The borosulfates are heteropoly anion compounds which have sulfate groups attached to boron atoms. Other possible terms are sulfatoborates or boron-sulfur oxides. The ratio of sulfate to borate reflects the degree of condensation. With [B(SO4)4]5- there is no condensation, each ion stands alone. In [B(SO4)3]3- the anions are linked into a chain, a chain of loops, or as [B2(SO4)6]6− in a cycle. Finally in [B(SO4)2]− the sulfate and borate tetrahedra are all linked into a two or three-dimensional network. These arrangements of oxygen around boron and sulfur can have forms resembling silicates. The first borosulfate to be discovered was K5[B(SO4)4] in 2012 by the research group of Henning Höppe, [1] [2] although the compound class as such had been postulated already in 1962 by G. Schott and H. U. Kibbel. [3] Over 80 unique compounds are known as of 2024.
They are distinct from the borate sulfates which have separate, uncondensed sulfate and borate ions.
Related compounds include boroselenates, borotellurates, [4] and also boroantimonates, borogallates, borogermanates, borophosphates, boroselenites and borosilicates. [5]
Borosulfates are formed by heating boric oxide, oleum, or sulfuric acid, with metal carbonates. The degree of condensation is varied with the ratio of oleum to sulfuric acid. Pure oleum is more likely to yield compounds with disulfate groups.
When heated to around 500 °C the borosulfates decompose by emitting SO3 vapour and form a metal sulfate and boric oxide. [6]
chem | mw | crystal system | space group | unit cell Å | volume | density | comment | references | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
boron sulfate | B2S2O9 | 229.74 | monoclinic | C2 | a=7.7600 b=4.1664 c=8.6134 β=94.785 Z=2 | 277.51 | 2.749 | no cations; 3D mesh | [7] |
H[B(HSO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/c | a=15.6974, b=11.436, c=8.5557; β=90.334°; Z=8 | superacid | [8] [9] | ||||
H3O[B(SO4)2] | P4/ncc | a=9.1377, c=7.3423; Z=4 | [9] | ||||||
H[B(SO4)(S2O7)] | monoclinic | P21/c | a=15.697 b=11.4362 c=8.5557 β=90.334 | [4] | |||||
Li[B(SO4)2] | Pc | a = 7.635, b = 9.342, c = 8.432, and β = 92.55° | 3D network, like tectosilicate | [8] [10] | |||||
Li[B(S2O7)2] | orthorhombic | P212121 | a = 10.862, b = 10.877, c = 17.769 | [8] [10] | |||||
Li5[B(SO4)4] | orthorhombic | P21/c | a=8.0191 b=10.2111 c=15.0401 | [4] | |||||
Be[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | C2/c | a= 23.856, b= 7.3507, c= 12.3235, β= 98.724(2)°, Z=8 | 2136.1 | 2.58 | colourless | [11] | ||
NH4[B(SO4)2] | P4/ncc | a=9.1980 c=7.2458 | decompose 320 °C, proton conductor | [4] [12] | |||||
NH4[B(S2O7)2] | monoclinic | Cc | a=11.4403 b=14.9439 c=13.8693 β=93.662 | [8] [4] | |||||
(NH4)2B4SO10 | 271.38 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.3685 b=6.5541 c=12.8328 β=106.247 4 | 918.0 | 1.964 | SHG 1.1 × KDP; min PM wavelength 252 nm; decompose 300 °C | [13] | |
[NH4]3[B(SO4)3] | 343.12 | orthorhombic | Ibca | a=7.2858 b=14.7048 c=22.7052 Z=8 | 2433.2 | 1.928 | decompose 320 °C chains | [14] [2] | |
Na[B(SO4)2] | monoclinic | P2/c | a=5.434 b=7.570 c=7.766 β=99.74 | [4] | |||||
