EcoHealth Alliance

Last updated

EcoHealth Alliance
AbbreviationEHA
Type 501(c)(3) organization
31-1726494
Focus Pandemic prevention, Scientific research, One Health, Conservation
Location
  • New York City, New York
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
 Peter Daszak, President
Website www.ecohealthalliance.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Formerly called
Wildlife Trust

EcoHealth Alliance is an US-based [1] non-governmental organization with a stated mission of protecting people, animals, and the environment from emerging infectious diseases. The nonprofit focuses on research aimed at preventing pandemics and promoting conservation in hotspot regions worldwide.

Contents

The EcoHealth Alliance focuses on diseases caused by deforestation and increased interaction between humans and wildlife. The organization has researched the emergence of diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Rift Valley fever, the Ebola virus, and COVID-19.

The EcoHealth Alliance also advises the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the World Health Organization (WHO) on global wildlife trade, threats of disease, and the environmental damage posed by these.

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, EcoHealth's ties with the Wuhan Institute of Virology were put into question in relation to investigations into the origin of COVID-19. [2] [3] [4] [5] Citing these concerns, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) withdrew funding to the organization in April 2020. [6] [7] Significant criticism followed this decision, including a joint letter signed by 77 Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies. The NIH later reinstated funding to the organization as one of 11 institutions partnering in the Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases (CREID) initiative in August 2020, [8] but all activities funded by the grant remain suspended. [9]

In 2022, the NIH terminated the EcoHealth Alliance grant, stating that "EcoHealth Alliance had not been able to hand over lab notebooks and other records from its Wuhan partner that relate to controversial experiments involving modified bat viruses, despite multiple requests." [10] In 2023, an audit by the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services found that "NIH did not effectively monitor or take timely action to address" compliance problems with the EcoHealth Alliance. [11] In December 2023, the EcoHealth Alliance denied allegations that it double-billed the NIH and United States Agency for International Development for research in China. [12] In May 2024, the United States Department of Health and Human Services banned all federal funding for the EcoHealth Alliance. [13]

History

Founded under the name Wildlife Preservation Trust International in 1971 by British naturalist, author, and television personality, Gerald Durrell, it then became The Wildlife Trust in 1999. [14] In the fall of 2010, the organization changed its name to EcoHealth Alliance. [15] The rebrand reflected a change in the organization's focus, moving solely from a conservation nonprofit, which focused mainly on the captive breeding of endangered species, to an environmental health organization with its foundation in conservation. [16]

The organization held an early professional conservation medicine meeting in 1996. [17] In 2002, they published an edited volume on the field through Oxford University Press: Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice. [18]

In February 2008, they published a paper in Nature entitled “Global trends in emerging infectious diseases” which featured an early rendition of a global disease hotspot map. [19] Using epidemiological, social, and environmental data from the past 50 years, the map outlined regions of the globe most at risk for emergent disease threats.

EcoHealth Alliance's funding comes mostly from U.S. federal agencies such as the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, and U.S. Agency for International Development. [20] [21] Between 2011 and 2020, its annual budget fluctuated between US$9 and US$15 million per year. [22]

COVID-19 pandemic

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident. [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] Prior to the pandemic, EcoHealth Alliance was the only U.S.-based organization researching coronavirus evolution and transmission in China, where they partnered with the WIV, among others. [31] EcoHealth president Peter Daszak co-authored a February 2020 letter in The Lancet condemning "conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin". [32] However, Daszak failed to disclose EcoHealth's ties to the WIV, which some observers noted as an apparent conflict of interest. [33] [34] In June 2021, The Lancet published an addendum in which Daszak disclosed his cooperation with researchers in China. [35]

In April 2020, the NIH ordered EcoHealth Alliance to cease spending the remaining $369,819 from its current NIH grant at the request of the Trump administration, [36] pressuring them by stating "it must hand over information and materials from the Chinese research facility to resume funding for suspended grant" in reference to the Wuhan Institute of Virology. The canceled grant was supposed to run through 2024. [37] Funding from NIH resumed in August 2020 after an uproar from "77 U.S. Nobel laureates and 31 scientific societies". [8]

