It has been suggested that this article be merged with 2024 Afghanistan–Pakistan floods . (Discuss) Proposed since April 2024. |
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Cause | Mesoscale convective system | ||
---|---|---|---|
Meteorological history | |||
Duration | 14 April –present | ||
Overall effects | |||
Fatalities | 33 total: 19 in Oman 8 in Iran 5 in the United Arab Emirates 1 in Yemen | ||
Missing | 3 in Iran | ||
Damage | Unknown | ||
Areas affected | United Arab Emirates,Oman,Iran,Bahrain,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Yemen |
In April 2024,heavy rain severely impacted states in the Persian Gulf,causing flash flooding across the region. Several states recorded nearly a year's worth of rain in a single day. The floods had a significant impact across the region,with Oman and the United Arab Emirates being particularly affected, [1] resulting in the deaths of at least 33 people,including 19 in Oman and 8 in Iran. [2] [3] Yemen,Bahrain,Qatar,and the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia also experienced heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding.
The Persian Gulf region is known for its hot and dry weather,though heavy rains causing flooding have also occurred with greater regularity in recent years. [4] [5] Britain's Royal Meteorological Society stated that the likely cause is a mesoscale convective system. [6] Senior forecaster Esraa Alnaqbi of the UAE's National Centre of Meteorology (NCM) further explained that "a low pressure system in the upper atmosphere,coupled with low pressure at the surface had acted like a pressure 'squeeze' on the air. That squeeze,intensified by the contrast between warmer temperatures at ground level and colder temperatures higher up,created the conditions for the powerful thunderstorm". [7] Climate scientist Michael Mann at the University of Pennsylvania stated that three low-pressure systems formed a train of storms which moved along the jet stream toward the Persian Gulf. The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain. [8] Meteorologists from the University of Reading affirmed that the heavy rain was caused by large thunderstorms. [9]
Richard Allan,professor in climate science at the University of Reading and Friederike Otto,senior lecturer in climate science at Imperial College London,both linked the unusual weather to climate change, [10] [11] and stated that "rainfall was becoming much heavier around the world as the climate warms". [7] The region has been hit by heatwaves and cyclones in recent years, [12] and with rising temperatures and humidity levels,researchers expect an increased risk of flooding in the Persian Gulf. [13]
In Oman,at least 19 people were killed due to the floods. [14] This included 10 schoolchildren and their driver whose vehicle was washed away by flood waters in Samad al-Shan on 14 April. [15] [16] Rescuers found the body of a girl in Saham. [17] The hardest hit region was the Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate where widespread flooding was reported. Some flights were cancelled or delayed at Muscat International Airport. [13]
The rains began in UAE late on 15 April 2024, intensifying on 16 April, [6] and officially concluding on 17 April. [18] The UAE witnessed record-breaking rainfall in a 24-hour period, surpassing Emirati meteorological data since records began in 1949. According to the National Centre of Meteorology, the highest rainfall was recorded in the Khatm Al Shakla area in Al Ain, reaching 254.8 mm (10.03 in) in less than 24 hours. [19] Widespread flooding was reported in all seven emirates. [20] Ahead of the flooding, an estimated rainfall of 40 mm (1.6 in), up to 100 mm (3.9 in) was estimated in some parts of the UAE. [21]
One Emirati citizen, a 70-year-old man, died after his car was swept away by floods in a wadi in Ras Al Khaimah. [22] Three overseas Filipino workers also died, two after being trapped inside a vehicle trapped in flooding, [23] and the third after their vehicle fell into a sinkhole. [24] A Pakistani man in his 50s drowned after the municipality tanker he was driving was swept into a wadi. [25]
Landslides were reported in Ras Al Khaimah and Al Ain. Residents were warned to stay home and avoid driving unless absolutely necessary. [20] Internet and power outages were widespread as residents lost water. [26] In the entire country, schools and the private sector were instructed to work the remainder of the week (excluding Monday) remotely from home. [27] [20]
Dubai Metro services were severely impacted, leaving around 200 commuters stranded at several stations when service was suspended. [28] The next day, the Road and Transit Authority (RTA) carried out maintenance checks and opened limited service on both lines. [29] Intercity bus service on the Dubai-Abu Dhabi, Dubai-Sharjah, and Dubai-Ajman routes were suspended. [30] A total of 1,244 flights at Dubai International Airport were cancelled over a two-day period with 41 others diverted. [31] [32] All Flydubai flights scheduled for departure on 16 April from Dubai were cancelled. [20] [33] At the Dubai airport, a total of 164 mm (6.45 in) of rain fell. [34]
The AFC Asian Champions League semi-final football match between the Emirati Al Ain and the Saudi Al Hilal football clubs, due to be played in Al Ain, was postponed for a day due to the floods. [35]
More than 100 families living in a multistory tower in Muhaisnah 4 in Dubai were evacuated from the premises late on April 19 after its structure suffered damages. The torrential rains flooded the basement of the building. Although water was pumped out, even after five days, there was stagnant water with cars submerged in the basement. [36]