Na[B(S2O7)2] | monoclinic | P21/c | a=10.949, b=8.49, c=12.701; β=110.227°; Z=4 | [8] [9] | |||||
Na5[B(SO4)4]-I | orthorhombic | Pca21 | a = 10.730, b = 13.891, c = 18.197 | [10] | |||||
Na5[B(SO4)4]-II | orthorhombic | P212121 | a = 8.624, b = 9.275, c = 16.671 | [10] | |||||
α-Mg4[B2O(SO4)6] | 711.22 | trigonal | P3 | a=8.0165 c=7.4858 Z=1 | 416.62 | 2.835 | colourless | [6] | |
β-Mg4[B2O(SO4)6] | 711.22 | hexagonal | P3 | a = 13.9196, c = 7.4854, Z = 3 | 1253 | 2.821 | colourless | [6] | |
Mg[B2(SO4)4] | 430.17 | monoclinic | C2/c | a = 17.443, b = 5.3145, c = 14.2906 β = 126.323° Z = 4 | 1067.3 | 2.677 | phyllosilicate structure colourless decompose 550 °C | [6] | |
β-Mg[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/n | a=7.9100 b=8.0815 c=9.0376 β=111.37° Z=2 | 269.01 | 2.667 | colourless decompose 550 °C | [15] | ||
K[B(SO4)2] | P4/ncc | a=8.9739 c=7.4114 | [4] | ||||||
K[B(S2O7)2] | monoclinic | Cc | a=11.3368, b=14.66, c=13.6650; β=94.235°; Z=8 | [8] [9] | |||||
K2B4SO10 | 313.50 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.2631 b=6.4339 c=12.649 β=105.707° Z=4 | 882.4 | 2.360 | colourless | [16] | |
pentapotassium borosulfate | K5[B(SO4)4] | P41 | a=9.9023 c=16.1871 | 1687.2 | 2.471 | first discovered | [8] [1] | ||
K3[B(SO4)3] | orthorhombic | Ibca | a = 7.074, b = 14.266, c = 22.58 | [8] [10] | |||||
K4[BS4O15(OH)] | monoclinic | I2/a | a=14.524 b=7.3916 c=15.7857 β=115.50 | [4] | |||||
CaB2S4O16 | monoclinic | P21/c | a=5.5188 b=15.1288 c=13.2660 β=92.88 | sheet | [4] | ||||
Mn[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/n | a = 8.0435, b = 7.9174, c = 9.3082, β = 110.94° Z=2 | 553.63 | colourless | [17] | |||
α-Mn4[B2O(SO4)6] | 833.74 | trigonal | P3 | a=8.1086 c=7.7509 Z=1 | 441.3 | 3.137 | colourless | [6] | |
β-Mn4[B2O(SO4)6] | 833.74 | trigonal | P3 | a=13.9196 c=7.4854 | |||||
α-Co[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=17.4254 b=5.3397 c=14.3214 β=126.03° Z=4 | 269.40 | 2.860 | pink | [15] | ||
β-Co[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/n | a=7.8892 b=8.1042 c= 9.0409 β=111.29° Z=2 | 269.29 | 2.803 | pink | [15] | ||
α-Co4[B2O(SO4)6] | 849.70 | trigonal | P3 | a=7.991 c=7.669 Z=1 | 418.0 | 3.376 | pink | [6] | |
α-Ni4[B2O(SO4)6] | 848.82 | trigonal | P3 | a=7.9359 c=7.4398 Z=1 | 405.77 | 3.474 | yellow | [6] | |
Cu[B(SO4)2(HSO4)] | triclinic | P1 | a=5.3096 b=7.0752 c=11.1977 α=81.154 β=80.302 γ=80.897 | cyclic | [4] | ||||
Cu[B2(SO4)4] | triclinic | P1 | a=5.2470 b=7.1371 c=7.9222 α=73.814 β=70.692 γ=86.642 | chain | [4] | ||||
Zn[B2(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/n | a = 8.0435, b = 7.9174, c = 9.3082, β = 111.26° Z=2 | 534.36 | colourless | [17] | |||
α-Zn4[B2O(SO4)6] | 875.46 | trigonal | P3 | a=7.9971 c=7.4895 Z=1 | 414.81 | 3.505 | colourless | [6] | |
Rb2B4SO10 | 406.24 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.3127 b=6.5152 c=12.971 β=105.411° Z=4 | 921.6 | 2.928 | colourless | [16] | |
Rb3[B(SO4)3] | orthorhombic | Ibca | a = 7.2759, b = 14.794, c = 22.637 | [10] | |||||
Rb4[B2O(SO4)4] | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=8.0415 b=10.647 c=20.425 | [4] | |||||
