Danish opt-outs from the European Union

Last updated

Denmark holds opt-outs from European Union policies in relation to police and justice and the adoption of the euro. They were secured under the Edinburgh Agreement in 1992 after a referendum for the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty was rejected by Danish voters, as a package of measure to assuage concerns raised during that referendum.

Contents

The Danish government has held three referendums on modifying its opt-outs. The first in 2000 rejected the adoption of the euro by 53.2% to 46.8% on a turnout of 87.6%. The second in 2015 rejected converting Denmark's current full opt-out on home and justice matters into a case-by-case opt-out similar to that held by Ireland and the United Kingdom (the latter until its exit from the EU) by 53.1% to 46.9%. [1] The third in 2022, on abolishing the defence opt-out, took place on 1 June 2022 with 66.9% voting yes, and 33.1% voting no.

As a result, as of November 2022, Denmark has had three opt-outs: the euro opt-out, the policing-justice opt-out, and the citizenship opt-out, of which the last has been superfluous since the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997. [2]

History

Denmark originally obtained four opt-outs from the Maastricht Treaty following the treaty's initial rejection in a 1992 referendum. These opt-outs are outlined in the Edinburgh Agreement and concern the Economic and monetary union (EMU), the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), Justice and Home Affairs (then JHA, now PJCC) and the citizenship of the European Union. With these opt-outs the Danish people accepted the treaty in a second referendum held in 1993.

The EMU opt-out means that Denmark is not obliged to participate in the third phase of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, that is, to replace the Danish krone with the euro. The abolition of the euro opt-out was put to a referendum in 2000 and was rejected.

The JHA opt-out exempts Denmark from certain areas of home affairs. Significant parts of these areas were transferred from the third European Union pillar to the first under the Amsterdam Treaty; Denmark's opt-outs from these areas were kept valid through additional protocols. Acts made under those powers are not binding on Denmark except for those relating to the Schengen Agreement, which are instead conducted on an intergovernmental basis with Denmark. Under the Treaty of Lisbon, Denmark can change its opt-out from a complete opt-out to the case-by-case opt-in version applying to Ireland and the United Kingdom (the latter until its exit from the EU) whenever they wish. [3] The protocol governing this provision stipulates that if Denmark exercises this option, then it will be bound by the Schengen acquis under EU law rather than on an intergovernmental basis. The Danish electorate voted not to exercise these provisions in a 2015 referendum.

The CSDP opt-out originally meant Denmark would not be obliged to join the Western European Union (which originally handled the defence tasks of the EU). Later, it meant that Denmark did not participate in the European Union's foreign policy where defence was concerned. Hence, it did not take part in decisions, did not act in that area, and did not contribute troops to missions conducted under the auspices of the European Union. [4] In a June 2022 referendum, the Danish electorate voted to fully abolish this opt-out and begin participating in the EU's defence operations as of 1 July 2022; [2] hence, this opt-out in no longer in force.

The citizenship opt-out stated that European Union citizenship did not replace Danish national citizenship; this opt-out was rendered obsolete when the Amsterdam Treaty adopted the same provisions for all EU members.

Summary table

Treaty opt-outs of Denmark
CountryNumber of opt‑outsPolicy area
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) Area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)
Eurozone Genereal AFSJ Schengen Area
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 2Opt-out [lower-alpha 1] Opt-outIntergovernmentalFormer opt-out
  •   Former opt-out: Opt-out that has been abolished.
  •   Intergovernmental: Opt-out in EU treaties, but participates in policy area on the basis of an intergovernmental agreement.
  •   Opt-out: Opt-out in EU treaties.
  1. ↑ Participates in ERM II.