Work conducted at the Wuhan Institute of Virology under an NIH grant to the EHA has been at the center of political controversies during the pandemic. One such controversy centered on whether any experiments conducted under the grant could be accurately described as "gain-of-function" (GoF) research. [38] NIH officials (including Anthony Fauci) unequivocally denied during 2020 congressional hearings that the EHA had conducted GoF research with NIH funding. [39]

In October 2021, the EHA submitted a progress report detailing the results of a past experiment where some laboratory mice lost more weight than expected after being infected with a modified bat coronavirus. [40] The NIH subsequently sent a letter to the congressional House Committee on Energy and Commerce describing this experiment, but did not refer to it as "gain-of-function." [38] Whether such research qualifies as "gain-of-function" is a matter of considerable debate among relevant experts. [41]

In May 2024, the United States Department of Health and Human Services banned all federal funding for the EcoHealth Alliance, saying that EcoHealth Alliance did not properly monitor research activities at the WIV and failed to report on their high-risk experiments. [42]

Programs

PREDICT

EcoHealth Alliance partners with USAID on the PREDICT subset of USAID's EPT (Emerging Pandemic Threats) program. [43] PREDICT seeks to identify which emerging infectious diseases are of the greatest risk to human health. Many of EcoHealth Alliance's international collaborations with in-country organizations and institutions fall under the PREDICT umbrella. Scientists in the field collect samples from local fauna in order to track the spread of potentially harmful pathogens and to stop them from becoming outbreaks. Scientists also train local technicians and veterinarians in animal sampling and information gathering.

Active countries include Bangladesh, Cameroon, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Guinea, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, South Sudan, Thailand, Uganda, and Vietnam.

IDEEAL

IDEEAL (Infectious Disease Emergence and Economics of Altered Landscapes Program) [44] attempts to investigate the impact of deforestation and land-use change on the risk of zoonoses in Sabah, Malaysia. This project focuses on the local palm oil industry in particular. The study also offers to the country's corporate leaders and policymakers long-term alternatives to large-scale deforestation. The program is headquartered at the Malaysian Development Health Research Unit (DHRU), which was developed in collaboration with the Malaysian University of Sabah.

Bat Conservation

A growing body of research indicates that bats are an important factor in both ecosystem health and disease emergence. A number of hypotheses have been proposed for the high number of zoonoses that have come from bat populations in recent decades. One group of researchers hypothesized “that flight, a factor common to all bats but to no other mammals, provides an intensive selective force for coexistence with viral parasites through a daily cycle that elevates metabolism and body temperature analogous to the fever response in other mammals. On an evolutionary scale, this host-virus interaction might have resulted in the large diversity of zoonotic viruses in bats, possibly through bat viruses adapting to be more tolerant of the fever response and less virulent to their natural hosts.” [45]

Project Deep Forest

According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), roughly 18 million acres of forest (roughly the size of Panama) are lost every year due to deforestation. [46] Increased contact between humans and the animal species whose habitat is being destroyed has led to increases in zoonotic disease. EcoHealth Alliance scientists are testing species for pathogens in areas with very little, moderate, and complete deforestation in order to track potential outbreaks. This data is used to promote the preservation of natural lands and diminish the negative effects of land-use change.

Project DEFUSE

Project DEFUSE was a rejected DARPA grant application, which proposed to sample bat coronaviruses from various locations in China. [47] To evaluate whether bat coronaviruses might spill over into the human population, the grantees proposed to create chimeric coronaviruses which were mutated in different locations, before evaluating their ability to infect human cells in the laboratory. [48] One proposed alteration was to modify bat coronaviruses to insert a cleavage site for the Furin protease at the S1/S2 junction of the spike (S) viral protein. Another part of the grant aimed to create noninfectious protein-based vaccines containing just the spike protein of dangerous coronaviruses. These vaccines would then be administered to bats in caves in southern China to help prevent future outbreaks. [47] Co-investigators on the rejected proposal included Ralph Baric from UNC, Linfa Wang from Duke–NUS Medical School in Singapore, and Shi Zhengli from the Wuhan Institute of Virology. [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">W. Ian Lipkin</span> Professor, microbiologist, epidemiologist

