Abortion in Maryland

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Abortion in Maryland is legal at all stages of pregnancy. [1] [2] [3] The first laws regulating abortion in the state were passed in 1867 and 1868, banning abortion except by a physician to "secure the safety of the mother." [4] Abortion providers continued to operate both within and outside of the law. [5] Legal enforcement became more strict from the 1940s through 60s, with numerous police raids on abortion providers. [6] In 1968, Maryland passed a liberalized abortion law that clarified the wording of the previous law, allowing abortion in hospital settings in cases of rape, severe fetal deformity, or when life and health were endangered. [7]

Contents

In 1973, the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade made abortion legal without restrictions until the third trimester of pregnancy, overruling Maryland law. After Roe, clinics opened in the state to provide abortions outside of hospitals, and Planned Parenthood began providing outpatient abortion services. [8] In 1991 the Maryland General Assembly passed a law that codified Roe v. Wade, guaranteeing the right to abortion. Anti-abortion groups successfully petitioned to bring the law to a public referendum. Question 6, to uphold the abortion rights bill, passed in 1992 with 62% of voters in favor and 38% opposed. [7]

Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturned the federally-protected right to abortion in 2022; abortion remains legal in Maryland, and the Maryland General Assembly passed the Abortion Care Access Act, expanding the types of healthcare providers who can perform abortions and funding increased training. [9] [10] A referendum on amending the state constitution to enshrine abortion rights is set to be held in 2024. [11]

In a 2014 poll by the Pew Research Center, 64% of Maryland adults said that abortion should be legal in all or most cases and 33% said that it should be illegal in all or most cases. [12] A 2021 Goucher College Poll found that 88% of Maryland respondents support legal abortion. 44% support legal abortion in all circumstances, 44% support it under certain circumstances, and 10% think abortion should be illegal. [13] [14]

In February 2024, the Moore administration announced over $15 million in grant awards and a budget proposal to further improve reproductive health care and abortion access in Maryland. It includes $10.6 million in grant funding awarded to the University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) to administer the state’s Abortion Care Clinical Training Program. Specifically aiming to train clinicians in rural and underserved areas of the state. [15] [16] The administration also is proposing for FY 2025, that $5 million be allocated to increase Medicaid provider reimbursement for reproductive services and abortion care. [17]

History

Historical practices

Abortion has been documented since the colonial period in Maryland. Abortion practices included the use of herbal remedies such as opium, savin (see Juniperus Sabina) and other herbs that caused the body to "purge". [18] These practices are mainly recorded in the context of legal proceedings, such as a 1663 case in which a Maryland doctor was accused of administering an abortifacient to a servant he impregnated, though the case was not prosecuted. [19]

Other herbal remedies included snakeroot, (also known as Polygala senega), to induce abortion. A medical student at the University of Pennsylvania by the name of Thomas Massie wrote in his 1803 doctoral dissertation that snakeroot was used as an abortifacient, citing a physician in Harford County, Maryland who reported its use among the rural population there. [20]

Midwives also performed abortions throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Progressive-era public health reformers in Baltimore sought to restrict midwifery, and conducted a survey in 1909 in which they claimed that 32% of the city's midwives were "suspected of criminal practice," that is, of providing abortion services. [21] This Progressive coalition was made up of white, middle-class physicians, nurses, and female reformers, such as doctors Mary Sherwood and Lilian Welsh, who characterized midwifery and abortion as vices of the immigrant and African American lower classes. [21] [22] Historian Leslie Reagan points out that physicians were also performing abortions at this time, but sought to direct enforcement towards midwives and lower-class patients. [22]

Legislative history

Both medical and procedural abortion were widely practiced throughout the United States in the early 19th century, often by midwives, homeopaths, and others without medical degrees. By the 1850s, physicians wished to push these practitioners out of the medical marketplace and assert greater control over reproduction and gender roles. Maryland was listed among states with no criminal abortion law by Dr. Horatio Storer, a leader of the campaign by physicians to enact abortion bans. [23] The first law regulating abortion in Maryland was passed in 1867 and completely banned the procedure, but there was no enabling clause in the bill, leaving it unenforceable. [24] A second law was passed in 1868, banning abortion except by a physician, after consulting "one or more respectable physicians," to "secure the safety of the mother." [4] The vague language of this law exposed physicians and hospitals to legal risk.

