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Sources disagree as to the current population of Eritrea, with some proposing numbers as low as 3.6 million and others as high as 6.7 million. Eritrea has never conducted an official government census.
The Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) are the defence forces of Eritrea, composed of three branches: Air Force, Army, and Navy. The Army is by far the largest, followed by the Air Force and Navy. The Commander-in-Chief of the EDF is the President of Eritrea. Their military role stems from Eritrea's strategic geographical location, located on the Red Sea with a foothold on the Bab-el-Mandeb strait.
The Togolese Armed Forces is the national military of the Republic of Togo which consists of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the National Gendarmerie. The total military expenditure during the fiscal year of 2005 was 1.6% of the country's GDP. Military bases exist in Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, and Dapaong. The current Chief of the General Staff is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on May 19, 2009.
The Turkish Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The current Chief of the General staff is General Yaşar Güler. The Chief of the General Staff is the Commander of the Armed Forces. In wartime, the Chief of the General Staff acts as the Commander-in-Chief on behalf of the President, who represents the Supreme Military Command of the TAF on behalf of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Coordinating the military relations of the TAF with other NATO member states and friendly states is the responsibility of the General Staff.
Isaias Afwerki is an Eritrean politician who is serving as an absolute President of Eritrea after the Eritrean War of Independence since 1993. He led the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to victory in May 1991, ending the 30-year-old war for independence from Ethiopia.
The Eritrea national football team represents Eritrea in men's international football and it is controlled by the Eritrean National Football Federation (ENFF). It is nicknamed the Red Sea Boys. It has never qualified for the finals of the FIFA World Cup and the Africa Cup of Nations. Local side Red Sea FC are the main supplier for the national team, The team represents both FIFA and Confederation of African Football (CAF).
Major General Filipos Woldeyohannes is the Chief of Staff of Eritrean Defence Forces since March 2014. He was appointed after his predecessor died in early March 2014.
The General Staff of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan Republic is the military staff of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces. It is the central organ of the Armed Forces Administration and oversees operational management of the armed forces under the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan Republic. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President of Azerbaijan, who is the supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
The Oromo conflict is an ongoing and longstanding conflict between the Oromo people and the Ethiopian government. The Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) formed to fight the Ethiopian Empire to liberate the Oromo people and establish an independent Oromia state. The conflict began in 1973, when Oromo nationalists established the OLF and its armed wing, the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA). Under the Haile Selassie regime, the Oromo language was banned from use in education and in administrative matters. The Amhara culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule. Both the Haile Selassie and Derg governments relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia, including present day of the Oromia region, where they served in government administration, courts, church and school, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic. The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as hindrances to Ethiopian national identity expansion. Until 1991, the Amhara dominated politics in Ethiopia.
Onik Viktori Gasparyan is an Armenian Colonel-General who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Armenian Armed Forces from 8 June 2020 until his dismissal on 10 March 2021, the legality of which is currently being disputed. Gasparyan was dismissed after calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on 25 February 2021 along with more than 40 other high-ranking Armenian military officers. Gasparyan, with the support of the General Staff, continues to dispute the legality of his dismissal․ Although an Armenian court ruled that Gasparyan should retain his post pending a final decision on the legality of his dismissal, this was not accepted by the Armenian government.
The Ethiopian Human Rights Commission or EHRC is an agency of the Ethiopian government charged with promoting human rights and investigating human rights abuses in Ethiopia. It claims to be an independent agency.
The Axum massacre was a massacre of about 100–800 civilians that took place in Axum during the Tigray War. The main part of the massacre occurred on the afternoon and evening of 28 November 2020, continuing on 29 November, with smaller numbers of extrajudicial killings taking place earlier, starting from 19 November and during the weeks following the 28–29 November weekend. The massacre was attributed to the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) by Amnesty International, Associated Press, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Adigrat University lecturer Getu Mak.
Sexual violence in the Tigray War included, according to the United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Pramila Patten, claims of rape in Mekelle, people forced to rape family members, "sex in exchange for basic commodities", and "increases in the demand for emergency contraception and testing for sexually transmitted infections". As of March 2021, the number of rape victims ranged from a minimum estimate of 512–516 rapes registered with hospitals to 10,000 rapes according to British parliamentarian Helen Hayes. Several claims were made that the rape was systematic, constituting rape as a weapon of war.
Casualties of the Tigray War refers to civilian and military deaths and injuries in the Tigray War that started in November 2020, in which rape and other sexual violence are also widespread. Claims of civilian deaths range from zero civilians killed in the late November Mekelle offensive, according to federal Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed on 30 November 2020 parliamentary statement, to a minimum estimate of at least 52,000 civilians killed by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF), the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), Amhara militias, and other forces allied with the ENDF as of early February 2021, according to Tigrayan opposition political parties. On 16 February 2021, Getachew Reda of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) estimated that 100,000 soldiers had died in the Tigray War, while the Ethiopian government claims that 1,245 Ethiopian soldiers died in the Tigray war and 2 aircraft belonging to the Ethiopian Air Force were destroyed not to mention the Ethiopian economic losses itself.
Human Right Concern Eritrea, also known as Human Rights Concern–Eritrea is an Eritrean human rights organisation based in the United Kingdom and founded by Elsa Chyrum.
Elizabeth Chyrum, known as Elsa Chyrum, is an Eritrean human rights activist based in the United Kingdom.
War crimes have been committed during the Tigray War that started in November 2020.
The EHRC–OHCRC Tigray investigation is a human rights investigation launched jointly by the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCRC) in mid-2021 into human rights violations of the Tigray War that started in November 2020.
References
- ↑ "Six Eritrean political leaders have died in prison: ex-guard". Asmarino . 2010-05-07. Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
- ↑ "General Ogbe Abraha". Amnesty International . 2019-09-27. Archived from the original on 2021-07-02. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
- ↑ "Major General Gerezgher 'Wuchu' Passed Away". tesfanews.net. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ↑ "Eritrea Appoints New Chief of Staff". tesfanews.net. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2021.