Walter Ian Lipkin is the John Snow Professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University and a professor of Neurology and Pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. He is also director of the Center for Infection and Immunity, an academic laboratory for microbe hunting in acute and chronic diseases. Lipkin is internationally recognized for his work with West Nile virus, SARS and COVID-19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</span> Chinese public health agency

The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention is an institution directly under the National Health Commission, based in Changping District, Beijing, China.

Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a provisional name given to coronaviruses of medical significance before a permanent name is decided upon. Although coronaviruses are endemic in humans and infections normally mild, such as the common cold, cross-species transmission has produced some unusually virulent strains which can cause viral pneumonia and in serious cases even acute respiratory distress syndrome and death.

Shi Zhengli is a Chinese virologist who researches SARS-like coronaviruses of bat origin. Shi directs the Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). In 2017, Shi and her colleague Cui Jie discovered that the SARS coronavirus likely originated in a population of cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan. She came to prominence in the popular press as "Batwoman" during the COVID-19 pandemic for her work with bat coronaviruses. Shi was included in Time's 100 Most Influential People of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife trade and zoonoses</span> Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife

Wildlife trafficking practices have resulted in the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Exotic wildlife trafficking is a multi-billion dollar industry that involves the removal and shipment of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and fish all over the world. Traded wild animals are used for bushmeat consumption, unconventional exotic pets, animal skin clothing accessories, home trophy decorations, privately owned zoos, and for traditional medicine practices. Dating back centuries, people from Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe have used animal bones, horns, or organs for their believed healing effects on the human body. Wild tigers, rhinos, elephants, pangolins, and certain reptile species are acquired through legal and illegal trade operations in order to continue these historic cultural healing practices. Within the last decade nearly 975 different wild animal taxa groups have been legally and illegally exported out of Africa and imported into areas like China, Japan, Indonesia, the United States, Russia, Europe, and South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SARS-CoV-2</span> Virus that causes COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and has also been called human coronavirus 2019. First identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China, the World Health Organization designated the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020, to May 5, 2023. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market</span> Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China

The Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, simply known as the Huanan Seafood Market, was a live animal and seafood market in Jianghan District, Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province, in Central China. The market opened on 19 June 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuhan Institute of Virology</span> Research Institute in Wuhan, Hubei, China

The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan Branch of the CAS. Located in Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France, and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of coronaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 misinformation</span> False or misleading virus information

False information, including intentional disinformation and conspiracy theories, about the scale of the COVID-19 pandemic and the origin, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease has been spread through social media, text messaging, and mass media. False information has been propagated by celebrities, politicians, and other prominent public figures. Many countries have passed laws against "fake news", and thousands of people have been arrested for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. The spread of COVID-19 misinformation by governments has also been significant.

SHC014-CoV is a SARS-like coronavirus (SL-COV) which infects horseshoe bats. It was discovered in Kunming in Yunnan Province, China. It was discovered along with SL-CoV Rs3367, which was the first bat SARS-like coronavirus shown to directly infect a human cell line. The line of Rs3367 that infected human cells was named Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1.

Pandemic prevention is the organization and management of preventive measures against pandemics. Those include measures to reduce causes of new infectious diseases and measures to prevent outbreaks and epidemics from becoming pandemics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Daszak</span> British zoologist

Peter Daszak is a British zoologist, consultant and public expert on disease ecology, in particular on zoonosis. He is the president of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit non-governmental organization that supports various programs on global health and pandemic prevention. He is also a member of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. He lives in Suffern, New York.

