All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film)

Last updated

All Quiet on the Western Front
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930 film) poster.jpg
Theatrical release poster by Karoly Grosz [1]
Directed by Lewis Milestone
Written by
Based on All Quiet on the Western Front
1929 novel
by Erich Maria Remarque
Produced by Carl Laemmle Jr.
Starring Lew Ayres
Louis Wolheim
Cinematography Arthur Edeson
Edited byEdgar Adams
Milton Carruth (International Sound Version) [2]
Music byDavid Broekman
Production
company
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Release date
  • April 21, 1930 (1930-04-21)(US) [2]
Running time
152 minutes [2]
133 minutes (restored)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1.2 million [3]
Box office$3 million [4] (worldwide rentals)

All Quiet on the Western Front is a 1930 American pre-Code epic anti-war film based on the 1929 novel of the same name by German novelist Erich Maria Remarque. Directed by Lewis Milestone, it stars Lew Ayres, Louis Wolheim, John Wray, Arnold Lucy, and Ben Alexander.

Contents

All Quiet on the Western Front opened to wide acclaim in the United States. Considered a realistic and harrowing account of warfare in World War I, it made the American Film Institute's first 100 Years...100 Movies list in 1997. A decade later, after the same organization polled over 1,501 workers in the creative community, All Quiet on the Western Front was ranked the seventh-best American epic film. [5] [6] In 1990, the film was selected and preserved by the United States Library of Congress' National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". [7] [8] The film was the first to win the Academy Awards for both Outstanding Production and Best Director. It is the first Best Picture winner based on a novel. Due to being a film published in 1930, it will enter the public domain on January 1, 2026, following the expiration of the copyright on the novel in 2024. [9] [10]

Its sequel, The Road Back (1937), portrays members of the 2nd Company returning home after the war.

Plot

Professor Kantorek gives an impassioned speech to his German students about the glory of serving in the Army and "saving the Fatherland". On the brink of becoming men, the boys in his class, led by Paul Bäumer, are moved to join the army as the new 2nd Company. Their romantic delusions are quickly broken during their brief but rigorous training under the abusive Corporal Himmelstoss.

The new soldiers arrive by train at the chaotic combat zone. One in the group is killed before the recruits can reach their post, to the alarm of one of the new soldiers (Behn). The new soldiers are assigned to a unit composed of older, unwelcoming veterans. Having not eaten in days, they pay cigarettes to Corporal "Kat" Katzinsky (who has stolen a slaughtered hog from a field kitchen) in exchange for a meal.

The recruits' first trip to the trenches with the veterans is a harrowing experience, during which Behn is killed. A depiction of trench warfare follows with many casualties on both sides. Eventually, they are sent back to the field kitchens to get their rations; each man receives double helpings, simply because of the number of dead.

Ad with book cover art in The Film Daily, 1929 All Quiet on the Western Front ad in The Film Daily, Jul-Dec 1929 (page 149 crop).jpg
Ad with book cover art in The Film Daily , 1929

They hear that they are to return to the front the next day and begin a semi-serious discussion about the causes of the war and of wars in general.

One day, Corporal Himmelstoss arrives at the front and is immediately spurned because of his bad reputation. He is forced to go over the top with the 2nd Company and is promptly killed. In an attack on a cemetery, Paul stabs a French soldier and is distraught as he spends the night trapped in a hole with the dying man. He tries and fails to save him, and begs for forgiveness. Later, he returns to the German lines and is comforted by Kat.

Going back to the front line, Paul is severely wounded and taken to a Catholic hospital, along with his good friend, Albert Kropp. Kropp's leg is amputated and Paul is taken to the bandaging ward, from which, according to its reputation, nobody has ever returned alive. Still, he later returns to the normal rooms triumphantly, only to find Kropp in depression.

Paul is given a furlough and visits his family at home. He is shocked by how uninformed and optimistic everyone is about the war's actual situation. When Paul visits the schoolroom where he was originally recruited, he shares his experiences and disillusionment with the war to Professor Kantorek and his young students, who call him a "coward".

Disillusioned and angry, Paul returns to the front and comes upon another 2nd Company filled with new young recruits, who are now also disillusioned. He discusses the people's inability to comprehend the futility of the war with Kat. Kat's shin is broken when a bomb dropped by an aircraft falls nearby, so Paul carries him back to a field hospital, only to find that a second explosion has killed Kat. Crushed by the loss of his mentor, Paul leaves.