From the 1930s onward, physicians began seeking greater authority to determine the need for therapeutic abortion without risking legal consequences. This reform movement influenced the American Law Institute (ALI) Model Penal Code of 1962, which proposed legalizing abortion to preserve the health (whether physical or mental) of the mother, as well as if the pregnancy is due to incest or rape, or if doctors agree that there is a significant risk that the child will be born with a serious mental or physical defect. A law derived from the ALI Model Penal Code was passed in Maryland in 1968. [25] [26]

On May 26, 1970, Governor Marvin Mandel vetoed legislation that would have removed all state restrictions on abortions. Mandel cited concerns that the bill included no residency requirement, that the partner and/or parent(s) of the pregnant woman would not be notified, and that the law would "allow an abortion, even in the eighth or ninth month of pregnancy". Heavy lobbying surrounded the bill. The medical community advocated for its passing while the Catholic Church lobbied against it. [27]

The U.S. Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade ruling in 1973, which legalized abortion until the third trimester of pregnancy, overruled Maryland's previous abortion laws. During the 1970s, three Maryland laws attempted to place restrictions on abortion access: a 1975 law banned referral fees to abortion referral agencies; a 1977 parental notification law was ruled unconstitutional; a 1979 "information before abortion" law required abortion-seekers to be given a pamphlet promoting alternatives. [25]

In 1991 Maryland passed a law, signed by Governor William Donald Schaefer, that codified Roe v. Wade, guaranteeing the right to abortion and repealing the earlier "information before abortion" act. [25] Anti-abortion groups successfully petitioned to bring the law to a public referendum. Question 6, to uphold the abortion rights bill, passed in 1992 with 62% of voters in favor and 38% opposed. [25]

In Maryland in 2013, according to The New York Times , something "rare in this era of polarized abortion politics" occurred when laws that significantly tightened the licensing and inspection of abortion clinics were supported by those on both sides of the abortion issue. [28]

Two bills for six-week abortion bans, called "fetal heartbeat bills" by proponents, were filed in the Maryland House of Delegates in 2019 and failed. On February 8, 2019, Ric Metzgar filed HB 933. [29] On February 8, 2019, Robin L. Grammer, Jr. filed HB 978, a bill entitled "Keep Our Hearts Beating Act". [30] In 2019, Former Maryland House Speaker Michael Busch proposed an amendment to the state's constitution to enshrine the right for women to have an abortion. [31] [32] His replacement, Maryland House Speaker Adrienne Jones, said she would try to re-introduce the amendment in 2020 in response to the abortion bans in the states of Alabama and Georgia. [31] [33]

In March 2022, the Maryland House of Delegates voted to enshrine a broad right to abortion access into the state constitution. The move was in response to the possibility that the more conservative leaning U.S. Supreme Court could weaken abortion right protections nationwide. The constitutional amendment needs approval by the Maryland Senate and the voters before being enacted. [34] In April 2022, the Maryland General Assembly passed the Abortion Care Access Act. The bill allows a broader range of healthcare workers—nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, and physician assistants—to perform abortions and allocates $3.5 million to a new program within the Maryland Department of Health to train healthcare workers. Additionally, the bill requires the majority of health insurance plans, including private health insurance plans, to cover abortions cost free. The legislation was enacted in 2022 with a gubernatorial veto override. [9]

Judicial history

Prosecutions of abortion were rare in colonial Maryland, and often linked with other offenses. In 1663 John Lombrozo was presented by a Charles County jury for provoking an abortion for his indentured servant Elizabeth Wiles whom he had raped. He had already been in court for blasphemy and sexual offenses. When he married Wiles, charges were dropped. [35] [36] Arrests of abortion providers became more common in Maryland from the 1940s through 60s with increased law enforcement. This led to notable criminal cases including the prosecutions and appeals of Dr. George Lotrell Timanus (Adams, Nelson, and Timanus vs. State), Dr. Milan Vuitch (Vuitch vs. State), and other physician and non-physician providers. [6] [37] [38]

The US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant states could no longer regulate abortion until the third trimester. [26] Previous abortion convictions under Maryland state law were overturned. In 2022, the US Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , No. 19-1392 , 597 U.S. ___(2022), returning abortion regulation to the states; abortion remains legal in Maryland and is not subject to criminal prosecution. [10] [39]

Clinic history

Number of abortion clinics in Maryland by year. Number of abortion clinics in Maryland by year.png
Number of abortion clinics in Maryland by year.

