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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, which may be abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a militant Jihadist group. It was founded in Jordan in 1999 and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters and a considerable Iraqi membership.
An insurgency began in Iraq after the 2003 US-led invasion, and lasted throughout the ensuing Iraq War which lasted from 2003 until 2011. The first phase of the insurgency began shortly after the 2003 invasion and prior to the establishment of the new Iraqi government. From around 2004 to May 2007, the insurgency primarily targeted the Multi-National Force – Iraq. Latterly Iraqi security forces were also targeted, as they were seen by Iraqi insurgents as collaborators with the coalition.
The 2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency began following the completion of the invasion of Iraq and the toppling of Saddam Hussein's rule in May 2003. The armed insurgent opposition to the U.S.-led multinational force in Iraq and the post-2003 Iraqi government lasted until early 2006, when it escalated into a civil war, the most violent phase of the Iraq War.
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The Islamic State of Iraq, commonly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq, was a militant Salafist jihadist group that aimed to establish an Islamic state in Sunni, Arab-majority areas of Iraq during the Iraq War and later in Syria during the Syrian Civil War.
Abdulrahman Mustafa al-Qaduli, better known by his noms de guerre Abu Ala al-Afri and Abu Ali al-Anbari, was the governor for territories held by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Syria. Considered the ISIL second-in-command, he was viewed as a potential successor of ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.
Jamal Ja'far Muhammad Ali Al Ibrahim, known by the kunya Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, also spelled Mohandes, was an Iraqi commander of the Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF). At the time of his death, he was deputy chief of the PMF.
On 29 December 2019, the United States conducted airstrikes against Kata'ib Hezbollah's weapons depots and command centers in Iraq and Syria, reportedly killing at least 25 militiamen and wounding 55 more. The U.S. Department of Defense said the operation was in retaliation for repeated attacks on Iraqi military bases hosting Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) coalition forces, particularly the 27 December 2019 attack on a Kirkuk airbase that left an American civilian contractor dead. Kata'ib Hezbollah, an extremist Shi'ite militia funded by Iran, denied any responsibility for the attacks.
References
- ↑ "Iran's Foreign Legion: The Role of Iraqi Shiite Militias in Syria" . Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- 1 2 United States Department of the Treasury Treasury Designates Individuals, Entity Fueling Iraqi Insurgency Archived 2010-05-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ GlobalSecurity.org Abu Mustafa al-Sheibani
- 1 2 Iraq: Return of Sheibani's killer squads, Sept. 30, 2010
- ↑ "Iran's Hard Power Influence in Iraq". Archived from the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 2010-05-14.
- ↑ BBC Iraq exit strategy still elusive, 21 September 2005
- ↑ Press Briefing, July 2 [usurped!]