In the final scene, Paul is back on the front line. He sees a butterfly just beyond his trench. Smiling, he reaches out for the butterfly. While reaching, however, he is shot and killed by an enemy sniper. The final sequence shows the 2nd Company arriving at the front for the first time, fading out to the image of a cemetery.

Cast

Original trailer for the American film All Quiet On The Western Front (1930)

Production

In the film, Paul is shot while reaching for a butterfly. This scene is different from the book, and was inspired by an earlier scene showing a butterfly collection in Paul's home. The scene was shot during the editing phase, so the actors were no longer available and Milestone had to use his own hand as Paul's.

Noted comedienne ZaSu Pitts was originally cast as Paul's mother and completed the film but preview audiences, used to seeing her in comic roles, laughed when she appeared onscreen so Milestone re-shot her scenes with Beryl Mercer before the film was released. The preview audience remains the only one who saw Pitts in the role, although she does appear for about 30 seconds in the film's original preview trailer.

The film was shot with two cameras side by side, with one negative edited as a sound film and the other edited as an "International Sound Version" for distribution in non-English speaking areas.

A great number of German Army veterans were living in Los Angeles at the time of filming and were recruited as bit players and technical advisers. Around 2,000 extras were utilized during production. [11] Among them was future director Fred Zinnemann ( High Noon , From Here to Eternity , A Man for All Seasons , Julia ), who was fired for impudence.

Releases

The original version of this all talking picture, lasting 152 minutes, [2] was first previewed in Los Angeles on April 21, 1930, and again in New York on April 25, 1930. [12] The film was edited and some scenes reshot after these previews due to inappropriate laughter coming from audiences whenever ZaSu Pitts appeared on the screen. All scenes with ZaSu Pitts had to be reshot and she was replaced with Beryl Mercer. The re-edited all talking version of the film went on general release in the US on August 24, 1930. [2] A 147-minute version was submitted to the British censors, which was cut to 145 minutes [13] [14] before the film premiered in London June 14, 1930. [12] The sound version was re-released in 1939, though cut down to ten reels. [2] This same version, running 102 minutes, was re-released very successfully by Realart Pictures in 1950, and Universal-International brought it back to theaters in 1958.

On its initial release, Variety wrote: [15]

The League of Nations could make no better investment than to buy up the master-print, reproduce it in every language, to be shown in all the nations until the word "war" is taken out of the dictionaries.

Some of the credit for the film's success has been ascribed to the direction of Lewis Milestone:

Without diluting or denying any ... criticisms, it should be said that from World War I to Korea, Milestone could put the viewer into the middle of a battlefield, and make the hellish confusion of it seem all too real to the viewer. Steven Spielberg noted as much when he credited Milestone's work as partial inspiration for Saving Private Ryan ... Lewis Milestone made significant contributions to [the genre of] the war film. [16]

Later re-releases were substantially cut and the film's ending scored with new music against the wishes of director Lewis Milestone. [17] Before he died in 1980, Milestone requested that Universal fully restore the film with the removal of the end music cue. Two decades later, Milestone's wishes were finally granted when the United States Library of Congress undertook an exhaustive restoration of the film in 2006. This version incorporates all known surviving footage and is 133 minutes long. [14]

Home media

Various edited versions have been distributed on video, including a Japanese subtitled Laserdisc with a running time of 103 minutes. The US Laserdisc from 1987 and the first US DVD, released in 1999, use the same unrestored 131-minute British release print. Since 2007, there have been numerous international releases of the 2006 Library of Congress restoration on DVD and Blu-ray. [18] The latter format additionally contains a 133-minute restoration of the International Sound Version, albeit mislabeled as the "silent version". [19]

Reception

Critical response

"17 London Papers Go Wild!" All Quiet on the Western Front ad from The Film Daily, 1930 17 London papers go wild! All Quiet on the Western Front ad from The Film Daily, Jul-Dec 1930 (page 207 crop).jpg
"17 London Papers Go Wild!" All Quiet on the Western Front ad from The Film Daily , 1930

All Quiet on the Western Front received tremendous praise in the United States. In the New York Daily News , Irene Thirer wrote: "It smack [sic] of directional geniusnothing short of this; sensitive performances by a marvelous cast and the most remarkable camera work which has been performed on either silent or sound screen, round about the Hollywood studios. [...] We have praise for everyone concerned with this picture." [20] Variety lauded it as a "harrowing, gruesome, morbid tale of war, so compelling in its realism, bigness and repulsiveness". [15]