Between 1982 and 1992, the number of abortion clinics in the state decreased by one, going from 52 in 1982 to 51 in 1992. [40]

Maryland had 25 abortion clinics and 19 other facilities that provide abortions as of 2017. [41] In that same year, 71% of the counties in the state did not have an abortion clinic and 29% of women in the state aged 15–44 lived in a county without an abortion clinic. [42]

In 2017, there were nine Planned Parenthood clinics, five of which offered abortion services. [43]

Barriers to access

Maryland is a state that has highly ranked reproductive rights protections, but there are still barriers to safe and legal abortions. According to the Institute for Women's Policy Research, Maryland is ranked #3 across all fifty states for reproductive rights and received an A− rating. [44]

Parental notification

In the state of Maryland, minors can obtain safe and legal abortions but a health care professional must provide parental notification to at least one parent or guardian before the abortion can be administered. This parent or guardian does not have to give consent for the procedure, they just must be notified. There are exceptions, including: if the minor is capable of giving their informed consent, if notification would not be in the best interest of the minor, if a reasonable attempt to give notification has been unsuccessful, if notice may lead to abuse towards the minor, or if the minor does not live with her parent or guardian. [45] [ self-published source? ]

The parental notification may be a deterrent for minors to get an abortion. The exceptions leave the decision in the hands of the abortion provider which creates uncertainty for the minors looking to get the procedure and might further be a deterrent. Additionally, the abortion providers might not decide to waive the parental notification for minors who need the procedure, proving the deterrent that this parental notification causes.[ citation needed ]

Facility type and location

Maryland had 25 abortion clinics and 19 other facilities that provide abortions as of 2017. [41] However, many clinics do not offer abortions after 24 weeks. Maryland law states that abortions can only be performed after or at viability if there is a fetal anomaly or the patient's life is at risk; rape and incest are not included as an exception after viability. [44]

Abortion in Maryland

Clinics that offer safe and legal abortions are concentrated around metropolitan Baltimore and Washington, D.C. As of 2017, over 70% of Maryland counties did not have a clinic or provider that provided abortions. These counties include almost 30% of Maryland women. [44] Abortion-rights groups report patients traveling three hours from counties without clinics to Baltimore for the procedure. [46]

Other noticeable legislation

Maryland has 38 crisis pregnancy centers with counselors working to convince pregnant patients away from abortions. [46] In 2009, Baltimore City passed legislation to require crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs) to disclose their status and that they did not offer abortion services, but organizations representing the CPCs have been successful in courts challenging these laws, principally on the argument that forcing the CPCs to post such language violated their First Amendment rights and constituted compelled speech. [47] [48]

In 2018, a Federal Appeals court struck down a law that would've required Maryland clinics to clearly disclose in their waiting rooms if they do not offer or refer pregnant patients to abortion procedures because it was deemed unconstitutional. [49] This, combined with the existence of the pregnancy centers, show lack of information/counseling as another barrier to abortion access for many people in Maryland.

Federal policies have posed barriers that prevent Maryland patients from pursuing safe and legal abortions. Even before the Trump administration's 2019 restructure of Title X, federal funds could not be used for abortion services. The 2019 Title X regulations, however, also prohibited Title X providers from offering contraceptive services to low-income women if they were co-located with an abortion provider and barred them or referring patients to abortion providers unless they explicitly ask for the referral. [50] Nationally, 4 million people rely on Title X (78% of these patients have incomes below 150% of the poverty level), and Maryland initially pulled out of the Title X network because of the new regulations and gag rule. The Maryland legislature approved emergency funding to mitigate this funding loss, however it is not a long-term solution. [50] The new regulations introduce another barrier because the gag rule limits how much information doctors can provide their patients about all of their choices, including obtaining safe and legal abortions. Baltimore City sued The Trump Administration over the Title X changes. [51] It was granted a permanent injunction against enforcement of the Trump era regulations in September 2020 [52] and as a result the Maryland rejoined the Title X network in October 2020. [53] The Biden Administration issued a new Title X rules that rescinded the 2019 changes by the Trump administration and strengthened access to contraceptive services, including abortion referrals and collocated abortion services. That rule that went into effect in November 2021. [54]

In 2022 the Maryland legislature passed and overrode a veto of a bill designed to expand abortion access within the state by expanding the range of medical professionals authorized to provide abortion care. The bill also funded training programs for physicians, nurse practitioners, midwives, physician assistants, and other “qualified healthcare providers.” [55] In 2023 the Maryland legislature passed and the governor signed a “bundle of legislation” designed to protect Marylanders right and access to abortion, declaring the state as a “safe haven.” The legislative package includes a referendum slated for the 2024 election that would enshrine the fundamental right to abortion in the state constitution. Another bill protected Maryland abortion providers from liability lawsuits for providing out-of-state residents with abortion care, while another bill protects the “medical privacy” of abortion seekers. [56]

