Baba Ali Chaouch

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Baba Ali Chaouch
Dey
Portrait de Baba Ali, Dey d'Alger.jpg
Baba Ali Chaouche, by Pierre Duflos
Reign15 August 1710 – 4 April 1718
Predecessor Dely Ibrahim Dey  [ ar; fr; uk ]
Successor Mohamed Ben Hassan
Died4 April 1718
Algiers, Deylik of Algiers
Regnal name
Ali I
Arabic بابا علي شاوش
Country Flag of Algiers.jpg Deylik of Algiers
Religion Sunni Islam
Occupation Corsair

Baba Ali Chaouch, also known as Ali Soukali, or simply Ali I, was a ruler of the Deylik of Algiers from 1710 to 1718. [1] [2] He was the first dey of Algiers to be invested with the title of dey-pacha. The Sultan Ahmed III had Ali Chaouch's envoy given the caftan and the three tails, a sign of the dignity of a "pasha". This title was attributed to all his successors until 1830.

Contents

Algiers once again experienced prosperity thanks to corsairing and expeditions to the European coasts. [3]

Background

Not much is known about the origins of Ali. Some sources describe him as a Basche-Chaouch, [1] (which would explain the name) a title usually held by Kouloughlis, which would mean that he was most likely of mixed Algerian-Turkish descent, albeit it's up for debate. [4] [5]

Rule

Ending unrest

He made major political reforms, succeeding dey Ibrahim  [ ar; fr; uk ] in a period of great unrest. He was described as “an honest and very reasonable man” by the French consul Clairambault. The insurrections which, for more than twenty years, had bloodied the city of Algiers, had brought all sorts of brigands; Ali administered severe justice, and, in the first months of his reign, executed more than 1500 janissaries; it was to these necessary rigors that he owed his ability to impose order and govern in peace. [6]

Government reforms

He had seen that the pashas sent by the Porte, although not enjoying any effective power, were a permanent cause of unrest, constantly intriguing in the hope of seeing their past authority return, or at least serving as a flag for the agitators; he decided to suppress them by banishing Pasha Charkan Ibrahim, appointed by the Ottoman Empire; [7] In 1711 he refused to allow the pasha who had just been sent there to enter Algiers, and had him threatened with death if he insisted on disembarking. The pasha withdrew to Collo, then died shortly after of illness. At the same time, the dey sent an embassy to Ahmed III, representing to him the serious disadvantages of the multiplicity of powers; the good reasons he gave, combined with the gifts he had sent, were enough to convince the sultan, and the two dignities were united on the same person; He was the first dey to incorporate the title of pasha into his own. He thus formalized the status of Algiers as an independent political entity. [8] Algerian historian Abderrahmane Djilali  [ fr ] compared Algerian relations with the Ottoman empire at this point to the states belonging to the Commonwealth realm. [6]

Gate of Lions (Bab sboua) topped by a poem in Arabic mentioning Baba Ali's reconstruction of the gate Door of the Lions, Algiers (bab sboua).jpg
Gate of Lions (Bab sboua) topped by a poem in Arabic mentioning Baba Ali's reconstruction of the gate

From that moment on, the deys gained considerably in strength, and the Divan of Algiers no longer had the same power as before. [9] Baba Ali Chaouch consolidated his authority; He reformed the Divan of Algiers, dissolved it and then recomposed it, eliminated the rebellious elements of the Odjak of Algiers, relied on the tai'fa of raïs to revive privateering in the Mediterranean and brought much income into the city. [10] Because of his position, he is popular with the people of Algiers and famous in historiography. [1]

International policy

During the first three years of his reign, Ali was sued for peace by the Dutch, the Sicilians, the English and the Empire; everyone made enormous presents to obtain it: He declared war against the Dutch in 1715, and planned to do the same with Britain, albeit he stopped after tribute arrived from them. [11] In 1716, war was declared against him again as the Swedes and Danes were no happier, and the corso received a great boost, because the dey, instructed by the example of his predecessors, saw that this was the only way to ensure the pay of the militia. [9]

A violent earthquake hit Algiers under his rule in 1716. [12] [13] To repair their losses, the corsairs ravaged the coasts of the Mediterranean and those of Portugal more than ever. They made such considerable captures from the English and Dutch that maritime insurance went from the rate of 1.5% to 45%. European states decreed, under penalty of a heavy fine, all commercial ships to only leave ports well armed with cannons, and manned by a crew capable of usefully defending themselves. [9]

Death

Despite many assassination attempts, notably in 1713 then in 1716, and conspiracies against him, he died a natural death in 1718. [14]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne (in French). 1834.
  2. ↑ Nick, Newlin (2020). Henry V. Nicolo Whimsey Press. ISBN   978-1-935550-40-2. OCLC   1154567563.
  3. ↑ Hassan-Bey, Mustapha (2022-03-03). De Constantinopole à El-Djazaïr: L'héritage turc [Constantinople to El-Djazaïr: The Turkish Heritage] (in French). Chihab. p. 43. ISBN   978-9947-39-466-3.
  4. ↑ Veronne, La; De, Chantal (1980). "Abdeijalil Temimi. Le Beylik de Constantine et Hādj Ahmed Bey (1830- 1837). Tunis, 1978. In-8°, 300 pages, 24 planches hors texte. (Publications de la Revue d'histoire maghrébine, 1.)" [Abdeijalil Temimi. The Beylik of Constantine and Hādj Ahmed Bey (1830- 1837). Tunis, 1978. (Publications of the Revue d'histoire maghrébine, 1.)]. Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes. 138 (1): 131–132.
  5. ↑ Allioui, Youcef (2006). Les Archs, tribus berbères de Kabylie: histoire, résistance, culture et démocratie [The Arch, Berber Tribes of Kabylia: History, Resistance, culture and Democracy] (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN   978-2-296-01363-6.
  6. 1 2 محمد, جيلالي، عبد الرحمن بن (1994). تاريخ الجزائر العام (in Arabic). ع. م. جيلالي،. p. 218.
  7. ↑ Piesse, Louis (1882). Itinéraire de l'Algérie, de la Tunisie et de Tanger [Itinerary of Algeria, Tunisia, and Tangiers] (in French). Hachette.
  8. ↑ Ferreiro, Miguel Ángel (2022-10-18). La segunda columna: Lo que dejamos en África (in Spanish). EDAF. ISBN   978-84-414-4198-9.
  9. 1 2 3 Grammont, H. D. de (1887). Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque (1515-1830) [History of Algiers under Turkish Domination (1515-1830)] (in French). E. Leroux. p. 277.
  10. ↑ Kaddache 2011 , p. 432
  11. ↑ Playfair, Robert Lambert (1888). A Bibliography of Algeria: From the Expedition of Charles V in 1541 to 1887 (in French). J. Murray.
  12. ↑ Ganse, Robert A.; Nelson, John B.; Geophysics, World Data Center A. for Solid Earth (1981). Catalog of Significant Earthquakes: 2000 B.C.-1979 Including Quantitative Casualties and Damage. World Data Center A for Solid Earth Geophysics.
  13. ↑ Voyage to Algiers and Tunis, for the Redemption of Captives, etc. 1735.
  14. ↑ "Les Deys 3". exode1962.fr. Retrieved 2021-02-12.

Sources

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