In a retrospective review, American film critic Pauline Kael commented, "The year 1930 was, of course, a good year for pacifism, which always flourishes between wars; Milestone didn't make pacifist films during the Second World War—nor did anybody else working in Hollywood. And wasn't it perhaps easier to make All Quiet just because its heroes were German? War always seems like a tragic waste when told from the point of view of the losers." [21]

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 97% based on 77 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Director Lewis Milestone's brilliant anti-war polemic, headlined by an unforgettable performance from Lew Ayres, lays bare the tragic foolishness at the heart of war." [22] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 91 out of 100 based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". [23]

Controversy and bannings

However, controversy would attend the film's subject matter elsewhere. Due to its anti-war and perceived anti-German messages, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party opposed the film. During and after its German premiere in Berlin on December 4, 1930, Nazi brownshirts under the command of Joseph Goebbels disrupted the viewings by setting off stink bombs, throwing sneezing powder in the air and releasing white mice in the theaters, eventually escalating to attacking audience members perceived to be Jewish and forcing projectors to shut down. They repeatedly yelled out "Judenfilm!" ("Jewish film!") while doing this. [24] [25]

Goebbels wrote about one such disruption in his personal diary:

Within ten minutes, the cinema resembles a madhouse. The police are powerless. The embittered crowd takes out its anger on the Jews. The first breakthrough in the West. 'Jews out!' 'Hitler is standing at the gates!' The police sympathize with us. The Jews are small and ugly. The box office outside is under siege. Windowpanes are broken. Thousands of people enjoy the spectacle. The screening is abandoned, as is the next one. We have won. The newspapers are full of our protest. But not even the Berliner Tageblatt dares to call us names. The nation is on our side. In short: victory!

The Nazi campaign was successful and German authorities outlawed the film on December 11, 1930. A heavily cut version was briefly allowed in 1931, before the Nazis came to power in 1933 and the film was outlawed again. The film was finally re-released in Germany on April 25, 1952, in the Capitol Theatre in West Berlin.

Between 1930 and 1941, this was one of many films to be banned in Victoria, Australia, on the ground of 'pacifism', by the Chief Censor Creswell O'Reilly. [26] However, it was said to enjoy "a long and successful run" in other states, though the book was banned nationally. [27] The film was also banned in Italy and Austria in 1931, with the prohibition officially raised only in the 1980s, and in France up to 1963. [28]

Awards and honors

Carl Laemmle holding the Outstanding Production Best Picture Oscar Carl Laemmle holding an Oscar trophy, 1930.jpg
Carl Laemmle holding the Outstanding Production Best Picture Oscar

1929–1930 Academy Awards

CategoryReceptorResult
Outstanding Production Universal (Carl Laemmle Jr., Producer)Won
Best Director Lewis Milestone Won
Best Writing George Abbott, Maxwell Anderson and Del Andrews Nominated
Best Cinematography Arthur Edeson Nominated

It was the first talkie war film to win Oscars.

Other wins:

American Film Institute recognition

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i> 1929 novel by Erich Maria Remarque

All Quiet on the Western Front is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, a German veteran of World War I. The book describes the German soldiers' extreme physical and mental trauma during the war as well as the detachment from civilian life felt by many upon returning home from the war.

<i>On the Waterfront</i> 1954 film by Elia Kazan

On the Waterfront is a 1954 American crime drama film, directed by Elia Kazan and written by Budd Schulberg. It stars Marlon Brando, and features Karl Malden, Lee J. Cobb, Rod Steiger, Pat Henning and Eva Marie Saint in her film debut. The musical score was composed by Leonard Bernstein. The black-and-white film was inspired by "Crime on the Waterfront" by Malcolm Johnson, a series of articles published in November–December 1948 in the New York Sun which won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Local Reporting, but the screenplay by Budd Schulberg is directly based on his own original story. The film focuses on union violence and corruption among longshoremen, while detailing widespread corruption, extortion, and racketeering on the waterfronts of Hoboken, New Jersey.

<i>The Manchurian Candidate</i> (1962 film) 1962 American psychological political thriller film

The Manchurian Candidate is a 1962 American neo-noir psychological political thriller film directed and produced by John Frankenheimer. The screenplay is by George Axelrod, based on the 1959 Richard Condon novel The Manchurian Candidate. The film's leading actors are Frank Sinatra, Laurence Harvey, and Angela Lansbury, with co-stars Janet Leigh, Henry Silva, and James Gregory.

