Catholics for Choice

Last updated

Catholics for Choice
AbbreviationCFC
Formation1973
Purpose Abortion rights advocacy [1] [2]
HeadquartersWashington, D.C.
President
Jamie L. Manson
Website catholicsforchoice.org

Catholics for Choice (CFC) is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. that represents Catholic people who support reproductive freedom and advocates for abortion rights, [3] Formed in 1973 as Catholics for a Free Choice, the group gained notice after its 1984 advertisement in The New York Times challenging Church teachings on abortion led to Church disciplinary pressure against some of the priests and nuns who signed it. It has lobbied nationally and internationally for abortion rights goals and led an unsuccessful effort to downgrade the Holy See's status in the United Nations. CFC was led for 25 years by Frances Kissling and is currently led by its President Jamie L. Manson.

Contents

A number of Catholic bishops and conferences of bishops have unequivocally rejected and publicly denounced CFC's identification as a Catholic organization. [4] For example, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, [5] have stated that CFC is not a Catholic organization and that it promotes positions contrary to Catholic teaching. [6]

History

CFC was founded in 1973 by Catholics Joan Harriman, Patricia Fogarty McQuillan, and Meta Mulcahy as Catholics for a Free Choice (CFFC), with the aim of promoting access to abortion in the context of Catholic tradition. [7] It emerged from Catholics for the Elimination of All Restrictive Abortion & Contraceptive Laws, a New York lobby group that had been formed in 1970. [8]

1970s

Catholics for Free Choice was one of several pro-choice religious organizations emerging in the 1970s. The historical context that set the stage for CFFC’s founding included a wave of pro-choice religious activism, marked by the establishment of organizations such as the Clergy Consultation Service (CCS) in 1967, New York-based Catholics for the Elimination of All Restrictive Abortion and Contraceptive Laws in 1970, and CCS’s successor, the Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights in 1973, with  the latter  two characterized by Protestant Christian and Jewish pro-choice religious perspectives.  Harriman, McQuillan, and Mulcahy founded CFFC to bring Catholicism to the forefront of pro-choice dialogue. CFFC created an influential space for pro-choice Catholics who dissented from traditional Catholic sources of authority on the topic of abortion to advocate for reproductive rights within their faith tradition. [9]

CFFC’s pro-choice stance was rooted in the teaching of early church leaders, such as Augustine and Aquinas, about ensoulment or the moment at which a human being gains a soul.  Early church leaders objected to abortions after ensoulment, but did not deem abortions prior to ensoulment severe offenses. However, the point on the timeline at which ensoulment occurs has been disputed by Christians for centuries. Thus, CFFC argued that the current position of the Catholic Church on abortion was not consistent with the views of the early Church. [10] CFFC concluded that since, in their view, the Church’s firm anti-choice position was not strictly aligned with church dogma, it must have been motivated instead by a misogynistic reaction to womens’ newfound autonomy in the second half of the 20th century. In 1974, on the first anniversary of the Roe v. Wade decision, CFFC’s first president Patricia Fogarty McQuillan crowned herself “pope” on the steps of St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York, to symbolize the necessity of the deconstruction of such misogyny in the Catholic Church for any progress toward gender equality.

An early member of the board of directors was Joseph O'Rourke, then a Jesuit priest. In August 1974, President Harriman asked O'Rourke to travel with her to Marlborough, Massachusetts, to baptize a baby whose local priests refused to perform the rite – Catholic canon law forbids priests from baptizing an infant, if they are not assured that at least one of the parents will raise the infant with the Catholic faith. [11] [12] The baby's mother, 20-year-old Carol Morreale, had been interviewed regarding an abortion clinic that was proposed for Marlboro by Bill Baird, an activist from New York City. [11] Morreale told a newspaper reporter that she did not advocate abortion herself but that she was in favor of "free choice" for others and thus she supported Baird's proposal. [11] Because of her statement in the newspaper, and the town's polarization over the banning of abortion clinics, Morreale's local priest would not baptize her three-month-old son Nathaniel, and Humberto Sousa Medeiros, the Archbishop of Boston, said that he would not allow any other priest to perform the rite. [11] On August 20, 1974, O'Rourke publicly baptized the baby on the steps of the Marlborough church, in front of its locked doors and 300 spectators. [13] O'Rourke acted against his superiors' express orders. This was preceded "by a long trail of discontent, often testing the authority of the church", according to The New York Times News Service. O'Rourke was dismissed from the Jesuit Order in September. [14] [15] He served for a time as CFFC board president. [16]

1980s

In 1978, Frances Kissling joined CFFC. Kissling had operated an abortion clinic and was a founder and director of the National Abortion Federation. In 1980, she became a member of CFFC's board of directors and in 1982 was made president, which position she held until her retirement in February 2007. [1] [17] [18] Kissling lobbied politicians and activists, many Catholic, to work in favor of giving women access to contraception and abortion and pushed the CFFC to lead more political campaigns.