Bat coronavirus RaTG13 is a SARS-like betacoronavirus identified in the droppings of the horseshoe bat Rhinolophus affinis. It was discovered in 2013 in bat droppings from a mining cave near the town of Tongguan in Mojiang county in Yunnan, China. In February 2020, it was identified as the closest known relative of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, sharing 96.1% nucleotide identity. However, in 2022, scientists found three closer matches in bats found 530 km south, in Feuang, Laos, designated as BANAL-52, BANAL-103 and BANAL-236.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Origin of COVID-19</span> Inquiries into the origins of SARS-CoV-2

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been efforts by scientists, governments, and others to determine the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Similar to other outbreaks, the virus was derived from a bat-borne virus and most likely was transmitted to humans via another animal in nature, or during wildlife trade such as that in food markets. While other explanations, such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally released from a laboratory have been proposed, such explanations are not supported by evidence. Conspiracy theories about the virus's origin have also proliferated.

Gain-of-function research is medical research that genetically alters an organism in a way that may enhance the biological functions of gene products. This may include an altered pathogenesis, transmissibility, or host range, i.e., the types of hosts that a microorganism can infect. This research is intended to reveal targets to better predict emerging infectious diseases and to develop vaccines and therapeutics. For example, influenza B can infect only humans and harbor seals. Introducing a mutation that would allow influenza B to infect rabbits in a controlled laboratory situation would be considered a gain-of-function experiment, as the virus did not previously have that function. That type of experiment could then help reveal which parts of the virus's genome correspond to the species that it can infect, enabling the creation of antiviral medicines which block this function.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">COVID-19 lab leak theory</span> Proposed theory on the origins of COVID-19

The COVID-19 lab leak theory, or lab leak hypothesis, is the idea that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, came from a laboratory. This claim is highly controversial; most scientists believe the virus spilled into human populations through natural zoonosis, similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. Available evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally harbored by bats, and spread to humans from infected wild animals, functioning as an intermediate host, at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. Several candidate animal species have been identified as potential intermediate hosts. There is no evidence SARS-CoV-2 existed in any laboratory prior to the pandemic, or that any suspicious biosecurity incidents happened in any laboratory.

The WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2 or the Joint WHO-China Study was a collaborative study between the World Health Organization and the Government of China on the origins of COVID-19. The study was commissioned by the Director-General of the World Health Organization following a request by the 2020 World Health Assembly in which 122 WHO members proposed a motion, which included a call for a "comprehensive, independent and impartial" study into the COVID-19 pandemic" The WHO disbanded the team and proposed a new panel called Scientific Advisory Group for Origins of Novel Pathogens.

The Lancet letter was a statement made in support of scientists and medical professionals in China fighting the outbreak of COVID-19, and condemning theories suggesting that the virus does not have a natural origin, which it referred to as "conspiracy theories". The letter was published in The Lancet on February 19, 2020, and signed by 27 prominent scientists, gaining a further 20,000 signatures in a Change.org petition. The letter generated significant controversy over the alleged conflicts of interest of its authors, and the chilling effect it had on scientists proposing that the COVID-19 lab leak theory be investigated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David Hayman (disease ecologist)</span> New Zealand epizootic epidemiologist

David Hayman is a New Zealand-based epizootic epidemiologist and disease ecologist whose general multi-disciplinary work focuses on the maintenance of infectious diseases within their hosts and the process of emergence and transmission to humans specifically related to bats. He has gathered data on the relationship between ecological degradation due to anthropogenic actions, and increased pathogen emergence in humans and animals. During COVID-19 he was involved as an expert in several international collaborations, some convened by the World Health Organization, and was a regular commentator in the New Zealand media about the country's response to the pandemic. He has had lead roles in research organisations at Massey University and Te Pūnaha Matatini and was the recipient of the 2017 Rutherford Discovery Fellowship Award. Since 2014 Hayman has been a professor at Massey University.