<i>Ninotchka</i> 1939 film by Ernst Lubitsch

Ninotchka is a 1939 American romantic comedy film made for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer by producer and director Ernst Lubitsch and starring Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas. It was written by Billy Wilder, Charles Brackett, and Walter Reisch, based on a story by Melchior Lengyel. Ninotchka marked the first comedy role for Garbo, and her penultimate film; she received her third and final Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. In 1990, Ninotchka was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 2011, Time also included the film on the magazine's list of "All-Time 100 Movies".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lewis Milestone</span> American film director (1895–1980)

Lewis Milestone was an American film director. Milestone directed Two Arabian Knights (1927) and All Quiet on the Western Front (1930), both of which received the Academy Award for Best Director. He also directed The Front Page (1931), The General Died at Dawn (1936), Of Mice and Men (1939), Ocean's 11 (1960), and received the directing credit for Mutiny on the Bounty (1962), though Marlon Brando largely appropriated his responsibilities during its production.

<i>The Big Parade</i> 1925 film

The Big Parade is a 1925 American silent war drama film directed by King Vidor, starring John Gilbert, Renée Adorée, Hobart Bosworth, Tom O'Brien, and Karl Dane. Written by World War I veteran Laurence Stallings, the film is about an idle rich boy who joins the U.S. Army's Rainbow Division, is sent to France to fight in World War I, becomes a friend of two working-class men, experiences the horrors of trench warfare, and finds love with a French girl. A sound version of the film was released in 1930. While the sound version of the film has no audible dialog, it featured a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process.

<i>To Be or Not to Be</i> (1942 film) 1942 film by Ernst Lubitsch

To Be or Not to Be is a 1942 American black comedy film, directed by Ernst Lubitsch, starring Carole Lombard and Jack Benny, and featuring Robert Stack, Felix Bressart, Lionel Atwill, Stanley Ridges and Sig Ruman. The plot concerns a troupe of actors in Nazi-occupied Warsaw who use their abilities at disguise and acting to fool the occupying troops. It was adapted by Lubitsch (uncredited) and Edwin Justus Mayer from the story by Melchior Lengyel. The film was released one month after actress Carole Lombard was killed in an airplane crash. In 1996, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

<i>Sergeant York</i> (film) 1941 biographical film directed by Howard Hawks

Sergeant York is a 1941 American biographical film about the life of Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers of World War I. Directed by Howard Hawks and starring Gary Cooper in the title role, the film was a critical and commercial success, and became the highest-grossing film of 1941. In 2008, Sergeant York was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

<i>Hells Angels</i> (film) 1930 film

Hell's Angels is a 1930 American pre-Code independent epic war film directed and produced by Howard Hughes and director of dialogue James Whale. Written by Harry Behn and Howard Estabrook and starring Ben Lyon, James Hall and Jean Harlow, it was released through United Artists. It follows two dissimilar brothers, both members of the British Royal Flying Corps during the First World War.

<i>The Big Sleep</i> (1946 film) 1946 US film noir by Howard Hawks

The Big Sleep is a 1946 American film noir directed by Howard Hawks. William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett and Jules Furthman co-wrote the screenplay, which adapts Raymond Chandler's 1939 novel. The film stars Humphrey Bogart as private detective Philip Marlowe and Lauren Bacall as Vivian Rutledge in a story that begins with blackmail and leads to multiple murders.

Show Boat is a 1936 American romantic musical film directed by James Whale, based on the 1927 musical of the same name by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II, which in turn was adapted from the 1926 novel of the same name by Edna Ferber.

<i>Westfront 1918</i> 1930 war film directed by G. W. Pabst

Westfront 1918 is a German war film, set mostly in the trenches of the Western Front during World War I. It was directed in 1930 by G. W. Pabst, from a screenplay by Ladislaus Vajda based on the novel Vier von der Infanterie by Ernst Johannsen. The film shows the effect of the war on a group of infantrymen portrayed by an ensemble cast led by screen veterans Fritz Kampers and Gustav Diessl.

<i>Mrs. Miniver</i> 1942 film by William Wyler

Mrs. Miniver is a 1942 American romantic war drama film directed by William Wyler, and starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. Inspired by the 1940 novel Mrs. Miniver by Jan Struther, it shows how the life of an unassuming British housewife in rural England is affected by World War II. Produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, its supporting cast includes Teresa Wright, May Whitty, Reginald Owen, Henry Travers, Richard Ney and Henry Wilcoxon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John J. Mescall</span> American cinematographer

John J. Mescall, A.S.C. was an American cinematographer. He photographed such silent films as Ernst Lubitsch's The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927), but he is best known for his work in the 1930s at Universal Pictures, where he often worked on the films of James Whale. Mescall was famous for his elaborate, some might say grandiose, effective camera movements, in which the camera would often track completely across or around a set, or even one performer. He did not always use these kinds of camera movements, but his most famous films all have them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Bakewell</span> American actor (1908–1993)

William Robertson Bakewell was an American actor. He achieved his greatest fame as one of the leading juvenile performers of the late 1920s and early 1930s.