In 1979, Patricia McMahon became CFFC president and shifted CFFC's legal status from a lobby to an educational association, opening up the group to tax-exempt status and to foundation support. [19] One result of this was a $75,000 grant on behalf of the pro-abortion rights Sunnen Foundation, which funded the group's first publications, the Abortion in Good Faith series. [19] [20]

The New York Times ad

In 1982, CFC sponsored a briefing of Catholic members of Congress, highlighting that the majority of American Catholics disagreed with the Catholic Church's position on the topic of abortion. [16] Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro wrote an introduction to the briefing, and endorsements were also received from Congressmen Tom Daschle and Leon Panetta. Ferraro wrote that responses varied to the problem of abortion, and that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic...." [16]

During the 1984 presidential campaign, Ferraro was chosen as the vice-presidential running mate of Walter Mondale. Cardinal John Joseph O'Connor, Archbishop of New York, sharply criticized Ferraro's pro-abortion rights position, and in October 1984 Kissling responded to O'Connor by placing an advertisement signed by 97 Catholics, including theologians, lay persons, priests and nuns, in The New York Times . [1] [16] The advertisement, "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion," stated that "direct abortion ... can sometimes be a moral choice" and that "responsible moral decisions can only be made in an atmosphere of freedom from fear of coercion." [21]

The Catholic Church took disciplinary measures against some of the nuns who signed the statement, sparking controversy among American Catholics, and intra-Catholic conflict on the abortion issue remained news for at least two years. [21] This ad, however, strengthened the recognition and credibility of the CFC within the Catholic community and American politics. [7] [16] [22]

1990s

In 1992, CFC was classified as a non-governmental organization by the United Nations (U.N.); CFC subsequently participated in some U.N. conferences. [1] With other groups, the CFC successfully lobbied against the naming of John M. Klink, a former representative of the Holy See at the U.N., to lead the State Department Bureau of Population, Refugees and Migration in 2001. More recently, it has assisted in drafting legislation with the stated goal of reducing abortions, partly by increasing financing for family planning. [18]

In April 1995, the National Catholic Reporter published a letter by Marjorie Rieley Maguire, a theology professor, former CFC activist and co-author of CFC's 1984 The New York Times advertisement, "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion". In her letter, Maguire described CFC as "an anti-woman organization" devoted to "the promotion of abortion, the defense of every abortion decision as a good, moral choice and the related agenda of persuading society to cast off any moral constraints about sexual behavior." Maguire also charged that when she was involved with CFC, she "was never aware that any of its leaders attended Mass" and that "various conversations and experiences convinced [her] they did not." [23]

2000s

In March 1999, [24] CFC launched a unsuccessful campaign to downgrade the status of the Holy See in the United Nations to that of an NGO from that of a non-member state. [17] [25] [26] Had the campaign, branded as "See Change", been successful, the Vatican would no longer have had a vote on UN policy nor speaking rights. [27] The campaign drew support from 541 [28] groups, including women's, family-planning and abortion groups, such as NARAL Pro-Choice America and Planned Parenthood. [26] [29]

The campaign was begun after Vatican representatives at various UN conferences blocked consensus on certain topics related to sexual and reproductive health, such as condom distribution and safe sex education in AIDS prevention programs and family planning, birth control, and abortion. [24] [25] [26] [30] Kissling, then CFC's president, asked: "Why should an entity that is in essence 100 square acres of office space and tourist attractions in the middle of Rome with a citizenry that excludes women and children have a place at the table where governments set policies affecting the very survival of women and children?" [30]

The campaign was supported by European Parliament politicians from three Dutch parties. [31] It was also supported by Marco Pannella, a founder of the Italian Radicals. [32]

The campaign faced difficulty in the UN from the start and, according to U.N. spokesperson Farhan Haq in 1999, seemed "unlikely" to succeed. [25] [26] Anglican Bishop John Baycroft said "The Vatican has as much right to be [in the UN] as any of the other countries", as the modern remnant of the Papal States. Pennsylvania State University professor Philip Jenkins wrote that the See Change campaign is anti-Catholic, and that the major diplomatic and mediation activity of the Vatican makes it deserve recognition far more than many other UN members. [33]

In 2007, CFC's former Vice-President and Director of Communications, Jon O'Brien, was appointed President.[ citation needed ] In 2019, CFC's former Vice-President and Domestic Program Director, Sara Hutchinson Ratcliffe, was named Acting President.[ citation needed ] In October 2020, National Catholic Reporter columnist Jamie L. Manson took over as president of the organization, leaving her position at NCR. [34]

Operations and funding

CFC is not a membership organization but an advocacy group. It relies upon paid employees and committed volunteer activists that it selectively recruits in various regions. [21]

In 2007, CFC had a budget of $3 million, increased from $2.5 million annually in the years leading up to 2003. [1] It has been supported largely by secular foundations such as the Ford Foundation, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Rockefeller Foundation, and the Playboy Foundation. [1] [18] [35]

Criticism

Criticism of CFC has largely come from authorities in the Catholic Church who disagree with the mission and purpose of the organization. Critics believe CFC undermines the Church’s authority through identifying as a Catholic organization while opposing the Church’s official stance on abortion. [21]   They claim that CFC is not authentically Catholic, but rather a puppet of secular abortion rights organizations and a front for anti-Catholicism. [1] [18]

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) opposes CFC and has stated that it "is not a Catholic organization, does not speak for the Catholic Church, and in fact promotes positions contrary to the teaching of the Church as articulated by the Holy See and the NCCB." [21] This conflict came to a head in 1996 when members of CFC in the Diocese of Lincoln, Nebraska were threatened with excommunication if they did not leave the organization. [36] Kissling responded by saying that people in favor of abortion rights who consider themselves to be "Catholics in good faith" should just "go about their lives as Catholics." [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic League (U.S.)</span> Roman Catholic advocacy organization in the United States

The Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights, often shortened to the Catholic League, is an American Catholic organization whose stated purpose is to "defend the right of Catholics – lay and clergy alike – to participate in American public life without defamation or discrimination." The Catholic League states that it is "motivated by the letter and the spirit of the First Amendment ... to safeguard both the religious freedom rights and the free speech rights of Catholics whenever and wherever they are threatened." According to the Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics, the league "is regarded by many as the preeminent organization representing the views of American lay Catholics."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</span> American Catholic episcopal conference

The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) is the episcopal conference of the Catholic Church in the United States. Founded in 1966 as the joint National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) and United States Catholic Conference (USCC), it is composed of all active and retired members of the Catholic hierarchy in the United States and the territory of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Pavone</span> American laicized Catholic priest, anti-abortion leader (born 1959)

Frank Anthony Pavone is an American anti-abortion activist and former Catholic priest. He is the national director of Priests for Life and the chairman and pastoral director of its Rachel's Vineyard project. He is also the president of the National Pro-Life Religious Council, an umbrella group of various anti-abortion Christian denominations, and the pastoral director of the Silent No More campaign.

Thomas J. Reese, is an American Catholic Jesuit priest, author, and journalist. He is a senior analyst at Religion News Service, a former columnist at National Catholic Reporter, and a former editor-in-chief of the weekly Catholic magazine America.

Frances Kissling is an activist in the fields of religion, reproduction, and women's rights. She is the president of the Center for Health, Ethics and Social Policy. She was president of Catholics for Choice from 1982 until 2007, when she turned over the reins to Jon O'Brien. She is now a visiting scholar at the Center for Bioethics at the University of Pennsylvania, and at the Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas at UNAM, Mexico City. She regularly contributes pieces to The Nation and The Huffington Post. She contributed the piece "Dancing Against the Vatican" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.

Joseph F. O'Rourke was a laicized Catholic priest and American pro-choice activist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity and abortion</span> Christian denominational views on the issue of abortion

Christianity and abortion have a long and complex history. There is no direct reference to abortion in the Bible, nor any explicit condemnation of abortion. The lack of discussion of abortion in Christian scripture has led to varied and divergent stances on the moral acceptability of abortion across Christian denominations and among Christians. Today, Christian denominations hold widely variant stances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tina Beattie</span> British writer and broadcaster

Tina Beattie is a British Christian theologian, writer and broadcaster.