Five days after the rains, large parts of Sharjah grappled with health concerns from stagnant water contaminated with sewage. [37] There were reports of individuals falling sick and children vomiting, prompting the need for urgent medical attention. [38]
Heavy rainfall and thunderstorms occurred on 15 and 16 April that resulted in widespread flooding, leading to cars being abandoned on roads. [39] According to the Bahrain meteorological directorate, an average of 67.6 mm (2.66 in) of rainfall was reported over 48 hours, the second highest rainfall recorded in Bahraini history. [40] The Bahraini Ministry of Interior issued a public safety warning to residents to stay at home. [41] The Ministry of Education announced a closure of schools and higher education institutions as a result of the floods. [39] Windspeed gusts of 70 km/h were estimated. [42] A supermarket's ceiling in the town of Sitra collapsed due to the rain. [43]
Heavy rainfall and strong winds were largely confined to the northern parts of the country centered around the towns of Madinat ash Shamal and Ar-Ruʼays. Scattered showers were reported in Doha. [44] Schools and public buildings were closed due to the weather, with services shifted online for the day. [45] [44]
Heavy rain and flash flooding were also reported in southeastern Iran. The provinces of Sistan-Baluchistan, Hormozgan and Kerman were the worst affected, with eight people killed in Sistan-Baluchistan and three people reported missing in Kerman province. [3] [46] [47]
Heavy rainfall was reported in the Eastern Province. [48] Widespread flooding affected the province, particularly the capital Dammam, resulting in road tunnel closures and the closure of schools. [49]
Kuwait's meteorological agency warned of heavy rainfall and possible thunderstorms on 16 April. [41]
Torrential rain and flash flooding occurred in Yemen's Hadhramaut Governorate on 17 April, with one death reported and widespread damage to property. Heavy rain in the mountains close to the port of Mukalla raised the possibility of landslides. [50]
On 17 April, Crown Prince and Prime Minister of Bahrain Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa announced plans to assess and compensate residents with rainfall-related damages to their homes. [51] In the leadup to the heavy rainfall, a nationwide emergency joint task force was set up between the Ministry of Works and the four municipality councils of Bahrain to coordinate flood relief efforts including the removing of rainwater from flooded streets and pumping it to Al-Luzi lake. [39]
The Royal Oman Police conducted 152 operations, rescuing 1,630 individuals stranded from flooding across the country. [52]
On 17 April, UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan announced plans to assess the damages and provide support to the impacted families. [53] Moreover, he ordered a study of the country's infrastructure. [54] On 18 April, Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of The Executive Council of Dubai Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum held a meeting to prepare for future natural crises. [55] On 21 April, he ordered early payment of salaries for Dubai government employees. [56] Developers Nakheel, Emaar, Dubai Holding, Union Properties and Dubai Investments Park started offering free services such as alternative housing for affected residents. [57]
By 17 April, the National Guard's Search and Rescue Centre had carried out 136 operations involving 71 search and rescues and 65 medical evacuations. [58]
The Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Hissein Brahim Taha, offered condolences to flood victims. [59]
In the aftermath of the floods, some news outlets quoted specialist meteorologist Ahmed Habib linking the heavy downpours to the UAE's cloud seeding program. [60] Due to the arid desert climate and high temperatures, cloud seeding has been used previously in the United Arab Emirates in order to combat water scarcity. [61]
Dismissing the allegations, Omar Al Yazeedi, the deputy director-general of the UAE's National Centre of Meteorology (NCM), said the institution "did not conduct any seeding operations during this event". [62] Other news commentators have also dismissed the link to cloud seeding, stating that the technology marginally increases rainfall and that the UAE's cloud seeding program is localised to the eastern part of the country, away from densely populated metropolitan areas; other experts, such as the Royal Meteorological Society, stated that cloud seeding would only have a minimal effect, [6] with others even stating that the focus on cloud seeding is "misleading". [63] [7]
Scientists from the University of Reading, whose cloud seeding program is used by the UAE, denied that cloud seeding was to blame for the heavy rainfall, given that the large-scale weather pattern was predicted in advance and was too large to be influenced by cloud seeding. They added that the effects of cloud seeding are typically short-lived, lasting for a few hours. [9]
The United Arab Emirates is situated in the Middle East and West Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is at a strategic location along the northern approaches to the Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil. The UAE lies between 22°50′ and 26° north latitude and between 51° and 56°25′ east longitude. It shares a 19 km (12 mi) border with Qatar on the northwest, a 530 km (330 mi) border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450 km (280 mi) border with Oman on the southeast and northeast.
Karachi has a semi-arid climate, formerly a hot desert climate, albeit a moderate version of this climate, influenced by monsoons. Karachi has a tropical climate, despite being located slightly above the Tropic of Cancer. It is situated in the monsoon region of Pakistan. It is located on the coast bordering the Arabian Sea, and as a result, has a relatively mild climate. However, in more recent years, rainfall has become more abundant. For this reason, the city may be classed as semi-arid (BSh), since it has a mild climate with a short but defined wet season, along with a lengthy dry season.
Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phet was a powerful tropical cyclone that made landfall on Oman, Western India, and Pakistan. The third named cyclone of the 2010 cyclone season, Phet developed in the Arabian Sea on May 31 to the west of India. With conducive environmental conditions, the storm intensified to reach peak sustained winds of 155 km/h (95 mph) on June 2, based on analysis by the India Meteorological Department (IMD). On the next day, Phet dropped heavy rainfall while moving across eastern Oman, with a peak of 603 mm (23.7 in) in Qurayyat. The rains flooded arid areas and collected into wadis – normally dry river beds. Thousands of homes were wrecked across Oman. There were 24 fatalities in the country, and damage was estimated at US$780 million.
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Tropical Storm Kujira was a tropical cyclone that prompted the PAGASA to declare the beginning of the rainy season in the Philippines. The ninth tropical depression, 8th named storm, and first storm to make landfall on China in the 2015 Pacific typhoon season, it formed as a tropical depression south of the Paracel Islands on June 19.
The 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was one of the most active North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons since 1992, with the formation of fourteen depressions and seven cyclones. The North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, with the two peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean.
The 2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the second most active North Indian Ocean cyclone season on record in terms of cyclonic storms, the 1992 season was more active according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. The season featured 12 depressions, 11 deep depressions, 8 cyclonic storms, 6 severe cyclonic storms, 6 very severe cyclonic storms, 3 extremely severe cyclonic storms, and 1 super cyclonic storm, Kyarr, the first since Cyclone Gonu in 2007. Additionally, it also became the third-costliest season recorded in the North Indian Ocean, only behind the 2020 and 2008 seasons.
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mekunu was the strongest storm to strike Oman's Dhofar Governorate since 1959. The second named storm of the 2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Mekunu developed out of a low-pressure area on May 21. It gradually intensified, passing east of Socotra on May 23 as a very intense tropical cyclone. On May 25, Mekunu reached its peak intensity. The India Meteorological Department estimated 10 minute sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph), making Mekunu an extremely severe cyclonic storm. The American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center estimated slightly higher 1 minute winds of 185 km/h (115 mph). While at peak intensity, Mekunu made landfall near Raysut, Oman, on May 25. The storm rapidly weakened over land, dissipating on May 27.
The 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an average season, the North Indian Ocean cyclone season has no official bounds, but cyclones tend to form between April and December, peaking between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. The season began on April 2, when a depression designated as BOB 01 was formed in the north Andaman Sea and quickly made landfall in Myanmar. The basin remained quiet for over a month before Cyclone Tauktae formed. It rapidly intensified into an extremely severe cyclonic storm before making landfall in Gujarat, become the strongest storm ever to strike that state since the 1998 Gujarat cyclone. Later that month, BOB 02 formed and later strengthened into Cyclone Yaas. Yaas rapidly intensified into a very severe cyclonic storm before making landfall in northwestern Odisha. The season's strongest tropical cyclone was Cyclone Tauktae, with maximum wind speeds of 185 km/h (115 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 hPa (28.05 inHg).
