Anne Bonny

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Anne Bonny
Bonney, Anne (1697-1720).jpg
Bonny from the 1725 Dutch translation of Charles Johnson's book of pirates
DiedUnknown; last recorded appearance in 1720
Piratical career
TypePirate
Allegiance Calico Jack
Years activeAugust – October 1720
Base of operationsCaribbean

Anne Bonny (disappeared after 28 November 1720), [1] sometimes Ann Fulford, [2] was an Irish pirate operating in the Caribbean, and one of the few female pirates in recorded history. [3] What little that is known of her life comes largely from Captain Charles Johnson's 1724 book A General History of the Pyrates , which is highly speculative and unreliable.

Contents

Bonny was born in Ireland at an unknown date, [lower-alpha 1] and later moved to London and then to the Province of Carolina. Around 1718 she married sailor James Bonny, assumed his last name, and moved with him to Nassau in the Bahamas, a sanctuary for pirates. [4] It was there that she met Calico Jack Rackham and became his pirate partner and lover. She was captured alongside Rackham and Mary Read in October 1720. All three were sentenced to death, but Bonny and Read had their executions stayed because both of them were pregnant. Read died in jail around mid April 1721, but Bonny's fate is unknown.

Early life

Bonny's birthdate is unknown. [5] She was said to be born in County Cork, Ireland. [6] She was the daughter of a servant woman named Mary, and her employer, an unnamed attorney. The attorney's wife had become ill and was moved to her mother-in-law's home a few miles away to be cared for. Whilst his wife was away, he began an affair with Mary, who as a consequence gave birth to a daughter, Anne. Although Anne was therefore illegitimate, the attorney presented her as his legitimate daughter. [7] All details concerning Bonny's early life stems from Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates (a greatly unreliable series of pirate biography's.) [8]

The attorney first moved to London to get away from his wife's family, and he began dressing Anne as a boy. When his wife discovered he had taken in his illegitimate daughter and was bringing the child up to be a lawyer's clerk and dressing her as a boy, she stopped giving him an allowance. [9] The attorney then moved to the Province of Carolina, taking along Anne and her mother Mary. At first, the family had a rough start in their new home; the attorney attempted to establish himself as a lawyer in Charles Town but did not do well. However, his knowledge of the law and ability to buy and sell goods soon financed a townhouse and eventually a plantation just outside the town. Mary died when Anne was young. [10]

It is recorded that Bonny was considered a "good catch" but may have had a fiery temper; she supposedly stabbed a servant girl with a knife. [11] She married a poor sailor and small-time pirate named James Bonny. [12] James hoped to win possession of his father-in-law's estate, but Bonny was disowned by her father. Anne's father did not approve of James Bonny as a husband for his daughter, and he threw Anne out of his house. [13]

There is a story that Bonny set fire to her father's plantation in retaliation, but no evidence exists in support. However, it is known that sometime between 1714 and 1718, she and James Bonny moved to Nassau, on New Providence Island, known as a sanctuary for English pirates called the Republic of Pirates. [14] . It is also recorded that, after the arrival of Governor Woodes Rogers in the summer of 1718, James Bonny became an informant for the governor. [15] James Bonny would report to Governor Rogers about the pirates in the area, which resulted in a multitude of these pirates being arrested. Anne disliked the work her husband did for Governor Rogers.

Rackham's partner

John "Calico Jack" Rackham Rackham, Jack.jpg
John "Calico Jack" Rackham

While in the Bahamas, Bonny began mingling with pirates in the taverns. She met John "Calico Jack" Rackham, and he became her lover. Rackham subsequently offered money to her husband James if he would divorce her, but her husband refused and threatened to beat Rackham. She and Rackham escaped the island together, and she became a member of his crew. At an unknown timeframe, Bonny became pregnant. Rackham then landed her in Cuba where she gave birth to a son. [9] She then rejoined Rackham and continued the pirate life.