The Women's Ordination Conference is an organization in the United States that works to ordain women as deacons, priests, and bishops in the Catholic Church.

The National Coalition of American Nuns (NCAN) was founded in 1969 by Margaret Traxler and Audrey Kopp. The organization is known for its advocacy for women's rights, support for the Equal Rights Amendment, opposition to the Catholic Church hierarchy, including Pope Francis, as well as its positions on abortion, LGBT rights, and women's ordination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Center for Family and Human Rights</span> American nonprofit organization

The Center for Family and Human Rights (C-Fam) is a right-wing United States-based advocacy group, founded in 1997, in order to affect policy debate at the United Nations and other international institutions. It was formerly known as the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute. The 501(c)(3) organization is anti-abortion and anti-LGBT.

The official teachings of the Catechism of the Catholic Church promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1992 oppose all forms of abortion procedures whose direct purpose is to destroy a zygote, blastocyst, embryo or fetus, since it holds that "human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception. From the first moment of his existence, a human being must be recognized as having the rights of a person – among which is the inviolable right of every innocent being to life". However, the Church does recognize as morally legitimate certain acts which indirectly result in the death of the fetus, as when the direct purpose is removal of a cancerous womb. Canon 1397 §2 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law imposes automatic excommunication on Latin Catholics who actually procure an abortion, if they fulfill the conditions for being subject to such a sanction. Eastern Catholics are not subject to automatic excommunication, but by canon 1450 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches they are to be excommunicated by decree if found guilty of the same action, and they may be absolved of the sin only by the eparchial bishop. In addition to teaching that abortion is immoral, the Catholic Church also generally makes public statements and takes actions in opposition to its legality.

The Polish anti-religious campaign was initiated by the Communist government in the Polish People's Republic which, under the doctrine of Marxism, actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheisation. To this effect the regime conducted anti-religious propaganda and persecution of clergymen and monasteries. As in most other Communist countries, religion was not outlawed as such and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. The Catholic Church, as the religion of most Poles, was seen as a rival competing for the citizens' allegiance by the government, which attempted to suppress it.

Catholics United is a U.S.-based non-profit 501(c)(4) non-partisan political organization, that states that it is "dedicated to promoting the message of justice and the common good found at the heart of the Catholic social teaching." The group claims a total membership of 50,000. Though not affiliated and without any official status within the Catholic Church, it has had a significant effect on the religious and political debate in the U.S.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion</span>

"A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion", alternatively referred to by its pull quote "A Diversity of Opinions Regarding Abortion Exists Among Committed Catholics" or simply "The New York Times ad", was a full-page advertisement placed on October 7, 1984, in The New York Times by Catholics for a Free Choice (CFFC). Its publication brought to a head the conflict between the Vatican and those American Catholics who were pro-choice. The publicity and controversy which followed its publication helped to make the CFFC an important element of the pro-choice movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agnes Mary Mansour</span> American Roman Catholic nun (1931–2004)

Agnes Mary Mansour was an American former Catholic nun, as well as a politician and public official. She is known for having been given a choice from the Vatican in 1983 to end her religious vows or to resign from her position as the director of the Michigan Department of Social Services, which required her to support and allocate public funding for abortions. The controversy involved her belief that abortion was tragic but should be legal, despite her vows as a religious and the teachings of the Catholic Church.

Because the Catholic Church opposes abortion as a matter of doctrine, some Catholic bishops have refused or threatened to refuse communion, or threatened to declare excommunication upon Catholic politicians who support abortion rights. In some cases, officials have stated that ministers should refuse communion to such politicians per canon 915 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law; elsewhere, that the politicians should, on their own, refrain from receiving communion ad normam canon 916; and in other cases, excommunication has been suggested.

The Catholic Church and abortion in the United States deals with the views and activities of the Catholic Church in the United States in relation to the abortion debate. The Catholic Church opposes abortion and has campaigned against abortion in the United States, both saying that it is immoral and making statements and taking actions in opposition to its classification as legal.

Since the Catholic Church views abortion as gravely wrong, it considers it a duty to reduce its acceptance by the public and in civil legislation. While it considers that Catholics should not favour abortion in any field, it recognises that Catholics may accept compromises that, while permitting abortions, lessen their incidence by, for instance, restricting some forms or enacting remedies against the conditions that give rise to them. It is accepted that support may be given to a political platform that contains a clause in favour of abortion but also elements that will actually reduce the number of abortions, rather than to an anti-abortion platform that will lead to their increase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlotte Clymer</span> American activist

Charlotte Anora Elizabeth Clymer is an American activist, press secretary, and writer. She was previously the press secretary for rapid response at the Human Rights Campaign and the director of communications and strategy at Catholics for Choice.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Djupe, Paul A. and Laura R. Olson, Encyclopedia of American religion and politics, p. 84, Infobase Publishing 2003
  2. ↑ Dillon, Michele (1999). Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN   9780521639590.
  3. ↑ Kretschmer, Kelsy (Winter 2009). "Contested Loyalties: Dissident Identity Organizations, Institutions, and Social Movements". Sociological Perspectives. 52 (4): 433–454. doi:10.1525/sop.2009.52.4.433. JSTOR   10.1525/sop.2009.52.4.433. S2CID   143359410.
    Dillon, Michele (1999). Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power. Cambridge University Press.
    Davies, Margaret (April 27, 2011). "The future of secularism: a critique". Law and Religion in Public Life. Taylor & Francis. p. 66. ISBN   9781136725845.
    Byrnes, Timothy A.; Segers, Mary C. (1992). The Catholic Church and the politics of abortion: a view from the states. Westview Press. p. 171.
    McBrien, Richard P. (1987). Caesar's coin: religion and politics in America. Macmillan. p. 155.
    Paludi, Michele Antoinette (2010). Feminism and Women's Rights Worldwide. Women's Psychology. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 136. ISBN   978-0313375965.
    "Catholics for choice protest in Rome". The Washington Times. Reuters. July 12, 1994. Retrieved June 6, 2012.(subscription required)
    "Stupak Like a Fox". Newsweek. November 18, 2009.
    "Catholic group urges Harper to include abortion in G8 plan". Macleans. April 7, 2010.
    "Hands off health care, US Catholic group tells bishops". TurkishPress.com. Agence France-Presse. March 5, 2010. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014.
    "Events planned for World AIDS Day". USA Today. Associated Press. November 30, 2003.
    Tumulty, Karen; Vickers, Robert J. (November 13, 1989). "Pro-Choice Advocates Rally Coast-to-Coast". Los Angeles Times.
    "U.S. nuns get Vatican ultimatum". The Montreal Gazette. UPI. December 19, 1984.
    "Bishops' role in debate on abortion questioned". The Washington Times. October 26, 1990.(subscription required)
    Sharpe, Jerry (June 9, 1984). "Abortion up to women, Catholic group contends". The Pittsburgh Press.
  4. ↑ Robert L. Fastiggi (2010). New Catholic Encyclopedia Supplement 2009. Gale/Cengage Learning. ISBN   978-1-4144-7527-1 . Retrieved June 11, 2012. Catholic bishops and conferences of bishops have consistently repudiated the claim of CFFC to be a Catholic organization.
  5. ↑ "Comment by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Regarding a group calling itself 'Catholics for a Free Choice'". Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
  6. ↑ U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops – NCCB/USCC President Issues Statement on Catholics for a Free Choice Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , May 10, 2000.
  7. 1 2 Davis, Tom (2005). Sacred work: Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances. Rutgers University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN   0-8135-3493-3.
  8. ↑ Brubaker, Pamela K. (2010). "Gender and Society: Competing Visions of Women's Agency, Equality, and Well-Being". Women and Christianity. ABC-CLIO.
  9. ↑ Griffith, R. Marie (2017). Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics. Basic Books, 2017. Basic Books. p. 229.