<i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i> (1979 film) 1979 American television film by Delbert Mann

All Quiet on the Western Front is an epic anti-war television film produced by ITC Entertainment. It was released on November 14, 1979. Based on the 1929 book of the same name by Erich Maria Remarque, it stars Richard Thomas and Ernest Borgnine. Directed by Delbert Mann, this film is a joint British and American production for which most of the filming took place in Czechoslovakia.

<i>The Treasure of the Sierra Madre</i> (film) 1948 film

The Treasure of the Sierra Madre is a 1948 American Western film written and directed by John Huston. It is an adaptation of B. Traven's 1927 novel of the same name, set in 1925, and follows two downtrodden men who join forces with a grizzled old prospector, in searching for gold in Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnold Lucy</span> British actor

Arnold Lucy was a British theatre and film actor, best known as Professor Kantorek in All Quiet on the Western Front (1930).

<i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i> (2022 film) 2022 German film by Edward Berger

All Quiet on the Western Front is a 2022 German epic anti-war film based on the 1929 novel of the same name by Erich Maria Remarque. It is the third film adaptation of the book, after the 1930 and 1979 versions. Co-written, directed and co-produced by Edward Berger, it stars Felix Kammerer, Albrecht Schuch, Daniel Brühl, Sebastian Hülk, Aaron Hilmer, Edin Hasanovic, and Devid Striesow.

Felix Kammerer is an Austrian actor. After working on the Berlin stage, he made his feature film debut by playing the lead role in the war drama All Quiet on the Western Front (2022). He has since starred in the war miniseries All the Light We Cannot See (2023).

References

  1. Nourmand, Tony (2013). 100 Movie Posters: The Essential Collection. London: Reel Art Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN   978-0-9572610-8-2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 All Quiet on the Western Front at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
  3. Box Office Information for All Quiet on the Western Front, Box Office Mojo; retrieved April 13, 2012.
  4. All Quiet on the Western Front, Overview Archived March 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Movie Guy 24/7. Retrieved April 14, 2013
  5. American Film Institute (June 17, 2008). "AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 11 Classic Genres". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2008.
  6. "Top 10 Epic". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 19, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
  7. Gamarekian, Barbara; Times, Special To the New York (October 19, 1990). "Library of Congress Adds 25 Titles to National Film Registry". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  8. "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  9. Hirtle, Peter B. (January 3, 2020). "Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States". Cornell University Library Copyright Information Center. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  10. "Public Domain Day 2024 | Duke University School of Law". web.law.duke.edu.
  11. TCM Notes
  12. 1 2 IMDb: All Quiet on the Western Front - Release Info Linked March 24, 2014
  13. "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)". BBFC.
  14. 1 2 IMDb: All Quiet on the Western Front - Technical Specifications Linked March 24, 2014
  15. 1 2 "Review: 'All Quiet on the Western Front'". Variety. May 7, 1930. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  16. Mayo, Mike: War Movies: Classic Conflict on Film, Visible Ink Press, 1999
  17. American Movie Classics' segments on film preservation that aired in the mid-1990s.
  18. "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) DVD comparison". DVDCompare.
  19. "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930) Blu-ray comparison". DVDCompare.
  20. Thirer, Irene (April 30, 1930). "Raging war and soldiers struggle back home in 'All Quiet on the Western Front': 1930 review". New York Daily News . Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  21. Kael, Pauline (1991). 5001 Nights at the Movies. New York, N.Y.: Picador. p. 18. ISBN   978-0-8050-1367-2 . Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  22. "All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)". Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  23. "All Quiet on the Western Front Reviews". Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  24. David Mikies "Hollywood’s Creepy Love Affair With Adolf Hitler, in Explosive New Detail", Tablet, June 10, 2013
  25. Sauer, Patrick (June 16, 2015). "The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  26. Higham, Charles. Select List of Banned Films in "Film censorship: the untold story". The Bulletin , November 20, 1965, p.18.
  27. "Sydney Letter". The Cessnock Eagle and South Maitland Recorder . Vol. 18, no. 1548. New South Wales, Australia. September 12, 1930. p. 6. Retrieved July 2, 2019 via National Library of Australia.
  28. German Film Institute Archived February 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading