Alternaria dianthi

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Alternaria dianthi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Dothideomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Alternaria
Species:
A. dianthi
Binomial name
Alternaria dianthi
F. Stevens & J.G. Hall, (1909)
Synonyms

Macrosporium dianthi(F. Stevens & J.G. Hall) Bewley, (1923)

Contents

Alternaria dianthi, sometimes known as carnation blight, is a fungal pathogen of the genus Dianthus . [1] Alternaria dianthi infections begin as small circular or ovular spots on leaves and stems, which can be red, purple, brown, yellow or gray. [2]

This pathogen has been found in carnation and other Dianthus cultures worldwide, including in India, [3] the United States, [1] New Zealand, [4] the Canary Islands, [5] and Egypt. [6] Fourteen gene sequences of Alternaria dianthi have been published as of April 11, 2014 [7]

Symptoms

Alternaria dianthi can infect healthy plants, and favors humid, warm environments. [1] The multicolored circular spots can grow to infect entire plants, resulting in wilting or death. [2] These spots tend to be smaller than one centimeter, but can be larger, especially around stems. [5] The cankers formed by A. dianthi spread through the stomata of leaf cells, and generally lead to yellowing, wilting, and death of the leaves of infected plants. [8]

Life cycle

Alternaria dianthi reproduces asexually, forming row-like spores off of hyphae. Spores are formed on blisters on the host as well as within the mycelium. The thin, globular spores are spread through water. [9] Spore production and infection decreases over winter, and has been observed to be highest in rainy summer months. [10]

The spores of A. dianthi germinate optimally around 24 °C (75 °F), and cannot germinate below 4 °C (40 °F) or above 32 °C (90 °F). [1] The fungus has been cultured on simple media such as potato dextrose agar, and does not need Dianthus tissue to germinate. [2] [5] Spores come into contact with healthy leaf and stem tissue of Dianthus plants through wind, rain, and contact with infected tissue. [8] The host plant must be wet or moist for spores to germinate. [8] Moderate to high humidity is also a requirement, [1] and one study found that spores would not germinate under 55% humidity. [5] The life cycle takes about four days from germination to the production of new conidia. [5]

Spores produced by Alternaria species are black, and can persist on dead tissue, in soil, and on hard surfaces such as those found in greenhouses. [11]

No observations of pathogens of Alternaria dianthi have been published.[ citation needed ]

Impact

Alternaria dianthi was first recorded in the scientific literature by F.L. Stevens and J.G. Hall in 1909, from florists in the United States. [9] The fungus, along with other members of the genus Alternaria , is effectively controlled by the commercial fungicide mancozeb, [8] as well as dithiocarbamates, chlorothalonil, and iprodione. [11] Although A. dianthi has been found in wild and commercial varieties of Dianthus plants worldwide, no studies of the economic impacts or losses due to the disease have been published.[ citation needed ]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Bickerton, J. M., 1943: Alternaria blight of Carnations caused by Alternaria dianthi Stevens and Hall. Nature.
  2. 1 2 3 Seung-Hun Yu, Hi-Wan Kang, Hyang-Burm Lee, and Hong-Gi Kim. 1989. Occurrence of Alternaria dianthi on Carnation in Korea. Korean Journal of Mycology. Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea. Volume 17, Number 4, pp229-232.
  3. ↑ Sharma, B. P. 1994. Diseases on carnation: their management. Indian Horticulture, 38(4).
  4. ↑ Robinson, J. A. (1957). Control of Carnation diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Plants and Gardens, 2(5), 212-218.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Rodríguez Rodríguez, Juan M. 1980. Ataques de Alternaria Dianthi Stevens y Hall, en cultivos de clavel standard [Attacks of Alternaria Dianthi Stevens and Hall, in standard carnation cultivations]. Xoba: Revista de Agricultura, Canary Islands, Spain. Volume 3, Number 4, pp190-194.
  6. ↑ Hilal, A. A., Kamel, B. K. M. 1990. Alternaria blight and rust diseases of carnation and their control. Agricultural Research Review Vol. 68 No. 3 pp. 543-554
  7. ↑ Alternaria dianthi. Nucleotide database search. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed 11 April 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Nelson, P. E. 1960. A recent review of carnation diseases. Florist's Review.
  9. 1 2 F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall. 1909. Carnation alternariose. Botanical Gazette, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp. 409-413.
  10. ↑ Chang, N. 1982. The Alternaria leaf-spot of Dianthus caryophyllus L. Journal of Plant Protection.
  11. 1 2 Albajes, R. 1999. Integrated pest and disease management in greenhouse crops. Volume 14, pp 34-47.
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