Statistics

In 2007, 59% of adults in Maryland said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases and 33% said it should be illegal in all or most cases; in 2014 support for legal abortion in all or most cases increased to 64% among adults in Maryland while adults saying that abortion should be illegal remained at 33%. [57]

Reported abortion statistics for the state are hard to ascertain due to inconsistencies in methodology and sporadic reporting to the CDC. Reporting began in 1981 to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) for the years 1979 and 1980. [58] [59] The MMWR did not provide abortion statistics for 1982 or 1983, and then between 1984 and 1989 the MMWR reported national abortion statistics but Maryland was not one of the 37 states included. [58] In 1990 through 1997 Maryland began reporting again, [60] and in 1997 the MMWR also began reporting statistics for Maryland residents who obtain an abortion in any state. [61] In 1998 the state switched methodology and stopped reporting exact numbers for abortions in the state from out-of-state residents (although a rough estimate can be derived because the percentage of out-of-state residents obtaining abortions is available). [62] In 2007 the state joined California and New Hampshire in ending reporting abortion data to the CDC entirely, although for that year the CDC did release the number of Maryland residents obtaining abortions in states that did report. [63] In 2014, the Guttmacher Institute began directly polling the state's clinics and provides data for 2014, 2016, and 2017. [64]

Reported or polled legal abortions in Maryland
YearTotalRatio*Rate**Percentage of abortions by out-of-state residents
1979 [59] 25526438255%
1980 [59] 27778464275.7%
1981 [65] 27855452265.8%
1990 [60] 22425279196.8%
1991 [66] 18994240164.7%
1992 [67] 19860255177.1%
1993 [68] 19318258167.1%
1994 [68] 17627238156.6%
1995 [69] 16204224148.8%
1996 [70] 12363173105.6%
1997 [61] 986914184%
1998 [62] 10458†14594.2%
1999 [71] 11164†15594.1%
2000 [72] 12337†166106.7%
2001 [73] 13502†184115.9%
2002 [74] 13595†1851114.3%
2003 [75] 11485†1531018.8%
2004 [76] 10096†135812.6%
2005 [77] 10797†144914.7%
2006 [78] 9530†1237.914.3%
2014 [64] 28140§23.4
2016 [64] 30190§25.3
2017 [64] 29800§25
* Ratio is per 1000 live births. ** Rate is per 1000 women aged 15–44. † 1998-2007 Only includes abortions from Maryland residents that took place in Maryland. § State did not report, but the Guttmacher Institute directly polled all clinics in the state for 2014, 2016, and 2017.
Reported legal abortions obtained by Maryland residents in any state
YearTotalRatio*Rate**
1997 [61] 1376419612
1998 [62] 1505220913
1999 [71] 1555721613
2000 [72] 1534720713
2001 [73] 1639722414
2002 [74] 1506420613
2003 [75] 1241916610
2004 [76] 106041429
2005 [77] 108751459
2006 [78] 101528.5131
2007 [63] 2027†††
* Ratio is per 1000 live births. ** Rate is per 1000 women aged 15–44. † In 2007 state did not report, numbers are available only from other states where residents obtained abortions. Meaningful figures cannot be presented.

Abortion financing

The Hyde Amendment prohibits the use of federal funds for abortion, except in cases of life endangerment, rape or incest. Seventeen states, including Maryland, use their own funds to cover a broader category of "medically necessary" abortions sought by people who receive public Medicaid health insurance. [79] In 2010, the state had 4,352 publicly funded abortions, of which zero were federally funded and 4,352 were state funded. [80]

On January 19, 2023, on Governor Wes Moore's first day of office, he fulfilled a campaign promise to release $3.5 million in funds for abortion training, previously withheld by the former Republican governor. [81] [82] [83]

Abortion funds operate across the country to fill in gaps left by inadequate governmental and personal funding for abortion seekers — there are several funds specifically dedicated to funding abortions in Maryland. [84] They are financed by individual donors, private foundations, and state and local grants. [84]

Abortion rights views and activities

Pro-choice is "pro-life" at Summer of Choice 2011 in Germantown, Maryland Pro-choice is "pro-life" (6025888953).jpg
Pro-choice is "pro-life" at Summer of Choice 2011 in Germantown, Maryland

Activism

Pro-Choice Maryland (formerly NARAL Pro-Choice Maryland) is an organization that advocates for pro-choice policy in the state. [85]

There are several abortion funds specifically dedicated to funding abortions in the state of Maryland.