  10. ↑ Griffith, R. Marie (2017). Moral Combat: How Sex Divided American Christians and Fractured American Politics. Basic Books. pp. 229–230.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Religion: Sins of the Mother". Time. September 2, 1974. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  12. ↑ Harriman, Joan (January 1975). "Correspondence". Commonweal . 101 (12). I will clarify some facts surrounding the Baptism in Marlboro, Mass. In the name of Catholics for a Free Choice, as president, I called Rev. Joseph O'Rourke who is on our board of directors and asked him to baptize the Morrealle baby. I placed the call Aug. 12 and he returned it Aug. 13th. On Aug. 16th I went to Boston for the press conference to announce that Rev. O'Rourke would perform the Baptism. I stated at the press conference that Father Keane was unacceptable to all since he had publicly condemned "Free Choice." CFFC supports "Free Choice" and protects Catholic laypersons and clergy from oppression by the hierarchy. There was a clear-cut issue of reproductive freedom that was made public before Catholics for a Free Choice was ever involved. The date for the baptism was set after the press conference; a prime consideration was that it be a time when relatives and friends of the Morrealle family would be able to attend.[ permanent dead link ]
  13. ↑ "Priests Call Baptism 'Heresy'". Wisconsin State Journal. August 22, 1974. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  14. ↑ Priest Expelled for Forbidden Baptism Sarasota Herald-Tribune, p. 4b, October 18, 1975
  15. ↑ "When the swallows come back to Capistrano" Bottum, Joseph. First Things, October 1, 2006. at highbeam.com. Retrieved 2011-07-14.[ dead link ]
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Kissling, Frances (2006). "Women's Freedom and Reproductive Rights: The Core Fear of Patriarchy". In Rosemary Skinner Keller; Rosemary Radford Ruether (eds.). Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America. Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 1104–1106. ISBN   0-253-34688-6.
  17. 1 2 "After 25 Years, a Catholic Warrior Steps Aside" Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Burke, Daniel. Religion News Service. 2007-02-22. at CFC website. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
  18. 1 2 3 4 The New York Times. Backing Abortion Rights While Keeping the Faith. Banerjee, Neela. February 27, 2007
  19. 1 2 Slavin, Sarah (1995). U.S. women's interest groups: institutional profiles. Greenwood. pp. 98–102. ISBN   9780313250736.
  20. ↑ Ellingston, Jenefer (March 1981). "We Are the Mainstream: Dissent in the Catholic Church" (PDF). Abortion in Good Faith. Catholics for a Free Choice. p. 20.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Dillon, Michele (1999). Catholic identity: balancing reason, faith, and power. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN   9780521639590.
  22. ↑ Weaver, Mary Jo (1999). What's left?: liberal American Catholics. Indiana University Press. p. 96. ISBN   0-253-21332-0.
  23. ↑ D. DeMarco, "'Catholics for Choice' Is Neither", National Catholic Register , January 15, 2008
  24. 1 2 "US-based Catholic group, feminists oppose Vatican position at UN". Agence France-Presse. March 15, 2000.
  25. 1 2 3 Sandrasagra, Mithre J. (March 14, 2000). "NGOs Call For Review of U.N. Status of Holy See". Inter Press Service.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Eckstrom, Kevin (June 2000). "Pro-Choice Catholic Group Challenges Vatican at U.N.". Religion News Service.
  27. ↑ Shulgan, Christopher (April 19, 1999). "Canadians join move to oust Vatican from UN International coalition". Ottawa Citizen.
  28. ↑ Pollitt, Katha (June 26, 2000). "Women: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back?". The Nation.
  29. ↑ Cornwell, Rupert (August 29, 1999). "Catholics bid to strip Vatican of statehood". The Independent on Sunday.
  30. 1 2 McGarry, Patsy (March 25, 1999). "Campaign to challenge Vatican's status at UN". Irish Times.
  31. ↑ van der Laan, Lousewies; Plooij-van Gorsel, Elly; Swiebel, Joke (November 18, 2000). "Doorbreek machtspositie Vaticaan". Trouw.
  32. ↑ "Italian maverick politician urges abolition of Vatican state". Agence France-Presse. November 27, 2000.
  33. ↑ Jenkins, Philip, The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice, pgs. 84–87, Oxford University Press US 2003
  34. ↑ October 15; Religion, 2020 | Angela Bonavoglia |. "Pro-Choice Religious Community Making Their Voices Heard - Women's Media Center". womensmediacenter.com. Retrieved December 17, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ Hunter, James Davison, Before the shooting begins: searching for democracy in America's culture war , p. 74, Simon and Schuster, 1994
  36. ↑ Extra-synodal Legislation: Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz at ewtn.com. March 19, 1996. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
  37. ↑ "Nebraska Bishop Excommunicates Catholic Reformers". All Things Considered. National Public Radio. March 25, 1996. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016.(subscription required)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.