Super Cyclonic Storm Kyarr was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that became the first super cyclonic storm in the North Indian Ocean since Gonu in 2007. It was also the second strongest tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea and one of the most intense tropical cyclones in North Indian Ocean history. The seventh depression, fifth named cyclone, and the first, and only Super Cyclonic Storm of the annual season, Kyarr developed from a low-pressure system near the Equator. The system organized itself and intensified to a tropical storm on October 24 as it moved eastwards. The storm underwent rapid intensification and reached Super Cyclonic Storm status on October 27, as it turned westward. On that same day, Kyarr peaked as a Super Cyclonic Storm, with maximum 3-minute sustained winds of 240 km/h (150 mph), maximum 1-minute sustained winds of 250 km/h (155 mph), and a minimum central pressure of 922 millibars (27.2 inHg), making the system a high-end Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone. Afterward, Kyarr gradually began to weaken, while curving westward, and then turning to the southwest. On October 31, Kyarr weakened into a Deep Depression, before turning southward on November 2, passing just to the west of Socotra. Kyarr degenerated into a remnant low later that day, before dissipating on November 3, just off the coast of Somalia.
Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates is a weather modification technique used by the government to address water challenges in the country. Cloud seeding is also referred to as man made precipitation and artificial rain making. The United Arab Emirates is one of the first countries in the Persian Gulf region to use cloud seeding technology. UAE scientists use cloud seeding technology to supplement the country's water insecurity, which stems from the extremely hot climate. They use weather radars to continuously monitor the atmosphere of the country. Forecasters and scientists have estimated that cloud seeding operations can enhance rainfall by as much as 30-35% percent in a clear atmosphere, and up to 10-15% in a more humid atmosphere. This practice has caused concerns regarding the impact on the environment because it is difficult to predict the long-term global implications.
Cyclonic Storm Gulab and Severe Cyclonic Storm Shaheen were two tropical cyclones that caused considerable damage to South and West Asia during the 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. Gulab impacted India and Pakistan, while Shaheen impacted Iran, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Gulab was the third named storm of the 2021 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, as well as the fourth named storm of the season after its reformation in the Arabian Sea as Shaheen. The cyclone's origins can be traced back to a low-pressure area situated over the Bay of Bengal on September 24. The Pakistan Meteorological Department named this new cyclone Gulab.On September 26, Gulab made landfall in India's Andhra Pradesh but weakened overland, before degenerating into a remnant low on September 28. The system continued moving westward, emerging into the Arabian Sea on September 29, before regenerating into a depression early on September 30. Early on October 1, the system restrengthened into a Cyclonic Storm, which the IMD named Shaheen. The system gradually strengthened as it entered the Gulf of Oman. While slowly moving westward, the storm turned southwestward, subsequently making an extremely rare landfall in Oman on October 3, as a Category 1-equivalent cyclone. Shaheen then rapidly weakened, before dissipating the next day.
In 2022, heavy rains caused floods in the United Arab Emirates, lasting from 27 to 29 July 2022. Cities of the northern Emirates, mainly Kalba and Fujairah, and different areas of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, were affected by the heavy rains. According to the Emirati National Center for Meteorology, this was the country's heaviest rainfall recorded in 27 years.
Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tej was a strong tropical cyclone that formed over the central-south Arabian Sea and made landfall on Yemen. It was the first cyclone to make landfall in the nation since Cyclone Luban of 2018. The sixth depression and the third named cyclonic storm of the season, Tej coexisted with Cyclone Hamoon in the Bay of Bengal, a rare phenomenon not seen since 2018. The cyclone then took a northwestward track in the Arabian Sea and made landfall in Al Mahrah Governorate of Yemen between 23 and 24 October 2023, bringing significant rainfall and flooding across the eastern half of the country and western parts of Oman.
Events in the year 2024 in the United Arab Emirates.
Since 12 April 2024, heavy rains, lightning, and flash flooding in both Afghanistan and Pakistan killed more than 130, and injured many more. The floods were caused by unseasonal heavy rains, lightning and storms that swept across the two neighboring countries. The floods caused extensive damage to infrastructure and agriculture on both sides of the border.
On 16 April 2024, heavy rains caused floods in the United Arab Emirates, affected cities of mainly Dubai and Sharjah, the northern Emirates, and different areas of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah. According to the Emirati National Center for Meteorology, this was the country's heaviest rainfall recorded in 75 years. The floods in the Emirates were a part of the greater Persian Gulf floods.
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