In August 1720, Bonny, Rackham, and Read stole the sloop William, then at anchor in Nassau harbor, and put out to sea. [16] Rackham and the two women recruited a new crew. Their crew spent months in the West Indies attacking merchant ships. [17] Bonny took part in piracy alongside the men, and Governor Rogers named her in a proclamation published in The Boston Gazette . [15]

Proclamation issued by governor Rogers 5 September 1720 that mentions Anne Bonny as a member of Rackhams crew. She is specifically called Ann Fulford alias Bonny. Boston Gazette Woodes Rogers Proclamation.jpg
Proclamation issued by governor Rogers 5 September 1720 that mentions Anne Bonny as a member of Rackhams crew. She is specifically called Ann Fulford alias Bonny.

Bonny eventually fell in love with another pirate on board, only to discover it was Mary Read. To abate the jealousy of Rackham, who suspected romantic involvement between the two, Bonny told him that Read was a woman and swore him to secrecy. [19] Later drawings of Bonny and Read would emphasis their femininity, although this likely did not reflect reality. [20]

A victim of the pirates, Dorothy Thomas, left a description of Bonny and Read: They "wore men's jackets, and long trousers, and handkerchiefs tied about their heads: and ... each of them had a machete and pistol in their hands and they cursed and swore at the men to murder her [Dorothy Thomas]." Thomas also recorded that she knew that they were women, "from the largeness of their breasts." [21]

Anne Bonny, Firing Upon the Crew, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835030 Anne Bonny, Firing Upon the Crew, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835030.jpg
Anne Bonny, Firing Upon the Crew, from the Pirates of the Spanish Main series (N19) for Allen & Ginter Cigarettes MET DP835030

Capture and imprisonment

On 22 October 1720, [22] Rackham and his crew were attacked by a sloop captained by Jonathan Barnet under a commission from Nicholas Lawes, Governor of Jamaica. Most of Rackham's pirates put up little resistance, as many of them were too drunk to fight. They were taken to Jamaica where they were convicted and sentenced by Governor Lawes to be hanged. [23] Anne Bonny's trial took place in Spanish Town on 28 November. [24] Bonny alongside Mary Read were found guilty of piracy and sentenced to be hanged.

Bonny and Read both "pleaded their bellies", asking for mercy, [25] the court likely granted them a stay of execution until they gave birth. Read died in prison of unknown causes around April 1721. A burial registry for Saint Catherine Parish lists her burial on 28 April 1721 as, "Mary Read, pirate". [26]

Fate

There is no record of Bonny's release, and this has fed speculation as to her fate. [27] Johnson writes in A General History that: "She was continued in Prison, to the Time of her lying in, and afterward reprieved from Time to Time; but what is become of her since we cannot tell; only this we know, that she was not executed". [28] Claims of Bonny being freed by family intervention and moving to the American colonies, dying around the 1780s, are unlikely and appear to originate from the 1964 romance novel Mistress of the Seas . [29] A burial register in Spanish Town, where Bonny was tried, lists the burial of an "Ann Bonny" on 29 December 1733. [26]

Statue

In 2020, a statue of Bonny and Read was unveiled at Execution Dock in Wapping, London. It was originally planned for the statues to be permanently placed on Burgh Island in south Devon, [35] but these plans were withdrawn after complaints of glamorizing piracy, and because Bonny and Read have no association with the island. [36] The statues were eventually accepted by Lewes F.C. [37]

Notes

  1. ↑ Commonly cited dates include 1690, 1697, 1698, and 1702. All sources on date of birth were written centuries after Bonny's trial and cannot be collaborated.