Protests

People from the state participated in marches supporting abortion rights as part of a #StoptheBans movement in May 2019. [86]

Direct action protests include the vandalizing of the Alpha Pregnancy Center in Reisterstown, Maryland on May 13, 2022 by Jane's Revenge, the far-left abortion rights group that has targeted pregnancy crisis centers as well as a church and a Congressional office. Among other graffiti, they wrote "If abortions aren't safe, neither are you." [87] Around May 14, 2022, the BirthRight crisis pregnancy center in Frederick, Maryland was vandalized with abortion rights graffiti.[ citation needed ]

Following the overturn of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion rights protests were held in Annapolis [88] and Baltimore. [89]

In Chevy Chase, Maryland on January 22, 2023, abortion rights protesters rallied outside of Brett Kavanaugh's home after a documentary investigating his sexual assault allegations premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. [90]

Anti-abortion views and activities

Violence

On July 7, 1984, eight weeks after a bomb threat to Planned Parenthood's state headquarters in Baltimore, MD the Annapolis Planned Parenthood office in Annapolis Maryland was bombed causing extensive damage. While no injuries were reported, there were broken windows, a hole opened in the front of the building and structural damage to the ceiling. The federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms investigated the possible connection to a July 4 explosion at the National Abortion Federation offices in Washington DC. [91]

In January 1985 three men from Maryland; Thomas Eugene Spinks, Kenneth William Shields and Michael D. Bray were charged in connection with the bombing of the National Abortion Federation, and the bombing of Planned Parenthood of Maryland in Annapolis as well as six other Maryland, D.C, and Virginia area bombings; the bombings of the Hillcrest Clinic in Norfolk, Va., the Metropolitan Medical Women’s Center in Rockville, Md., the Randolph Medical Center in Wheaton, Md., the Metropolitan Family Planning Institute in Suitland, Md.; and the New Year’s Day bombing of the Hillcrest Women’s Surgi- Center in Washington D.C. [92] All three men were found guilty; Shields sentenced to two years in prison, Bray ten years, and Spinks, considered the principal instigator, 15 years. [93] [94]

Protests and assemblies

From February 24–25, 2016, Travis Reynolds, 21, vandalized a Baltimore-area women's health care clinic with anti-abortion graffiti. [95] [96] After being arrested, Reynolds "admitted to police that he defaced the clinic's doors, walls and windows because he thought that it would deter women from using the clinic." [96] Reynolds pleaded guilty in federal court to one count of violating the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act in October 2016. [96]

The anti-abortion group 40 Days for Life conducts seasonal prayer campaigns outside abortion facilities in various Maryland cities. Individuals and groups sign up with 40 Days for Life to be present outside specific facilities for specific hours to pray for an end to abortion during each seasonal campaign. [97] Since the late 1970s, the anti-abortion group Maryland March for Life has hosted a yearly march to the Maryland State House in Annapolis to protest abortion rights in the state. [98]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion law in the United States by state</span> Termination of pregnancy in states of the United States

The legality of abortion in the United States and the various restrictions imposed on the procedure vary significantly depending on the laws of each state or other jurisdiction. Some states prohibit abortion at all stages of pregnancy with few exceptions, others permit it up to a certain point in a woman's pregnancy, while others allow abortion throughout a woman's pregnancy. In states where abortion is legal, several classes of restrictions on the procedure may exist, such as parental consent or notification laws, requirements that patients be shown an ultrasound before obtaining an abortion, mandatory waiting periods, and counseling requirements.

Abortion in Oklahoma is illegal unless the abortion is necessary to save the life of a pregnant woman.

Abortion in Louisiana is mostly illegal as of August 1, 2022.

Abortion in Alaska is legal on demand at all stages of pregnancy, as long as a licensed physician performs the procedure. As of 2016, Alaska does not require a minor to notify a parent or guardian in order to obtain an abortion. 63% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. Alaska was one of only four states to make abortion legal between 1967 and 1970, a few years before the US Supreme Court's decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling. Alaska had consent requirements for women seeking abortions by 2007 that required abortion providers to warn patients of a link between abortion and breast cancer, despite it being scientifically unsupported.

Abortion in Connecticut is legal up to the point of fetal viability, or after that if necessary to preserve the life or health of the pregnant woman. A poll by the Pew Research Center found that 67 percent of adults in the state believed that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. Abortions took place early in the state's history. People at that time talked about abortions using euphemisms. The death of Sarah Grosvenor following unsuccessful abortion resulted in a prosecution in colonial Connecticut. Connecticut became the first state to criminalize abortion after codifying its common law in 1821. Later, such laws were justified as trying to protect the life of the women from bad actors providing unsafe abortion services. The state was one of ten states in 2007 to have a customary informed consent provision for abortions. In 1965, the US Supreme Court heard the case of Griswold v. Connecticut, striking down laws that banned the sale, use of and prescription of contraceptives, even for married couples. The Court's later decision in 1973's Roe v. Wade ruling meant the state could no longer regulate abortion in the first trimester. In 1990, state law was amended to read, "the decision to terminate a pregnancy prior to the viability of the fetus shall be solely that of the pregnant woman in consultation with her physician", the first such law in state codifying the Court's holding in Roe, as it would be later modified by Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

Abortion in Idaho is illegal from fertilization. Following the overturning of Roe v. Wade on June 24, 2022, abortion in Idaho was criminalized by the trigger law which states that a person who performs an abortion may face two to five years of imprisonment. The ban allows exceptions for maternal health, rape and incest within the first trimester. The law took effect on August 25, 2022.

Abortion in Massachusetts is legal at all stages of pregnancy, although terminations after the 24th week can only be performed if a physician determines it to be medically necessary. Modern Massachusetts is considered to be one of the most pro-choice states in the country: a Pew Research poll finding that 74% of residents supported the right to an abortion in all or most cases, a higher percentage than any other state. Marches supporting abortion rights took place as part of the #StoptheBans movement in May 2019.

Abortion in Montana is legal. The number of abortion clinics in Montana has fluctuated over the years, with twenty in 1982, twelve in 1992, eight providers of which seven were clinics in 2011, and five clinics in 2014. There were four clinics from 2015 to February 2018 when All Families Healthcare clinic in Whitefish reopened. There were 1,690 legal abortions in 2014, and 1,611 in 2015.

Abortion in Nevada is legal up to the 24th week of pregnancy, under the Nevada Revised Statutes chapter 442, section 250; and after 24 weeks if the pregnancy could be fatal for the pregnant woman. 62% of adults said in a poll by the Pew Research Center that abortion should be legal while 34% said it should by illegal in all or most cases. Legislation by 2007 required informed consent. Attempts were successfully made to pass abortion legislation in May 2019, being pushed through a largely Democratic controlled state legislature. The number of abortion clinics in Nevada has declined over the years, with 25 in 1982, seventeen in 1992 and thirteen in 2014. There were 8,132 legal abortions in 2014, and 7,116 in 2015. Due to the high level of support for abortion rights, continued access to abortion is supported by all parties, including the Republicans.

Abortion in New York is legal at all stages of pregnancy, although abortions after the 24th week of pregnancy require a physician's approval. Abortion was legalized up to the 24th week of pregnancy in New York (NY) in 1970, three years before it was legalized for the entire United States with the Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade in 1973. Roe v. Wade was later overturned in 2022 by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. The Reproductive Health Act, passed in 2019 in New York, further allows abortions past the 24th week of pregnancy if a woman's life or health is at risk or if the fetus is not viable. However, since these exceptions are not defined by the law, and the law carries no criminal penalties, abortion is effectively legal throughout pregnancy.

As of July 1, 2023, abortion in North Carolina is currently legal during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. In the case of rape or incest, abortion is legal through the 20th week of pregnancy. In the case of a "life-limiting" fetal abnormality, abortion is legal through the 24th week of pregnancy. If the woman's life is determined by a qualified physician to be at risk, abortion is legal at any stage of pregnancy.

Abortion in North Dakota is illegal. The state's sole abortion clinic relocated to Minnesota.

Abortion in Oregon is legal at all stages of pregnancy.

Abortion in Utah is legally performed under a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of the state's trigger law, which bans abortion. According to HB136, which is effective state law from June 28, 2022, abortions are banned following 18 weeks of gestation. Abortion was banned following the Supreme Court case, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization on June 24, 2022. Utah State Legislation enacted SB 174 in May 2020, which, upon the overturn of Roe v. Wade, made inducing an abortion a second-degree felony. The law includes exceptions for pregnancies "caused by rape or incest," pregnancies that put the mother's life at risk, or "if two doctors say the fetus has a lethal defect." Rape and incest exceptions will only be viable if the crimes were previously reported to law enforcement officials.

Abortion in Vermont is legal at all stages of pregnancy. A 2014 Pew Research Center poll showed 70% of adults in the state believed abortion should be legal in most or all cases, the second highest percentage in the country. The state funds abortions deemed medically necessary for low-income women via Medicaid.