References

  1. ↑ Gulland, Anne (June 22, 2021). "UK scientist at centre of debate over origin of Covid pandemic 'recuses himself' from inquiry" . The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  2. ↑ McKay, Betsy (September 25, 2021). "Covid-19 Panel of Scientists Investigating Origins of Virus Is Disbanded". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  3. ↑ Lerner, Sharon; Hvistendahl, Mara (September 7, 2021). "New Details Emerge About Coronavirus Research at Chinese Lab". The Intercept.
  4. ↑ A. Chris Gajilan. "Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital". CNN.
  5. ↑ Hvistendahl, Mara; Lerner, Sharon (October 1, 2021). "NIH Bat Coronavirus Grant Report Was Submitted More Than Two Years Late". The Intercept.
  6. ↑ "Funding for Coronavirus Research Study Withdrawn by NIH | Sabin Center for Climate Change Law". climate.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  7. ↑ Aizenman, Nurith (April 29, 2020). "Why The U.S. Government Stopped Funding A Research Project On Bats And Coronaviruses". NPR. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
  8. 1 2 Andy says (August 27, 2020). "NIH awards grant to EcoHealth Alliance after political uproar". STAT. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  9. ↑ ""This Shouldn't Happen": Inside the Virus-Hunting Nonprofit at the Center of the Lab-Leak Controversy". Vanity Fair . March 31, 2022.
  10. ↑ Field, Matt (August 24, 2022). "NIH to terminate EcoHealth Alliance grant after its Wuhan partners refuse to deliver information on coronavirus studies". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  11. ↑ Kaiser, Jocelyn (January 25, 2023). "Federal watchdog finds problems with NIH oversight of grant funding bat virus research in China". Science . doi:10.1126/science.adg8542.
  12. ↑ Strobel, Warren P. (December 23, 2023). "Investigators Probe Whether U.S. Was Billed Twice for Coronavirus Research in China" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  13. ↑ Mueller, Benjamin (May 15, 2024). "U.S. Suspends Funding for Group at Center of Covid Origins Fight". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  14. ↑ "EcoHealth Alliance - About". EcoHealth Alliance. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Wildlife Trust Rebrands as EcoHealth Alliance". www.corporate-eye.com. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  16. ↑ SAFE: Save Animals From Extinction. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Newsletters.
  17. ↑ Consortium for Conservation Medicine Trifold. Wildlife Trust
  18. ↑ Aguirre, Alonso (2002). Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0195150933.
  19. ↑ Jones, Kate E.; Patel, Nikkita G.; Levy, Marc A.; Storeygard, Adam; Balk, Deborah; Gittleman, John L.; Daszak, Peter (February 21, 2008). "Global trends in emerging infectious diseases". Nature. 451 (7181): 990–993. Bibcode:2008Natur.451..990J. doi:10.1038/nature06536. ISSN   0028-0836. PMC   5960580 . PMID   18288193.
  20. ↑ Eban, Katherine (June 3, 2021). "The Lab-Leak Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19's Origins". Vanity Fair.
  21. ↑ "Carlin EP, Moore MS, Shambaugh E, Karesh WB. Opportunities for Enhanced Defense, Military, and Security Sector Engagement in Global Health Security EcoHealth Alliance. 2021" (PDF).
  22. ↑ "Financials & Strategy". EcoHealth Alliance.
  23. ↑ Subbaraman, Nidhi (August 21, 2020). "'Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4. PMID   32826989. S2CID   225249608.
  24. ↑ "Wuhan lab's US partner embroiled in funding debate as Covid-19 'lab leak' row rages on". South China Morning Post. September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  25. ↑ Hakim, Mohamad S. (February 14, 2021). "SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories". Reviews in Medical Virology. 31 (6): e2222. doi:10.1002/rmv.2222. ISSN   1052-9276. PMC   7995093 . PMID   33586302.
  26. ↑ Frutos, Roger; Gavotte, Laurent; Devaux, Christian A. (March 2021). "Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model". Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 95: 104812. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812. PMC   7969828 . PMID   33744401 . Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  27. ↑ "The lab-leak origin claim for COVID-19 is in the news, but it's still fact-free" . Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  28. ↑ Owermohle, Sarah. "Trump cuts U.S. research on bat-human virus transmission over China ties". POLITICO. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  29. ↑ R, Lu; X, Zhao; J, Li; P, Niu; B, Yang; H, Wu; W, Wang; H, Song; B, Huang (February 22, 2020). "Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding". Lancet. 395 (10224): 565–574. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8. PMC   7159086 . PMID   32007145.
  30. ↑ Aizenman, Nurith (May 22, 2020). "77 Nobel Laureates Denounce Trump Officials For Pulling Coronavirus Research Grant". NPR Newd. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  31. ↑ Latinne, Alice; Hu, Ben; Olival, Kevin J.; Zhu, Guangjian; Zhang, Libiao; Li, Hongying; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Field, Hume E.; Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Li, Bei (August 25, 2020). "Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 4235. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4235L. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3. ISSN   2041-1723. PMC   7447761 . PMID   32843626.
  32. ↑ Calisher, Charles; Carroll, Dennis; Colwell, Rita; Corley, Ronald B; Daszak, Peter; Drosten, Christian; Enjuanes, Luis; Farrar, Jeremy; Field, Hume; Golding, Josie; Gorbalenya, Alexander; Haagmans, Bart; Hughes, James M; Karesh, William B; Keusch, Gerald T; Lam, Sai Kit; Lubroth, Juan; Mackenzie, John S; Madoff, Larry; Mazet, Jonna; Palese, Peter; Perlman, Stanley; Poon, Leo; Roizman, Bernard; Saif, Linda; Subbarao, Kanta; Turner, Mike (March 2020). "Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19". The Lancet. 395 (10226): e42–e43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9. PMC   7159294 . PMID   32087122. S2CID   211201028.
  33. ↑ The Editorial Board (February 15, 2021). "Opinion | Who Are the Covid Investigators?". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  34. ↑ Spence, Madeleine. "The rise and fall of British virus hunter Peter Daszak". The Times . ISSN   0140-0460 . Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  35. ↑ "Addendum: competing interests and the origins of SARS-CoV-2". The Lancet . 397 (10293): 2449–2450. June 2021. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01377-5. PMC   8215723 . S2CID   235494625.
  36. ↑ "Award Information | HHS TAGGS". taggs.hhs.gov. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  37. ↑ "NIH awards $7.5 million grant to EcoHealth Alliance, months after uproar over political interference". www.statnews.com. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  38. 1 2 Eban, Katherine (October 22, 2021). "In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan". Vanity Fair Blogs. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  39. ↑ McKay, Betsy (October 28, 2021). "Coronavirus Study of Bats in China Met NIH Grant Requirements, EcoHealth Says". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  40. ↑ Zimmer, Carl; Mueller, Benjamin (October 21, 2021). "Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says". The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  41. ↑ "PolitiFact - Ask PolitiFact: What's going on with EcoHealth Alliance, the NIH and coronavirus research?". @politifact. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  42. ↑ Mueller, Benjamin (May 15, 2024). "U.S. Suspends Funding for Group at Center of Covid Origins Fight". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Emerging Pandemic Threats | Fact Sheet | U.S. Agency for International Development". www.usaid.gov. May 24, 2016. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  44. ↑ "EcoHealth Alliance - IDEEAL". EcoHealth Alliance. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  45. ↑ al., T. J. O’Shea et (2014). "Bat Flight and Zoonotic Viruses - Volume 20, Number 5—May 2014 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC". Emerging Infect. Dis. 20 (5): 741–5. doi:10.3201/eid2005.130539. PMC   4012789 . PMID   24750692.
  46. ↑ "PSU - Civic Issues". Sites at Penn State. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Federman, Daniel Engber, Adam (September 25, 2021). "The Lab-Leak Debate Just Got Even Messier". The Atlantic. Retrieved October 29, 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ↑ Zimmer, Carl; Mueller, Benjamin (October 21, 2021). "Bat Research Group Failed to Submit Virus Studies Promptly, N.I.H. Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  49. ↑ "The Mysterious Case of the COVID-19 Lab-Leak Theory". The New Yorker. October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.