Paksha | 327,941 | 0.12 | 0 | |
Kerala Congress | 319,933 | 0.12 | 0 | |
Peasants and Workers Party of India | 295,402 | 0.11 | 0 | |
United Minorities Front, Assam | 206,737 | 0.08 | 0 | |
Lokdal | 173,884 | 0.06 | 0 | |
Marxist Co-ordination Committee | 171,767 | 0.06 | 0 | |
United Reservation Movement Council of Assam | 170,376 | 0.06 | 0 | |
Manipur Peoples Party | 169,692 | 0.06 | 1 | |
Autonomous State Demand Committee | 139,785 | 0.05 | 1 | |
Sanjukta Loka Parishad | 125,738 | 0.05 | 0 | |
Sikkim Sangram Parishad | 106,247 | 0.04 | 1 | |
Republican Party of India (Khobragade) | 91,557 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) | 88,084 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Plain Tribals Council of Assam | 87,387 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Mizo National Front | 82,019 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Sarv Jati Janata Parishad | 70,368 | 0.03 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha | 67,495 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party | 64,752 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Tharasu Makkal Mandram | 55,165 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | 47,369 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava) | 43,085 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh | 42,504 | 0.02 | 0 | |
Jan Parishad | 37,725 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Republican Party of India | 36,541 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Amra Bangali | 35,186 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Indian Union Muslim League (IML) | 31,387 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Sampooran Kranti Das | 29,647 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Manav Seva Das | 28,528 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Uttar Pradesh Republican Party | 28,379 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Yuva Vikas Party | 28,159 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) | 27,730 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Jawan Kisan Mazdoor Party | 23,929 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Proutist Bloc of India | 22,734 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Soshit Samaj Dal | 19,925 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Jansangh | 19,243 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Orissa Vikas Parishad | 15,893 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Hul Jharkhand Party | 15,406 | 0.01 | 0 | |
Socialist Party of India (Lohia) | 12,928 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party | 12,820 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Dalit Panthers Party | 11,967 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Bharatiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal | 10,837 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Revolutionary Samaj Dal | 8,825 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bhartiya Shivsena-Rashtrawadi | 8,810 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Asom Jatiyatabadi Dal | 8,519 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam | 8,252 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Asom Jatiya Parishad | 8,047 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Socialist Party (Ramakant Pandey) | 7,104 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Pichhadavarg Party | 6,897 | 0.00 | 0 | |
All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh | 5,888 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Vidarbha Praja Party | 5,597 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad | 5,521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bhartiya Dharmnirpeksh Dal | 5,436 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Hindu Swaraj Sangathan | 5,325 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Republican Presidium Party of India | 4,967 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Surajya Party | 4,705 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Sarvodaya Party | 4,642 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Janata Dal (Samajwadi) | 4,548 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Deseeya Karshaka Party | 4,508 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Gondwana Party | 3,605 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Azad Hind Fauz (Rajkiya) | 3,543 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Samdarshi Party | 2,921 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Lok Party | 2,873 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Socialist League of India | 2,852 | 0.00 | 0 | |
All India Urdu Morcha | 2,655 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bhartiya Ramrajya Parishad (Vasudev Shastri Atul) | 2,519 | 0.00 | 0 | |
All India Kisan Mazdoor Sabha | 2,311 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Pondicherry Mannila Makkal Munnani | 2,259 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Pandav Dal | 2,213 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Internationalist Democratic Party | 2,078 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Gomant Lok Party | 1,983 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Desh Bhakt Morcha | 1,792 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Workers Party of India | 1,781 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Nationalist Party | 1,768 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Marx Engles Leninist Commune Health Association | 1,692 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Nagaland Peoples Party | 1,572 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Adarsh Lok Dal | 1,544 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Desh Bhakt Party | 1,521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Bharat