Abortion in the U.S. state of Virginia is legal up to the end of the second trimester of a pregnancy. Before the year 1900, abortion remained largely illegal in Virginia, reflecting a widespread trend in many U.S. states during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Abortion was viewed as a criminal act and subject to state laws that prohibited it. However, by 1950, Virginia introduced a legal therapeutic exception, allowing for abortion under specific circumstances, primarily when a woman's physical or mental health was at risk. Notably, the University of Virginia Hospital established a review board in 1950 responsible for evaluating and approving abortion requests, particularly those grounded in psychiatric reasons. This thorough approval process resulted in a significant decrease in the number of abortions performed at the hospital.

Abortion in Wisconsin has been legal since September 18, 2023, and is performed in Madison, Milwaukee and Sheboygan through 22 weeks gestation. However, elective abortions in Wisconsin are under dispute after the overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 24, 2022. Abortion opponents cite an 1849 law that they claim bans the procedure in all cases except when the life of the mother is in danger. However, lower level courts have argued that the law only applies to infanticide and not consensual abortions. The enforceability of the law is disputed and being considered by the state courts. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin announced that they would resume abortion services in Madison and Milwaukee on September 18, 2023. Planned Parenthood of Wisconsin later announced that they would resume abortion services in Sheboygan on December 28, 2023.

Abortion in New Mexico is legal at all stages of pregnancy. The number of abortion clinics in New Mexico has declined over the years, with 26 in 1982, 20 in 1992 and 11 in 2014. There were 4,500 legal abortions in 2014. There were 7 facilities providing abortion in New Mexico in 2017, and 6 of those were clinics. In 2017, 91% of New Mexico counties had no clinics that provided abortions, and 48% of New Mexico women lived in those counties.

Abortion in Florida is currently legal up until a gestational age of 15 weeks, whilst an embryonic heartbeat ban set to take effect on May 1, 2024 restricts abortion after a gestational age of 6 weeks after the woman's last menstrual period. Both pieces of legislation were passed by the Florida House of Representatives and the Florida Senate, then signed into law by Governor Ron DeSantis.

Abortion in Wyoming is currently legal due to a temporary court injunction.

