Conocybe apala | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Bolbitiaceae |
Genus: | Conocybe |
Species: | C. apala |
Binomial name | |
Conocybe apala (Fr.) Arnolds (2003) | |
Synonyms | |
Conocybe lactea Contents |
Conocybe apala | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is conical | |
Hymenium is adnexed or free | |
Stipe is bare | |
Spore print is brown | |
Ecology is saprotrophic | |
Edibility is unknown |
Conocybe apala is a basidiomycete fungus and a member of the genus Conocybe . It is a fairly common fungus, both in North America and Europe, found growing among short green grass. Until recently, the species was also commonly called Conocybe lactea or Conocybe albipes and is colloquially known as the white dunce cap [1] or the milky conecap. [2] Another common synonym, Bolbitius albipes G.H. Otth 1871, places the fungus in the genus Bolbitius .
Since this species is very common it has a long taxonomic history having been described independently many times throughout the years. The basionym Agaricus apalus was described by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1818 [3] and reclassified as Pluteolus apalus by the French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1886. [4] This was reclassified as Galera hapala (or Galera apala) in 1887 by Pier Andrea Saccardo [5] , then as Bolbitius apalus in 1891 by Julien Noël Costantin and Léon Jean Marie Dufour [6] and finally as Derminus apalus in 1898 by Paul Christoph Hennings. [7]
It was reclassified as Conocybe apala in 2003 by Everhardus Johannes Maria Arnolds. [8]
Very easily missed due to their very small size, C. apala fruit bodies are otherwise quite easy to identify. The cap has a pale cream to silvery-white colour and may sometimes have a darker yellow to brown coloration towards the central umbo. Its trademark hood-shaped conical cap expands with age and may flatten out, the surface being marked by minute radiating ridges. The cap ranges from 1–3 cm in diameter. [9] The gills may be visible through the thin cap and these are coloured rust or cinnamon brown and quite dense. They are adnexed or free and release brown to reddish-brown elliptical spores producing a spore print of the same colour. The stem is cap-coloured, elongated, thin, hollow and more or less equal along its length with a height up to 11 cm and diameter of 1–3 mm. [10] [11] It can bear minuscule striations or hairs. The flesh of C. apala has no discernible taste or smell and is extremely fragile to the touch. Its cap can be from 1-2.5 centimeters.
Similar species include Pholiotina rugosa and Conocybe tenera . [9]
Conocybe apala is a saprobe found in areas with rich soil and short grass such as pastures, playing fields, lawns, meadows as well as rotting manured straw, fruiting single or sparingly few ephemeral bodies. It is commonly found fruiting during humid, rainy weather with generally overcast skies. It will appear on sunny mornings while there is dew but will not persist once it evaporates. In most cases, by midday the delicate fruiting bodies shrivel, dry and bend from sight. C.apala's fruiting season begins in spring and ends in autumn. [10] It is distributed across Europe and North America. [12]
Completely unknown, one study found phallotoxin in the caps. [13]
Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.
Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms with Conocybe tenera as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are at least 50 different species in North America.
Pholiotina cyanopus is a species of fungus that contains psychoactive compounds including psilocybin and the uncommon aeruginascin. Originally described as Galerula cyanopus by American mycologist George Francis Atkinson in 1918. It was transferred to Conocybe by Robert Kühner in 1935 before being transferred to Pholiotina by Rolf Singer in 1950. A 2013 molecular phylogenetics study found it to belong to a group of species currently assigned to Pholiotina that are more closely related to Galerella nigeriensis than to Pholiotina or Conocybe. It is likely that it will be moved to a different genus in the future, but this has not happened yet.
Gyrodon lividus, commonly known as the alder bolete, is a pored mushroom bearing close affinity to the genus Paxillus. Although found predominantly in Europe, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with alder, it has also recorded from China, Japan and California. Fruit bodies are distinguished from other boletes by decurrent bright yellow pores that turn blue-grey on bruising. G. lividus mushrooms are edible.
Conocybe rickenii is a mushroom from the genus Conocybe. Its edibility is disputed, and it has the appearance of a typical little brown mushroom with a small, conical cap, and long, thin stem. In colour, it is generally a cream-brown, lighter on the stem, and it has a thin layer of flesh with no distinct smell or taste. It is a coprophilous fungus, feeding off dung and it is most common on very rich soil or growing directly from dung. It can be found in Europe, Australia and Pacific islands.
Pholiota flammans, commonly known as the yellow pholiota, the flaming Pholiota, or the flame scalecap, is a basidiomycete agaric mushroom of the genus Pholiota. Its fruit body is golden-yellow in color throughout, while its cap and stem are covered in sharp scales. As it is a saprobic fungus, the fruit bodies typically appear in clusters on the stumps of dead coniferous trees. P. flammans is distributed throughout Europe, North America, and Asia in boreal and temperate regions. Its edibility has not been clarified.
Pluteus cyanopus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Pluteaceae. Found in Africa, Europe, and North America, its fruit bodies contain the psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin. The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1883.
Thaxterogaster purpurascens is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. It is commonly known as the bruising webcap.
Tulosesus impatiens is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella, Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus, before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.
Russula raoultii is an inedible species of agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was first described by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1886.
Amanita ananiceps is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae native to Australia.
Conocybe aurea is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae.
Leucocoprinus ianthinus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Like several other Leucocoprinus species it may have originated in a tropical climate but now finds a home in plant pots, greenhouses and compost piles in many countries. It is not seen in plant pots with the same kind of regularity as the well known Leucocoprinus birnbaumii and not seen in the wild as frequently as Leucocoprinus brebissonii.
Macrolepiota zeyheri is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. In the Kilendu dialect it is known as djilo and in the Kilur dialect it is called n'volo mighom.
Leucocoprinus magnusianus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus flavipes is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus russoceps is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Leucocoprinus bulbipes is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Conocybe macrospora is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae.
Conocybe subpallida is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Bolbitiaceae.