Rb5[B(SO4)4] | tetragonal | P43212 | a=10.148 c=16.689 Z=4 | band gap 3.99 eV | [4] [18] | ||||
Rb3HB4S2O14 | P63/m | a = 6.502, c = 19.02 Z=2 | [19] | ||||||
LiRb4[B(SO4)4] | 743.8 | monoclinic | a=7.5551, c=14.560, c=7.5517 β=90.2372 Z=2 | transparent | [20] | ||||
LiRb4[B(SO4)4] | 743.8 | tetragonal | I4 | a=7.6128, c=14.631, Z=2 | at 500K | [20] | |||
Sr[B2(SO4)4] | 493.48 | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=12.574 b=12.421 c=7.319 Z=4 | 1143.1 | 2.867 | decompose 400 °C | [8] [2] | |
Sr[B2(SO4)3(S2O7)] | 573.54 | monoclinic | P21/n | a = 7.470, b = 15.334, c = 12.220, β = 93.29° Z=4 | 1397.5 | 2.726 | [8] | ||
Sr[B2O(SO4)3] | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=1657.3 b=12.037 c=4.39484 | [8] [4] | |||||
Sr[B3O(SO4)4(SO4H)] | 617.36 | monoclinic | P21/c | a = 11.3309, b= 7.1482, c = 19.355, β = 106.878°, Z = 4 | 1500.1 | 2.73 | colourless; Sr in 9 coordination by sulfate oxygens | [21] | |
Y2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.5172 b=11.3941 c=10.8994 β=93.447 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Ag[B(SO4)2] | P4/ncc | a=8.6679 c=7.2897 | [4] | ||||||
Ag[B(S2O7)2] | monoclinic | P21/c | a = 9.507, b = 9.601, c = 11.730, β = 98.35° Z=4 | 1059.3 | 2.953 | colourless | [22] | ||
Cd[B2(SO4)4] | [23] | ||||||||
Cd[B2O(SO4)3] | 438.20 | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=8.9692 b=11.520 c=8.7275 Z=4 | 901.8 | 3.23 | colourless | [23] | |
Cd4[B2O(SO4)6] | trigonal | P3 | a=8.2222 c=7.9788 Z=1 | 467.14 | 3.78 | colourless | [23] | ||
(I4)[B(S2O7)2]2 | triclinic | P1 | a = 11.3714 b = 11.5509 c = 12.7811 α = 68.638° β = 68.275° γ = 64.626° Z=2 | 1366.16 | 2.999 | orange-brown | [24] | ||
Cs2B4SO10 | 501.12 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.4012 b=6.5997 c=13.5702 β=103.934° Z=4 | 919.04 | 3.359 | colourless | [16] | |
Cs2[B2O(SO4)3] | monoclinic | P2/c | a=14.765 b=6.710 c=12.528 β=104.50 | [19] | |||||
Cs3HB4S2O14 | P63/m | a = 6.5648, c = 19.5669 Z=2 | [19] | ||||||
Cs[B(SO4)(S2O7)] | monoclinic | P21/c | a=10.4525, b=11.319, c=8.2760; β=103.206; Z=4 | [8] [9] | |||||
Cs3Li2[B(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/n | a=13.7698 c=8.2376 c=13.9066 β=91.778 | [14] [4] | |||||
Cs3Na2[B(SO4)4] | monoclinic | P21/c | a=13.6406 b=7.9475 c=13.9573 β=990.781 | [14] [4] | |||||
CsK4[B(SO4)4] | P43212 | a=9.9433 c=16.881 | [14] [4] | ||||||
Ba[B2(SO4)4] | orthorhombic | Pnna | a = 12.791, b = 12.800, c = 7.317 Z = 4 | [8] [25] | |||||
Ba[B2O(SO4)3] | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=17.1848 b=12.3805 c=4.4226 | [8] | |||||
Ba[B(S2O7)2]2 | monoclinic | I2/a | a = 11.6077, b = 8.9144, c = 21.303, β = 104.034° Z = 4 | chains | [8] [25] | ||||