Desham Party | 1,466 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Republican Party of India (Kamble) | 1,300 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Janhit Jagrati Party | 1,245 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Mukt Bharat | 1,191 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Rashtriya Krantikari Dal | 1,125 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Sampooran Rashtriya Sena | 1,040 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam | 1,030 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Navbharat Party | 787 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Labour Party of India (V.V. Prasad) | 684 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Thayaga Marumalrchi Kazhagam | 665 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress | 605 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Jammu-Kashmir Panthers Party | 587 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Kannada Paksha | 576 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Mahila Dal | 573 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Socialist Revolutionary Party | 571 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Lokhit Morcha | 532 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Republican Party of India (Athawale) | 521 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Labour Party (Ashok Bhattacharjee) | 434 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantra Party | 408 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Cheluva Kannad Nadu | 383 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Azad Party | 372 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Democratic Party of India | 359 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Bharatiya Backward Party | 329 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Hindu Shiv Sena (A.K. Brahmbatt) | 325 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Rashtriya Unnatsheel Das | 316 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Gram Parishad | 314 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Loktantric Alpsankhyak Janmorcha | 257 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Sr. Citizens National Party of India | 250 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Socialist Labour League | 246 | 0.00 | 0 | |
M.G.R. Munnetra Kazhagam | 228 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Mahabharat People's Party | 225 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Janata Congress Party of Bharatvarsha | 194 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Shakti Dal | 193 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Akhil Bharatiya Socialist Party | 166 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Kannada Desh Party | 164 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Bharatiya Dhruba Labour Party | 142 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Jai Mahakali Nigrani Samiti | 138 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Bhartiya Sangthit Nagrik Party | 120 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Vishal Bharat Party | 56 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Jan Ekata Morcha | 34 | 0.00 | 0 | |
Independents | 11,441,688 | 4.16 | 1 | |
Nominated Anglo-Indians | 2 | |||
Total | 275,206,990 | 100.00 | 523 | |
Valid votes | 275,206,990 | 97.35 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 7,493,952 | 2.65 | ||
Total votes | 282,700,942 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 498,363,801 | 56.73 | ||
Source: ECI |
Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Indian National Congress (Indira) | 1,486,289 | 49.27 | 12 | |
Bahujan Samaj Party | 594,628 | 19.71 | 1 | |
Bharatiya Janata Party | 497,999 | 16.51 | 0 | |
Communist Party of India (Marxist) | 119,902 | 3.98 | 0 | |
Shiromani Akali Dal (Simaranjit Singh Mann) | 77,970 | 2.58 | 0 | |
Communist Party of India | 47,226 | 1.57 | 0 | |
Janata Dal | 39,220 | 1.30 | 0 | |
Janata Party | 27,966 | 0.93 | 0 | |
Lokdal | 2,839 | 0.09 | 0 | |
Bharatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh | 1,349 | 0.04 | 0 | |
Independents | 121,009 | 4.01 | 0 | |
Total | 3,016,397 | 100.00 | 13 | |
Valid votes | 3,016,397 | 95.59 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 139,126 | 4.41 | ||
Total votes | 3,155,523 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 13,169,797 | 23.96 | ||
Source: ECI |
Congress(I) was in a position to form government. The persons, mentioned in media, as probable Prime Minister, were: [12]
The Congress(I) eventually formed the government under the Prime Ministership of P. V. Narasimha Rao, who secured the outside support of the Janata Dal under controversial circumstances. After Lal Bahadur Shastri, Rao was the second Congress Prime Minister from outside the Nehru-Gandhi family and the first Congress Prime Minister to head a minority government that completed full 5-year term. [14]
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Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao, popularly known as P. V. Narasimha Rao, was an Indian lawyer, statesman and politician who served as the 9th prime minister of India from 1991 to 1996. He was the first person from South India and second person from non-Hindi speaking background to be the prime minister. He is especially known for introducing various liberal reforms to India's economy by recruiting Manmohan Singh as the finance minister to rescue the state from going towards bankruptcy during the economic crisis of 1991. Future prime ministers, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh, continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Rao's government. Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.
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