Calvitimela

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Calvitimela
Calvitimela armeniaca.jpg
C. armeniaca
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Tephromelataceae
Genus: Calvitimela
Hafellner (2001)
Type species
Calvitimela armeniaca
(DC.) Hafellner (2001)

Calvitimela is a lichen genus in the family Tephromelataceae (Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes). [1] Members of the family Tephromelataceae are crustose lichens with green photobionts and lecideine or lecanorine apothecia. The species in Calvitimela have lecideine apothecia, are saxicolous and are primarily found in alpine to arctic regions.

Species

Calvitimela aglaea Calvitimela aglaea.jpg
Calvitimela aglaea

Calvitimela currently includes ten species:

Taxonomy

The taxonomic history of Calvitimela is long and relatively complex. [2] In the early days, the species now belonging to Calvitimela were placed in the classical genus Lecidea Ach., e.g. by Fries (1874; as Lecidea strips L. armeniacae). [3] and Magnusson (1931; as “Lecidea armeniaca- und elata-Gruppe”) [4] In the 1980s, several taxonomists revised large groups of lichens in Lecanora and Lecidea . [5] [6] First, the generic name Tephromela was resurrected, and the new monotypic family Tephromelataceae described. [5] Then, a group from Lecidea was moved into the genus Tephromela M. Choisy. [6] This led to species with both lecanorine and lecideine apothecia being present in the same genus. [6] Finally, the genus Calvitimela was erected for species with lecideine apothecia previously placed in Tephromela. [5] Tephromelataceae consists of the Tephromela , Calvitimela, Mycoblastus Norman and Violella T. Sprib, and together these four genera constitute a well-supported monophyletic group. [7] [8]

Morphology, anatomy, and chemistry

The species of Calvitimela are crustose lichens. Their thallus are areolate and their apothecia lecideine. The apothecia are convex, black and shiny. [9] Apothecia are rare or entirely absent in some sorediate species e.g. C. cuprea, C. livida [8] and C. talayana. [9]

Ascii are generally of the Lecanora-type, [5] [10] but Bacidia-type ascii are also observed in C. aglaea and C. perlata. [8] The spores are usually simple and ellipsoid. [9] There is much chemical variation of secondary metabolites in the species of Calvitimela. Most prominently observed in the C. melaleuca – complex, with alectorialic, norstictic, roccellic and psoromic acids occurring in different combinations in the species´ several chemotypes. [8]

Ecology and distribution

All species of Calvitimela grow on rocks. The species in Calvitimela reside either on boulders of varying size or directly on mountainous walls and are occasionally found on pebbles. A peculiar ecological preference is observed in C. cuprea. This species is more or less morphologically identical to C. livida, but seem to only grow on copper rich rocks, and is associated with old copper mine localities. [8]

Species in Calvitimela are predominantly distributed in alpine to arctic regions, and they seem to have a circumpolar distribution. [9] On the other hand, due to lack of sampling in certain regions of the world (e.g. Africa, Asia and South America), the true distribution of Calvitimela is only partly known. C. austrochilensis is described from Chile [10] and C. uniseptata from Antarctica, [11] respectively. These species have not yet been included in any molecular phylogenetic studies. Therefore, whether they belong in Calvitimela or not, is yet to be confirmed by molecular data.

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetics has revolutionized the taxonomy of crustose lichens and revealed an extensive amount of cryptic species diversity. [12] In Calvitimela there are some species that are morphologically identical, but are genetically distinct and have different chemotypes. [8] In the C. melaleuca–complex at least two distinct chemical lineages are observed [8] with no currently known morphological correlation. There have been few studies investigating Calvitimela from a molecular phylogenetics perspective. [7] [8] Only one phylogeny focusing exclusively on Calvitimela has been published. [8] They found Calvitimela, Tephromela and Violella to constitute a well-supported monophyletic group. The relationship between the main clades remained partly unresolved, however. No study has yet included all species currently circumscribed to Calvitimela, but the genus is so far indicated to be paraphyletic. [7] [8]

Related Research Articles

Scutula is a genus of lichenicolous fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanorales</span> Order of fungi

The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, and 5695 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecanoraceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Lecanoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution.

Adelolecia is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecanoraceae. The genus was circumscribed by Hannes Hertel and Josef Hafellner in 1984. The genus was formerly classified in the family Ramalinaceae, but molecular phylogenetic analysis showed it to belong to the Lecanoraceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acarosporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids.

<i>Pycnora</i> Genus of lichen

Pycnora is a genus of fungi in the monotypic family Pycnoraceae. It contains three species. The genus was circumscribed by Josef Hafellner in 2001; the family was proposed by Mika Bendiksby and Einar Timdal in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuscideaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Fuscideaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Umbilicariales. It contains five genera and about 55 species of crustose lichens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lecideaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Lecideaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecideales. It contains about 30 genera and roughly 250 species. A major distinguishing characteristic of the family is the lecanoroid form of the fruiting bodies: typically circular, dark, and without a thalline margin. Most species in the family are lichenised with green algae, although a few species, scattered amongst several genera, are lichenicolous—they live on other lichens. Lecideaceae lichens tend to grow on rocks, wood, and soil. Several Lecideaceae species accelerate the weathering of rock surfaces, a process known as pedogenesis, by extending their hyphae into cracks and expelling rock flakes. This contributes to significantly faster weathering rates in certain environments, impacts various materials from natural rocks to man-made Sekishu roof tiles, and involves key biomolecules identified for survival and biodeterioration, including compounds to withstand intense ultraviolet radiation.