La2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=1379.2 b=1158.9 c=1139.5 β=93.611 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Ce2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | 13.740 b=11.5371 c=11.3057 β=93.661 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Pr2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.711 b=11.5305 c=11.2643 β=93.668 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Nd2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.6775 b=11.51.34 11.2046 β=93.5909 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Sm2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.633 b=11.492 c=11.112 β=93.567 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Eu2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.602 b=11.470 c=11.050 β=93.465 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Gd2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.5697 b=11.4426 c=11.0271 β= | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Tb2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.5601 b=11.42.48 c=10.9881 β=93.534 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Dy2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.568 b=11.425 c=10.9703 β=93.540 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Ho2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.505 b=11.409 c=10.921 β=93.453 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Er2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.551 b=11.411 c=10.882 β=93.41 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Tm2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.4981 b=11.3617 10.8327 β=93.4500 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Yb2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.495 b=11.3452 c=10.7961 β=93.390 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Lu2[B2(SO4)6] | monoclinic | C2/c | a=13.469 b=11.364 c=10.799 β=93.369 | cyclic | [14] [4] | ||||
Pb[B2(SO4)4] | 613.05 | orthorhombic | Pnna | a=12.516 b=12.521 c=7.302 Z=4 | 114.43 | 3.558 | loop chain | [4] [26] | |
Pb[B2O(SO4)3] | orthorhombic | P21/m | a=4.4000 b=12.1019 c=8.6043 | [4] | |||||
Bi2[B2(SO4)6] | 659.08 | orthorhombic | C2/c | a = 13.568, b = 11.490, c = 11.106 Z=4 | 1728.8 | 3.894 | [14] | ||
(H3O)Bi[B(SO4)2]4 | 1039.72 | I4 | a=11.857, c=8.149 Z=2 | 1156.84 | 2.99 | colourless; non-linear optical | [14] | ||
(UO2)[B(SO4)2(SO3OH)] | 569.52 | triclinic | P1 | a=5.448 b=7.021 c=13.522 α =92.248° β =95.347° γ =101.987° Z=2 | 3.762 | green | [27] | ||
(UO2)2[B2O(SO4)3(SO3OH)2] | 1058.23 | monoclinic | P21/n | a=10.872 b=11.383 c=14.812 β=92.481 Z=4 | 3.838 | yellow | [27] |
In chemistry tellurate is a compound containing an oxyanion of tellurium where tellurium has an oxidation number of +6. In the naming of inorganic compounds it is a suffix that indicates a polyatomic anion with a central tellurium atom.
Silver sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Ag2SO4. It is a white solid with low solubility in water.
Fluoroboric acid or tetrafluoroboric acid is an inorganic compound with the simplified chemical formula H+[BF4]−. Solvent-free tetrafluoroboric acid has not been reported. The term "fluoroboric acid" usually refers to a range of compounds including hydronium tetrafluoroborate, which are available as solutions. The ethyl ether solvate is also commercially available, where the fluoroboric acid can be represented by the formula [H( 2O)n]+[BF4]−, where n is 2.
Ulrich "Uli" Kortz is a German chemist and professor, working in the area of synthetic polyoxometalate chemistry.