Proposals to abolish the opt-outs

Anders Fogh Rasmussen government

One or more referendums on abolishing one or more the opt-outs were announced by Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen in his speech on 22 November 2007 after he won the 2007 parliamentary election. [5] It was not announced whether the referendum would only offer a full repeal of all opt-outs, or a case-by-case choice, and no date was announced, except that it would be before the 2011 Danish parliamentary election. [6] The V/K (Liberal-Conservative) government had been planning to hold a referendum on abolishing the opt-outs (or at least the euro opt-out) since at least 2004, following a favourable change in public opinion, but the discussions and controversy regarding the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and the Treaty of Lisbon had delayed this. [7]

The referendum was originally expected to be held in the autumn of 2008 [8] [9] [10] [11] but following Ireland's rejection of the Treaty of Lisbon, Fogh Rasmussen stated that this would not happen. [12] In early 2009, it was announced that Fogh Rasmussen expected to hold a referendum on Denmark joining the Eurozone in 2010, as he believed it was possible to meet the demands of the Euro-sceptic Socialist People's Party. [13]

Lars Løkke Rasmussen government

Following the appointment of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as Secretary General of NATO in 2009, his successor, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, announced that the opt-outs would be put to a referendum "when the time is right", which was seen as an indication that he did not necessarily intend to proceed with a referendum. [14]

A month later, in May 2009, Løkke Rasmussen stated that he hoped at least a referendum on the common currency would take place before the parliamentary elections in 2011 so that Denmark could become "a full member of the European Union", [15] [16] and to give him a popular mandate in the negotiations over the Competitiveness Pact in the Summer of that year. [17] The Prime Minister's suggestion was criticised by Jens Ladefoged Mortensen, a political scientist, who claimed that the time for a referendum was ill-chosen, pointing out that Denmark was set to hold general elections later that year. [18]

In November 2009 the leaders of the three largest opposition parties Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Villy Søvndal and Margrethe Vestager suggested that a referendum on abolishing the opt-outs concerning the Common Security and Defence Policy and the Justice and Home Affairs be held on 23 March 2010. [19]

Ultimately, no referendum was held and Løkke Rasmussen's coalition lost the election in the autumn of 2011.

Helle Thorning-Schmidt government

After the victory of the left-wing coalition under Thorning-Schmidt in the September 2011 elections, the new government announced that it planned to hold referendums on abolishing the defence opt-out and on either abolishing the justice opt-out or modifying it to a flexible opt-in like that of the United Kingdom and Ireland to allow Denmark to participate in measures which it chooses. [20] [21] However, in June 2012 Thorning-Schmidt announced that she didn't anticipate holding a referendum before a certain amount of stability and order returned to the situation in Europe, possibly not before the end of the government's term, citing the "anxiety and uncertainty" surrounding the European project at the time. [22] [23]

In August 2013, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, the leader of the opposition Venstre party proposed that a referendum on the opt-outs from EU defence and justice co-operation, as well as on the Unified Patent Court, leaving opt-outs from European citizenship and the euro, be held on the same date as the 2014 European election. [24] The proposal was rejected by the Minister for European affairs, Nick Hækkerup, who argued that the timing was not right. [25]

In October 2014 Thorning-Schmidt announced plans to hold a referendum on converting the inflexible opt-out on home and justice matters into a flexible opt-out following the next Danish general election due by September 2015, due to concerns that the opt-out would force Denmark to leave Europol. [26] [27] Several parties, including the two largest in parliament, the Social Democrats and Liberals, reached an agreement in December 2014 to hold the referendum following the upcoming election, but before the end of the first quarter of 2016, if they secured enough seats in the election. [28] This was supplemented by an agreement in March 2015 amongst the parties that if the referendum is approved, Denmark would join 22 EU regulations it is currently not able to participate in, including the Rome Regulation. [29] [30] To join additional Regulations, the agreement requires either consensus amounts the parties to the agreement, or that the proposal is made public as part of the party's platform prior to a subsequent election. [31]

Second Lars Løkke Rasmussen government

Following the election in June 2015, Venstre formed government with Lars Løkke Rasmussen again becoming Prime Minister. He committed to holding the referendum on converting the justice opt-out into an opt-in by Christmas 2015. [32] [33] On 21 August 2015, the Danish government announced that the referendum would be held on 3 December 2015. [1] The government has also said it is planning on holding a referendum on abolishing its opt-out from the EU defence policy following the justice opt-out referendum. [34] Danes rejected the proposal by a margin of 53.1% to 46.9%. In May 2019 Rasmussen again proposed a referendum on abolishing its defence opt-out during the following parliamentary term, though his party lost the general election the following month. [35]

Frederiksen government

Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Denmark held a referendum on abolishing its defence opt-out. The referendum took place on 1 June 2022, ending with the yes side winning by two thirds of the vote. Following the referendum Denmark formally notified the EU of its renunciation of its opt-out on defence matters on June 20, which became effective from 1 July. [36] [37] Frederiksen stated that despite the approval of the eliminating the defence opt-out, she did not plan to hold referendums on the other remaining opt-outs. [38]

Opinion polls

A poll from early June 2008 saw a clear majority in favour of repealing the defence and judicial issues opt-outs, a very close race regarding the euro and a clear majority against repealing the citizenship opt-outs. [39] Following an increase in support for abolishing the opt-outs, support dropped in mid-May 2009; in January 2009, 49.8% were in favour of having the Euro as Danish currency, dropping to 45.2% against and 43.7% in favour in May 2009. [40] Support for abolishing opt-outs on legal and defence cooperation has also dwindled to equal numbers pro and against. [40]

Afterwards support for abolishing the opt-outs increased again. In October 2009, there was a majority in favour of abolishing each of the four opt-outs, the only difference being in the size of majority:

Following the European sovereign debt crisis, particularly the financial market turmoil of 2011, support for the euro dropped dramatically with a poll showing 61% of respondents opposing adoption of the euro, with 37% in favour. [42]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pia Kjærsgaard</span> Danish politician (born 1947)

Pia Merete Kjærsgaard is a Danish politician who was Speaker of the Danish Parliament from 2015 to 2019, and former leader of the Danish People's Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</span> Former Prime Minister of Denmark and NATO Secretary General

Anders Fogh Rasmussen is a Danish politician who was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014. He became CEO of political consultancy Rasmussen Global and founded the Alliance of Democracies Foundation. He serves as a senior adviser to Citigroup. He also served as a senior advisor at The Boston Consulting Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venstre (Denmark)</span> Danish political party

Venstre, full name Venstre, Danmarks Liberale Parti, is a conservative-liberal, agrarian political party in Denmark. Founded as part of a peasants' movement against the landed aristocracy, today it espouses an economically liberal, pro-free-market ideology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Referendums related to the European Union</span> List of referendums related to the European Union and its predecessor, the European Communities

This is a list of referendums related to the European Union, or referendums related to the European Communities, which were predecessors of the European Union. Since 1972, a total of 48 referendums have been held by EU member states, candidate states, and their territories, with several additional referendums held in countries outside the EU. The referendums have been held most commonly on the subject of whether to become a member of European Union as part of the accession process, although the EU does not require any candidate country to hold a referendum to approve membership or as part of treaty ratification. Other EU-related referendums have been held on the adoption of the euro and on participation in other EU-related policies.

The Danish referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was a planned referendum to be held on 27 September 2005, that would have put the proposed Constitution to the voters of Denmark for ratification. However, after voters voted down the Constitution in both the French and Dutch referendums before the Danish vote could take place, Danish prime minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen indicated that the referendum would be cancelled. On April 24, 2008 the Danish parliament ratified the Treaty's successor, the Treaty of Lisbon, without a referendum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Claus Hjort Frederiksen</span> Danish politician

Claus Hjort Frederiksen is a Danish politician of the Venstre party, who served as the Danish Minister for Defence from 2016 to 2019, and as Minister for Finance from 2015 to 2016, having previously served in that position from 2009 to 2011, as member of the first Løkke Rasmussen Cabinet. From 2001 to 2009, he was Minister of Employment in the first, second, and third cabinets of Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

Karen Moustgaard Jespersen is a Danish journalist and former politician representing the party Venstre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denmark and the euro</span> Overview of the relationship between Denmark and the euro

Denmark uses the krone as its currency and does not use the euro, having negotiated the right to opt out from participation under the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. In 2000, the government held a referendum on introducing the euro, which was defeated with 53.2% voting no and 46.8% voting yes. The Danish krone is part of the ERM II mechanism, so its exchange rate is tied to within 2.25% of the euro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Danish Maastricht Treaty referendum</span>

A referendum on the Maastricht Treaty for the founding of the European Union was held in Denmark on 2 June 1992. The treaty was rejected by 50.7% of voters with a turnout of 83.1%. This meant a serious hurdle on the way in the process of further European integration, which nevertheless did continue because all twelve member-states did want to ratify.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edinburgh Agreement (1992)</span>

The Edinburgh Agreement or Edinburgh Decision is a December 1992 agreement reached at a European Council meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland, that granted Denmark four exceptions to the Maastricht Treaty so that it could be ratified by Denmark. This was necessary because, without all member states of the European Union ratifying it, it could not come into effect. Denmark had first rejected the Maastricht treaty, but with the addition of the Edinburgh Agreement, ratified the treaty in a 1993 referendum. The member states that had already ratified the Maastricht Treaty did not have to do so again.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opt-outs in the European Union</span> EU regulations which are not imposed by member states by agreement

In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-seven European Union member states. However, occasionally member states negotiate certain opt-outs from legislation or treaties of the European Union, meaning they do not have to participate in certain policy areas. Currently, three states have such opt-outs: Denmark, Ireland and Poland. The United Kingdom had four opt-outs before leaving the Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Danish general election</span>

General elections were held in Denmark on 15 September 2011 to elect the 179 members of the Folketing. Of those 179, 175 members were elected in Denmark, two in the Faroe Islands and two in Greenland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lars Løkke Rasmussen</span> Prime Minister of Denmark (2009–2011; 2015–2019)

Lars Løkke Rasmussen is a Danish politician who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2022. He previously served as the 25th Prime Minister of Denmark from 2009 to 2011 and again from 2015 to 2019. He was the leader of the liberal Venstre party from 2009 to 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lars Løkke Rasmussen I Cabinet</span> Danish cabinet (2009-2011)

The First cabinet of Lars Løkke Rasmussen, was announced on 5 April 2009 as Lars Løkke became prime minister after Anders Fogh Rasmussen was offered the post of Secretary General of NATO on 4 April 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Denmark</span> Political system of Denmark

The politics of Denmark take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state in which the monarch of Denmark, King Frederik X, is the head of state. Denmark is a nation state. Danish politics and governance are characterized by a common striving for broad consensus on important issues, within both the political community and society as a whole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Søren Pind</span> Danish lawyer and politician

Søren Pind is a Danish lawyer and former politician. He served as Danish Minister of Justice from 2015 to 2016, and as Minister of Science, Technology, Information and Higher Education from 2016 to May 2018, whereupon he retired from politics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denmark and the European Union</span> Bilateral relations

Denmark in the European Union refers to the historical and current issues of Denmark's membership in the European Union (EU). Denmark has a permanent representation to the EU in Brussels, led by ambassador Jonas Bering Liisberg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Danish Unified Patent Court membership referendum</span>

A referendum on joining the Unified Patent Court was held in Denmark on 25 May 2014 alongside European Parliament elections. The referendum was approved with 62.5% of the vote, enabling the government to proceed with the ratification of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, which constitutes the legal basis for the Unified Patent Court. The court is from 1 June 2023 to be common to 17 Member States of the European Union for proceedings regarding European patents. Ratification of the agreement, which had already been approved by a simple majority of the Danish parliament, also renders the unitary patent applicable in Denmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Danish European Union opt-out referendum</span>

A referendum on one of the country's opt-outs from the European Union was held in Denmark on 3 December 2015. Specifically, the referendum was on whether to convert Denmark's current full opt-out on home and justice matters into an opt-out with case-by-case opt-in similar to those held by Ireland and the United Kingdom. Approval of the referendum was needed for Denmark to remain in Europol under the new rules. However, it was rejected by 53% of voters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum</span> Referendum on abolition of the Danish opt-out of the defence section of the Treaty of Maastricht

A referendum on the abolition of the defence opt-out, one of the country's opt-outs from the European Union, was held in Denmark on 1 June 2022. The referendum was announced on 6 March 2022 following a broad multi-party defence agreement reached during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The referendum resulted in the "Yes" side winning with approximately two-thirds of the vote.