References

  1. ↑ Institute, Guttmacher. "Interactive Map: US Abortion Policies and Access After Roe". states.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  2. ↑ "Where Can I Get an Abortion? | U.S. Abortion Clinic Locator". www.abortionfinder.org. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  3. ↑ "Roe v. Wade (1973)". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  4. 1 2 The Maryland Code: Public general laws. J. Murphy & Company. 1868. pp. 105–106.
  5. ↑ Lader, Lawrence (1966). Abortion. Internet Archive. Indianapolis : Bobbs-Merrill.
  6. 1 2 Reagan, Leslie J. (1997). When abortion was a crime. Internet Archive. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-21657-0.
  7. 1 2 Segers, Mary C.; Byrnes, Timothy A. (2016-09-16). Abortion Politics in American States. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-315-28671-6.
  8. ↑ Kobren, G (Apr 24, 1977). "Planned Parenthood battle not over yet". The Baltimore Sun. pp. T1. ProQuest   541132398 . Retrieved 2023-01-22.
  9. 1 2 Archie, Ayana (11 April 2022). "Maryland lawmakers expand who can perform abortions after overriding governor's veto". NPR.
  10. 1 2 de Vogue, Arinne (June 24, 2022). "Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade". CNN . Archived from the original on June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  11. ↑ Cox, Erin (March 30, 2023). "Maryland voters to see constitutional referendum on abortion rights". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Religious Landscape Study". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  13. ↑ Kromer, Mileah (October 26, 2021). "Goucher College Poll" (PDF). p. 12.
  14. ↑ Venable, Stella Krajick and Kiyah (2021-11-11). "Support for abortion growing over time". Baltimore Fishbowl. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  15. ↑ Brown, Danielle J. (2024-02-14). "Moore announces reproductive health access expansions amid uncertain U.S. abortion landscape". Maryland Matters. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  16. ↑ Ash, Sarah (2024-02-12). "$15.6 million announced to improve abortion care services in Maryland". 47abc. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  17. ↑ Gill, Chaz (2024-02-12). "Governor Moore Announces $15.6 Million Investment to Improve Abortion Care Access in MD". WBOC TV. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
  18. ↑ Hardy, Beatriz; Meyers, Debra (2004-11-01). "Common Whores, Vertuous Women, and Loveing Wives: Free Will Christian Women in Colonial Maryland". The Journal of Southern History. 70 (4): 894. doi:10.2307/27648571. ISSN   0022-4642. JSTOR   27648571.
  19. ↑ Hull, N. E. H.; Hoffer, Peter Charles (2001). Roe v. Wade : the abortion rights controversy in American history. Internet Archive. Lawrence, Kan. : University Press of Kansas. ISBN   978-0-7006-1142-3.
  20. ↑ Mohr, James C. (1979). Abortion in America: the origins and evolution of national policy, 1800-1900. Internet Archive. Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-502616-0.
  21. 1 2 Sherwood, Mary (1909). Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association. p. 2010.
  22. 1 2 Reagan, Leslie J. (1995). "Linking Midwives and Abortion in the Progressive Era". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 69 (4): 569–598. ISSN   0007-5140. JSTOR   44449049. PMID   8563453.
  23. ↑ Storer, Horatio Robinson (1860). On Criminal Abortion in America. J.B. Lippincott & Company.
  24. ↑ Mohr, James C. (1979). Abortion in America : the origins and evolution of national policy, 1800-1900. Internet Archive. Oxford [Oxfordshire] ; New York : Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-502616-0.
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  27. ↑ "Liberalized Abortion Bill Is Vetoed in Maryland". The New York Times. 27 May 1970.
  28. ↑ Eckholm, Erik (July 10, 2013). "Maryland's Path to an Accord in Abortion Fight". The New York Times.
  29. ↑ "MD - 2019 Regular Session - HB933". mgaleg.maryland.gov. General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  30. ↑ "MD - 2019 Regular Session - HB978". mgaleg.maryland.gov. General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  31. 1 2 "Are there *any* states working to protect abortion rights?". Well+Good. 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
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  33. ↑ "Maryland House Speaker Jones says she'll likely push for stronger abortion rights". WTOP. 2019-05-16. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
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  35. ↑ Norton, Mary Beth (1987). ""Gender and Defamation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland"". William and Mary Quarterly. 44 (1): 13, 23.
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  37. ↑ "Vuitch v. State". Justia Law. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
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  51. ↑ ""Baltimore Sues to Block Trump Administration Abortion Referral Rules Says will Cost the City $1.4 Million"". Baltimore Sun. April 16, 2019.
  52. ↑ ""Court blocks Trump administration abortion rules from being enforced in Maryland," ". Baltimore Sun. September 3, 2020.
  53. ↑ Frederiksen, Brittni; Gomez, Ivette. "Rebuilding Title X: New Regulations for the Federal Family Planning Program". KFF. Retrieved 2023-10-04.
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  63. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2007".
  64. 1 2 3 4 "Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017".
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  66. ↑ "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 1991".
  67. ↑ "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 1992".
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  69. ↑ "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 1995".
  70. ↑ "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 1996".
  71. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 1999".
  72. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2000".
  73. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2001".
  74. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2002".
  75. 1 2 "Abortion Surveillance - United States, 2003".
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  79. ↑ "State Funding of Abortion Under Medicaid". Guttmacher Institute. 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
  80. ↑ "Guttmacher Data Center". data.guttmacher.org. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  81. ↑ "Gov. Wes Moore releases $69M in funds for abortion training, other Maryland legislative priorities". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  82. ↑ "Md. Gov. Wes Moore approves $3.5 million for abortion care training". WTOP News. 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  83. ↑ Wood, Pamela; Wintrode, Brenda (2023-01-19). "Gov. Wes Moore releases $69 million in withheld state funds". the-baltimore-banner. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
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  86. ↑ Bacon, John. "Abortion rights supporters' voices thunder at #StopTheBans rallies across the nation". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
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  88. ↑ Krista, Brian. "Annapolis abortion rights rally". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
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  90. ↑ Gunn, Haley (January 24, 2023). "Protestors Swarm Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh's Home After Bombshell Documentary About Sexual Assault Allegations Premieres At Sundance". Radar Online. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
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  92. ↑ "Abortion Bombing Defendants Acted Alone, Officials Say". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  93. ↑ Valentine, Paul W. (1985-07-13). "Man Sentenced to Two Years In Abortion Clinic Bombings". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  94. ↑ Valentine, Paul W. (1985-07-27). "3rd Abortion Clinic Bomber Sentenced to 15 Years". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2023-01-21.
  95. ↑ John Fritze, Man pleads guilty to vandalizing reproductive health clinic Archived 2017-02-05 at the Wayback Machine , Baltimore Sun (October 14, 2016).
  96. 1 2 3 Baltimore Man Pleads Guilty to Damaging Property of a Reproductive Health Services Facility (press release), United States Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs (October 14, 2014).
  97. ↑ "40 Days for Life Search your location" . Retrieved 2021-04-09.
  98. ↑ "ABOUT". mdmarchforlife. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
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