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References

  1. ↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  2. ↑ The Boston Gazette 1720 October 17 The Documentary Record Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine ,
  3. ↑ "Anne Bonny and Famous Female Pirates". www.annebonnypirate.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  4. ↑ "Anne Bonny | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  5. ↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, The trial does not give an age, and calls her a spinster in one instance. This could theoretically give an age range, but proof of her pregnancy is not assured and thus cannot be trusted. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  6. ↑ "Anne Bonny – Famous Female Pirate". www.famous-pirates.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  7. ↑ Legendary Pirates The Life and Legacy of Anne Bonny . Charles River Editors , 2018.
  8. ↑ Bartelme, Tony (21 November 2018). "The true and false stories of Anne Bonny, pirate woman of the Caribbean". The Post and Courier . Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  9. 1 2 Joan., Druett (2005) [2000]. She captains : heroines and hellions of the sea. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN   0-7607-6691-6. OCLC   70236194.
  10. ↑ Johnson (1725)
  11. ↑ Meltzer (2001)
  12. ↑ Lorimer (2002), p. 47
  13. ↑ Johnson, Charles (14 May 1724). The General History of Pyrates. Ch. Rivington, J. Lacy, and J. Stone.
  14. ↑ Sharp (2002)
  15. 1 2 Woodard, Colin (2007). The Republic of Pirates. Harcourt, Inc. pp. 139, 316–318. ISBN   978-0-15-603462-3. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  16. ↑ Druett, Joan (2000). She Captains: Heroines and Hellions of the Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN   0-684-85690-5.
  17. ↑ Canfield, Rob (2001). "Something's Mizzen: Anne Bonny, Mary Read, "Polly", and Female Counter-Roles on the Imperialist Stage". South Atlantic Review : 50.
  18. ↑ The Boston Gazette 1720 October 17 The Documentary Record Archived 25 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine ,
  19. ↑ Johnson, Charles (1724). A General History of the Pyrates. London: T. Warner. p. 162. […] this Intimacy so disturb'd Captain Rackam, who was the Lover and Gallant of Anne Bonny, that he grew furiously jealous, so that he told Anne Bonny, he would cut her new Lover's Throat, therefore, to quiet him, she let him into the Secret also.
  20. ↑ O'Driscoll, Sally (2012). "The Pirate's Breasts: Criminal Women and the Meanings of the Body". The Eighteenth Century. 53 (3): 357–379. doi:10.1353/ecy.2012.0024. JSTOR   23365017. S2CID   163111552. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022– via JSTOR.
  21. ↑ Burl, Aubrey (2006). Black Barty: Bartholomew Roberts and his Pirate Crew 1718–1723. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. pp. 147–148. ISBN   978-1-84632-433-8. OCLC   852757012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  22. ↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, p. 31. "...on the 22d Day of October, in the feventh Year of the Reign of our faid Sovereign Lord the King, that now is, upon the high Sea, in a certain Place, diftant about one League from Negril-Point, in the Island of Jamaica, in America, and within the Jurisdiction of this Court ; did piratically and felonioufly, go over to, John Rackam...". Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  23. ↑ Zettle, LuAnn. "Anne Bonny The Last Pirate". Archived from the original on 22 May 2019.
  24. ↑ Baldwin, Robert. "The Tryals Of Captain John Rackham and Other Pirates". Internet Archives. 1721, p. 14. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  25. ↑ Yolen, Jane; Shannon, David (1995). The Ballad of the Pirate Queens. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. pp. 23–24.
  26. 1 2 Bartleme, Tony (28 November 2020). "A 22-year-old YouTuber may have solved Anne Bonny pirate mystery 300 years after trial". The Post and Courier . Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  27. ↑ Carmichael, Sherman (2011). Forgotten Tales of South Carolina. The History Press. p. 72. ISBN   978-1-60949-232-8.
  28. ↑ Captain Charles Johnson, A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates, Chapter 8, , retrieved 21 September 2017 ISBN   978-1-60949-232-8
  29. ↑ Fictum, David (8 May 2016). "Anne Bonny and Mary Read: Female Pirates and Maritime Women". Colonies, Ships, and Pirates. 8 May 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  30. ↑ Molenaar, Jillian (7 July 2019). "Anne of the Indies by Herbert Ravenel Sass". Depictions of John Rackam, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. 6 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  31. ↑ "Production of The Women-Pirates Anne Bonney and Mary Read". Theatricalia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  32. ↑ "Sarah Greene". IMDB. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  33. ↑ Topel, Fred (29 January 2013). "Black Sails Season 3: Clara Paget Interview". Den of Geeks. Retrieved 11 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ Adekaiyero, Ayomikun (26 October 2023). "Here's what the cast of 'Our Flag Means Death' looks like in real life". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  35. ↑ "Female pirate lovers whose story was ignored by male historians immortalised with statue" . The Independent. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022.
  36. ↑ "Burgh Island female pirates statue plans withdrawn". BBC News. 30 March 2021. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  37. ↑ Lewis, Samantha (18 March 2023). "Introducing Lewes FC, the world's only gender-equal football club, and the Australians who play there". ABC News. 18 March 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.
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