The phosphidosilicates or phosphosilicides are inorganic compounds containing silicon bonded to phosphorus and one or more other kinds of elements. In the phosphosilicates each silicon atom is surrounded by four phosphorus atoms in a tetrahedron. The triphosphosilicates have a SiP3 unit, that can be a planar triangle like carbonate CO3. The phosphorus atoms can be shared to form different patterns e.g. [Si2P6]10− which forms pairs, and [Si3P7]3− which contains two-dimensional double layer sheets. [SiP4]8− with isolated tetrahedra, and [SiP2]2− with a three dimensional network with shared tetrahedron corners. SiP clusters can be joined, not only by sharing a P atom, but also by way of a P-P bond. This does not happen with nitridosilicates or plain silicates.
An oxyhydride is a mixed anion compound containing both oxide O2− and hydride ions H−. These compounds may be unexpected as the hydrogen and oxygen could be expected to react to form water. But if the metals making up the cations are electropositive enough, and the conditions are reducing enough, solid materials can be made that combine hydrogen and oxygen in the negative ion role.
The sulfate fluorides are double salts that contain both sulfate and fluoride anions. They are in the class of mixed anion compounds. Some of these minerals are deposited in fumaroles.
The telluride iodides are chemical compounds that contain both telluride ions (Te2−) and iodide ions (I−). They are in the class of mixed anion compounds or chalcogenide halides.
The nitridosilicates are chemical compounds that have anions with nitrogen bound to silicon. Counter cations that balance the electric charge are mostly electropositive metals from the alkali metals, alkaline earths or rare earth elements. Silicon and nitrogen have similar electronegativities, so the bond between them is covalent. Nitrogen atoms are arranged around a silicon atom in a tetrahedral arrangement.
The borophosphates are mixed anion compounds containing borate and phosphate anions, which may be joined together by a common oxygen atom. Compounds that contain water or hydroxy groups can also be included in the class of compounds.
The boroselenates are chemical compounds containing interlinked borate and selenate groups sharing oxygen atoms. Both selenate and borate groups are tetrahedral in shape. They have similar structures to borosulfates and borophosphates. The borotellurates' tellurium atom is much bigger, so TeO6 octahedra appear instead.
Borate sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing separate borate and sulfate anions. They are distinct from the borosulfates where the borate is linked to a sulfate via a common oxygen atom.
Borate nitrates are mixed anion compounds containing separate borate and nitrate anions. They are distinct from the boronitrates where the borate is linked to a nitrate via a common oxygen atom.
The borate iodides are mixed anion compounds that contain both borate and iodide anions. They are in the borate halide family of compounds which also includes borate fluorides, borate chlorides, and borate bromides.
A nitridophosphate is an inorganic compound that contains nitrogen bound to a phosphorus atom, considered as replacing oxygen in a phosphate.
Arsenide iodides or iodide arsenides are compounds containing anions composed of iodide (I−) and arsenide (As3−). They can be considered as mixed anion compounds. They are in the category of pnictidehalides. Related compounds include the arsenide chlorides, arsenide bromides, phosphide iodides, and antimonide iodides.
Carbide chlorides are mixed anion compounds containing chloride anions and anions consisting entirely of carbon. In these compounds there is no bond between chlorine and carbon. But there is a bond between a metal and carbon. Many of these compounds are cluster compounds, in which metal atoms encase a carbon core, with chlorine atoms surrounding the cluster. The chlorine may be shared between clusters to form polymers or layers. Most carbide chloride compounds contain rare earth elements. Some are known from group 4 elements. The hexatungsten carbon cluster can be oxidised and reduced, and so have different numbers of chlorine atoms included.
Carbide bromides are mixed anion compounds containing bromide and carbide anions. Many carbide bromides are cluster compounds, containing on, two or more carbon atoms in a core, surrounded by a layer of metal atoms, encased in a shell of bromide ions. These ions may be shared between clusters to form chains, double chains or layers.
Carbide iodides are mixed anion compounds containing iodide and carbide anions. Many carbide iodides are cluster compounds, containing one, two or more carbon atoms in a core, surrounded by a layer of metal atoms, and encased in a shell of iodide ions. These ions may be shared between clusters to form chains, double chains or layers.
Oxalate sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing oxalate and sulfate. They are mostly transparent, and any colour comes from the cations.