<i>Hypocenomyce</i> Genus of lichens

Hypocenomyce is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ophioparmaceae. Species in the genus grow on bark and on wood, especially on burned tree stumps and trunks in coniferous forest. Hypocenomyce lichens are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.

<i>Mycoblastus</i> Genus of lichen

Mycoblastus is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Tephromelataceae. Members of the genus are commonly called blood lichens.

<i>Palicella</i> Genus of lichens

Palicella is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Lecanoraceae. It contains six species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tephromelataceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Lecanorales

The Tephromelataceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. The family was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner in 1984. Tephromelataceae comprises the genera Tephromela, Calvitimela, Mycoblastus and Violella, which together constitute a well-supported monophyletic group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malmideaceae</span> Family of fungi

Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

<i>Hertelidea</i> Genus of lichens in the family Stereocaulaceae

Hertelidea is a genus of crustose lichens in the family Stereocaulaceae. Characteristics of the genus include carbon-black ring or outer margin (exciple) around the fruit body disc (apothecium), eight-spored, Micarea-type asci and mostly simple, hyaline ascospores that lack a transparent outer layer. Hertelidea species mostly grow on wood, although less frequently they are found on bark or soil. While the type species, Hertelidea botryosa, has a widespread distribution, most of the other species are found only in Australia.

<i>Schaereria</i> Genus of lichen

Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpales</span> Order of fungi

The Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

Tephromela lignicola is a species of lignicolous (wood-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Tephromelataceae. It is found in the Falkland Islands, where it grows on fenceposts and similar timber.

Violella wangii is a widespread, but seldom-collected species of crustose lichen in the family Tephromelataceae. Found in mountainous areas of Bhutan, China, India and the Russian Far East, it was formally described as a new species in 2011 by lichenologists Toby Spribille and Bernard Goffinet. The type specimen was collected from Laojunshan Mountain in the Shennongjia Forestry District at an altitude between 3,510 and 3,900 m ; there, in a montane forest of mostly Abies and Rhododendron, it was found growing on the bark of Rhododendron. In the Russian Far East, it has been recorded growing on the wood of Pinus pumila. Thin-layer chromatography of collected specimens showed the presence of three lichen products: atranorin, roccellic acid, and angardianic acid. The species epithet wangii honours Dr. Wang Li-Song, "for his ongoing efforts to describe the lichen diversity in western China".

Timdalia is a fungal genus in the family Acarosporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Timdalia intricata, a saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen. This species was first formally described by Swedish lichenologist Adolf Hugo Magnusson in 1935, based on a collection made by Eduard Frey in Austria. It was initially classified in the genus Acarospora. Josef Hafellner circumscribed Timdalia to contain the species in 2001. It was initially placed in the family Lecanoraceae, but molecular phylogenetic studies showed Timdalia to belong in the Acarosporaceae. The genus name honours Norwegian lichenologist Einar Timdal.

Helocarpaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae. The family is monotypic, and contains the single genus Helocarpon.

References

  1. ↑ Hafellner, Josef; Türk, Roman (2001). "Die Lichenisierten Pilze Österreichs: Eine Checkliste der Bisher Nachgewiesenen Arten mit Verbreitungsangaben". Stapfia. 76: 3–167.
  2. ↑ "Calvitimela" . Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  3. ↑ Fries, T, M. (1874). Lichenographia Scandinavica 1, 2. Uppsala.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Magnusson, A, H. (1931). "Studien Über Einige Arten der Lecidea Armeniaca- und Elata-Gruppe". Acta Horti Gothoburg. 6: 93–144.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 3 4 Hafellner, Josef (1984). "Studien in Richtung Einer Natürlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia: 241–371.
  6. 1 2 3 Hertel, Hannes; Rambold, Gerhard (1985). "Lecida Sect. Armeniacae: Lecideoide Arten der Flechtengattungen Lecanora und Tephromela (Lecanorales)". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie.
  7. 1 2 3 Spribille, Toby; Goffinet, Bernard; Barbara, Klug; Muggia, Lucia; Obermayer, Walter; Mayrhofer, Helmut (2011). "Molecular Support for the Recognition of the Mycoblastus Fucatus Group as the New Genus Violella (Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales)". The Lichenologist. 43 (5): 445–466. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000478. PMC   3428935 . PMID   22936837.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bendiksby, Mika; Haugan, Reidar; Spribille, Toby; Timdal, Einar (2015). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Calvitimela Aglaea Complex (Tephromelataceae, Lecanorales)". Mycologia. 107 (6): 1172–1183. doi:10.3852/14-062. PMID   26354804. S2CID   38702029.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Haugan, R; Timdal, E (1994). "Tephromela Perlata and T. Talayana, with Notes on the T. Aglaea-Complex". Graphis Scripta. 6: 17–26.
  10. 1 2 Fryday, Alan (2011). "New Species and Combinations in Calvitimela and Tephromela from the Southern Subpolar Region". The Lichenologist. 43 (3): 225–239. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000065. S2CID   84800278.
  11. ↑ Thor, G (2011). "Calvitimela uniseptata G. Thor sp. nov". Phytotaxa. 18: 36.
  12. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Lumbsch, H Thorsten (2010). "Cryptic Species in Lichen-Forming Fungi". IMA Fungus. 1 (2): 167–170. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2010.01.02.09. PMC   3348775 . PMID   22679576.
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