References

  1. 1 2 "Denmark to vote on Justice and Home Affairs opt-in model on 3 December". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  2. 1 2 EU Information Centre, ed. (25 November 2022). "The Danish opt-outs from EU cooperation". EU Information Centre. The Danish Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  3. ↑ Europolitics (7 November 2007). "Treaty of Lisbon – Here is what changes!" (PDF). Europolitics № 3407. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
  4. ↑ Motivations and consequences of the Danish CSDP opt-out (Revue Stratégique n. 91–92): http://www.stratisc.org/Strategique_91-92_TDM.htm
  5. ↑ Olsen, Jan M. (22 November 2007). "Denmark to Hold New Referendum on Euro". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
  6. ↑ Charter, David (30 October 2008). "Denmark currency crisis prompts euro re-think – Times Online". London: Business.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  7. ↑ Parker, George; Eaglesham, Jean; Benoit, Betrand (1 January 2003). "Danes face second referendum on joining euro". Financial Times . Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
  8. ↑ Danish PM says possible autumn referendum on EU opt-outs – EUbusiness.com – business, legal and economic news and information from the European Union Archived 28 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ "Europa – Nachrichten – Kopenhagen strebt in die Euro-Zone". FTD.de. 17 March 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  10. ↑ Lisbeth Kirk. "EUobserver.com". EUobserver. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  11. ↑ "Besked om EU-afstemning efter sommer". Politiken (in Danish). 11 June 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  12. ↑ "Fogh aflyser EU-afstemninger". Politiken (in Danish). 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  13. ↑ "Fogh klar til eurovalg næste år". Politiken (in Danish). 22 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
  14. ↑ "S og R raser over Løkkes EU-nøl" (in Danish). DR. 14 April 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  15. ↑ "Løkke R.: Euro-vote this term?". Politiken . 13 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  16. ↑ "Løkke: Vi skal stemme om euroen". Politiken (in Danish). 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  17. ↑ "Denmark eyeing referendum on euro". EUobserver. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  18. ↑ "Ekspert: Løkkes varslede EU-afstemning er dårlig timing". Politiken. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  19. ↑ "Oppositionen vil stemme om EU-forbehold". Politiken (in Danish). 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  20. ↑ Pop, Valentina (4 October 2011). "New Danish government rolls back border controls". EUobserver. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  21. ↑ Brand, Constant (13 October 2011). "Denmark scraps border-control plans". European Voice. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  22. ↑ "Danish prime minister skips referendum commitments". EU Observer. 26 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  23. ↑ Lauritzen, Thomas; Jens Bostrup (26 June 2012). "Thorning udskyder afstemning om EU-forbehold". Politiken (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  24. ↑ "Danish opposition agrees to quick EU referendum". 12 August 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  25. ↑ "PM rejects opposition call for swift EU referendum". The Copenhagen Post . 13 August 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  26. ↑ Steensbeck, Bjarne (7 October 2014). "Regeringen gør klar til opgør med retsforbeholdet". DR . Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  27. ↑ "Danish PM postpones EU referendum". EurActive. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  28. ↑ "Aftale om Danmark i Europol". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  29. ↑ "Legislative files Denmark will opt-into if referendum is positive" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "One step closer to a referendum on the JHA opt-out – modalities have now been decided". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 17 March 2015. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  31. ↑ "Aftale om tilvalg af retsakter på området for retlige og indre anliggender" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  32. ↑ "Regeringsgrundlag juni 2015: Sammen for Fremtiden (Government manifest June 2015: Together for the Future)" (PDF) (in Danish). Venstre. 27 June 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015.
  33. ↑ "New Danish government to hold EU referendum by Christmas". 28 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "Danish government plans referendum on EU defence opt-out". Reuters . 5 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
  35. ↑ "Rasmussen wants Danish referendum over EU defence relationship". 15 May 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  36. ↑ "List of Union acts adopted pursuant to Article 26(1), Article 42 and Articles 43 to 46 of the Treaty on European Union, to be applied to Denmark as from 1 July 2022". Official Journal of the European Union . C (263): 11–14.
  37. ↑ "Danes vote yes to abolish EU defence opt-out – here are the next steps". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). 2 June 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  38. ↑ "Denmark's Zeitenwende". European Council on Foreign Relations. 7 June 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  39. ↑ "Danes Assess Reversion of EU Exemptions: Angus Reid Global Monitor". Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2008.
  40. 1 2 "Poll: Danes say no to euro". Politiken . 19 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  41. ↑ "Opinion Poll" (PDF). Dagbladet Børsen (in Danish). Greens Analyseinstitut. October 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  42. ↑ Wienberg, Christian (27 September 2011). "Debt Crisis Pushes Danish Euro Opposition to Record, Poll Shows". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 October 2011.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.