Emergency Regulations Ordinance

Last updated

Emergency Regulations Ordinance
Regional Emblem of Hong Kong.svg
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
  • An Ordinance to confer on the Chief Executive in Council power to make regulations on occasions of emergency or public danger.
Citation Cap. 241
Enacted by Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Commenced28 February 1922
Legislative history
Bill titleStrike Legislation Bill 1922 [1]
Introduced by Attorney General Joseph Horsford Kemp
First reading 28 February 1922
Second reading 28 February 1922
Third reading 28 February 1922
Status: In force

The Emergency Regulations Ordinance (Cap. 241) is a law of Hong Kong that confers on the Chief Executive in Council the power to make regulations on occasions that the Chief Executive believes to be an emergency or public danger. It was first introduced in Colonial Hong Kong in 1922 to combat the seamen's strikes which had immobilised the city's ports, and was invoked on several occasions during the colonial rule. [2]

Contents

In case of emergency or public danger, it can be invoked by the Chief Executive-in-Council. Under the provisions of the ordinance, the Chief Executive has the power to make "any regulations whatsoever which he may consider desirable in the public interest." Among the many powers permitting the Chief Executive to exercise upon invoking the ordinance, it also include arrests, property seizures, deportation, control of the ports and transportation, and censorship. [3] [4]

The government invoked the ordinance during the 1967 Hong Kong riots, during the oil crisis in 1973, [5] during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and postponing the 2020 Legislative Council election. [4]

Context

In January 1922, the Chinese Seamen's Union demanded pay rises of up to 40% from their local employers, and some 30,000 Chinese seamen went on strike. Their grievances lay in the fact that the average Chinese port worker's monthly income was insufficient to support his family while his Caucasian counterparts, who earned several times more, had been granted 15% wage rise. The Emergency Regulations Ordinance was passed by the colonial government that year – enacted in a single day – to combat the strikes, which paralysed the ports. [2]

The original Ordinance was not subject to Legislative Council oversight or disallowance in London. It also permitted imprisonment without trial. [6]

Aside from format changes made in 2018, the last major amendments to the ordinance was in 1999. [7]

Invocations

Colonial period

The Government invoked the emergency law for several times in the early 20th century, including: in 1925 to order a clampdown on Canton–Hong Kong strike, [8] in 1929 to seize water supply during a drought, in 1932 to ban selling of food by hawkers following cholera outbreak in China, in 1935 to prohibit horses leaving New Territories and consuming grass amidst case of mule contracting rabies. [9]

After the end of World War II, immigrants from China swamped Hong Kong and issues of illegal trafficking hit the city. The Government enacted a considerable number of emergency laws. In 1949, a total of 137 Emergency (Principal) Regulations were made to resume lands near the border to avoid the infiltration of communists. [10] [8] Coin storage a year later pushed the Government to ban coin hoarding. [8] Hong Kong Government enacted emergency law later that year which allowed capital punishment for possession of bombs and firearms, only to be repealed after the London Government considered the law to be in violation of human rights. [8] In 1952, emergency law related to resettlement areas was enacted, paving way for charities and groups to set up cottage resettlements accommodating immigrants.

In 1954, Colonial Office in London asked Hong Kong to repeal some articles deemed too powerful in the Emergency (Principal) Regulations. The Government first rejected, saying no objection was made by the locals and citing necessity to stop crimes. Nevertheless, the Government agreed to the Colonial Office and revoked them in September 1955. [11]

During the 1956 riots, Emergency (Detention Orders) Regulations were enacted to depot rioters. [12] Chief Justice and JUSTICE, a human rights organisation based in Britain, slammed the Regulations as infringements of foreigner's rights, after some were in long-time detention without trial. The Attorney General and Governor defended, saying the Regulations were needed to prevent riots from happening again. [11]

Emergency laws were made to limit daily money withdrawal to HKD 100 in 1965 after a bank run, and to announce one-day bank holidays following sterling devaluation in 1967. [8]

As widespread riots broke out in 1967, the Governor and Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong announced (at least) five emergency regulations: [13]

The Emergency (Principal) Regulation was amended on 22 July to empower police officers to raid any flats without warrant, and require anyone to report offensive weapons found to police. [19] The invocations of emergency law was generally accepted by the citizens as the riots worsened with explosives harming innocents, but the perpetrating leftists and supporters were angered. [20] [21] Many of those emergency laws were suspended in 1969 or repealed. [22]

The last significant use of the law was in December 1973 during the oil crisis. [23] Regulations were made to control the use of oil and motor fuel, to limit advertising displays and floodlighting, and to impose summer time. [24] [25] [26] Since then, emergency law was in dormant, with the remaining unused regulations repealed in 1995. [8]

After handover

Emergency Regulations Ordinance has been invoked for four times as of early 2022 since handover of Hong Kong in 1997, all during the tenue of Carrie Lam as Chief Executive:

Anti-mask law

On 4 October 2019, as a response to the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and "deterring violent and illegal behavior", the Chief-Executive-in-Council invoked the Emergency Regulations Ordinance to implement Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation (PFCR). The regulation ban wearing face masks or obscure facial identification in public assemblies without reasonable excuses. The permitted excuses are: pre-existing medical or health reasons, religious reasons, and if the person uses the face covering for physical safety while performing an activity connected with their profession or employment. Effective 00:00 HKT on 5 October 2019, offenders risked a maximum of one-year imprisonment or a fine of HK$25,000 (US$3,200). [27]

The Court of First Instance (CFI) denied an application for a judicial injunction of the anti-mask law, on the same night shortly before the new regulation took effect. A subsequent attempt by pro-democrats to halt the new regulation also failed, however, the court recommended a judicial review at a later date. [28]

The CFI later ruled that the granting of powers to the Chief Executive in Council on an occasion of public danger by the ERO was unconstitutional, and, therefore, that the entirety of the PFCR was unconstitutional because it was in exercise of those powers. [29] On separate grounds it also declared all the substantive sections of the PFCR excepting that prohibiting the use of masks at an unlawful assembly inconsistent with the Basic Law and the Bill of Rights, and therefore of no effect.

The Court of Appeal ruled that the ERO was in fact constitutional on occasions of public danger, and therefore that the PFCR was not invalid on those grounds. [30] It additionally held that section 3(1)(b) of the PFCR, which prohibited masks at certain ‘unauthorised assemblies’, is proportionate, and therefore valid, but upheld the decision of the CFI that the PFCR is invalid insofar as it prohibits masks at authorised assemblies and meetings. [31]

Election postponement

On 31 July 2020, Chief Executive Carrie Lam said she would invoke the Emergency Regulations Ordinance to postpone the 2020 Legislative Council election for a whole year, citing the resurgence of the COVID-19 cases. [32] The Chief Executive in Council invoked the Emergency Regulations Ordinance to make the Emergency (Date of General Election) (Seventh Term of the Legislative Council) Regulation which was promulgated on 1 August, officially suspended the electoral process. [33] The Regulation was further amended to delay the election again following the electoral overhaul.

On 18 February 2022, Carrie Lam, citing the unprecedented surge of COVID-19 cases in the fifth wave, announced the enactment of new emergency regulation, Emergency (Date of Election) (Sixth Term Chief Executive) Regulation, for the postponement of 2022 Chief Executive election from 27 March to 8 May. The decision came after Xi Jinping, General Secretary of Chinese Communist Party, ordered the Hong Kong Government to halt the COVID surge by all means, despite saying a week ago that the postponement is not needed. [34] [35]

Chinese aid exemptions

On 24 February 2022, Emergency (Exemption from Statutory Requirements) (COVID-19) Regulation came into effect after the Chief Executive invoked emergency power, in order to provide legal basis for the Chinese Government to provide aids amidst the fifth wave of pandemic.

Constitutionality

Scholars consider the law "a nuclear option" which "can literally run a dictatorship and suspend most rights." [3] The authority granted to censor specifically covers "the control and suppression of publications, writings, maps, plans, photographs, communications and means of communication." [3] [4]

On 18 November 2019, the High Court ruled the "Cap. 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance" is "incompatible with the Basic Law", however, the court "leaves open the question of the constitutionality of the ERO insofar as it relates to any occasion of emergency." The court also held the ordinance meets the "prescribed by law" requirement. [36]

On 22 November 2019, the High Court made the following remark:

"Nevertheless, we recognise that our Judgment is only a judgment at first instance, and will soon be subject to an appeal to the Court of Appeal. In view of the great public importance of the issues raised in this case, and the highly exceptional circumstances that Hong Kong is currently facing, we consider it right that we should grant a short interim suspension order so that the respondents may have an opportunity to apply to the Court of Appeal, if so advised, for such interim relief as may be appropriate. Accordingly, we shall grant an interim temporary suspension order to postpone the coming into operation of the declarations of invalidity for a period of 7 days up to the end of 29 November 2019, with liberty to apply." [37] [38]

On 26 November 2019, it was announced that the government's appeal would be heard on 9 January 2020. [39]

On 27 November 2019, the Court of Appeal extended the interim suspension of the judgement until 10 December 2019. [40] [41]

On 10 December 2019, the Court of Appeal refused to suspend the "unconstitutional" ruling by the Court of First Instance on the anti-mask regulation. As scheduled, a full hearing will commence on 9 January 2020. [42] [43] [44]

On 9 April 2020, the court ruled that the ERO, insofar as occasions of public danger are concerned, is constitutional and therefore valid. [30]

Related Research Articles

Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 is an article in the Basic Law, the constitution of Hong Kong. It states that Hong Kong "shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organizations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organizations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organizations or bodies."

Article 69 of Hong Kong Basic Law is an article in the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The article sets the term of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Society for Protection of the Harbour</span>

Society for Protection of the Harbour(SPH) (Chinese: 保護海港協會) is a Hong-Kong-based organisation founded in November 1995. It is a charitable, non-political and non-profit making green group. The objectives of the organisation are to protect the Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong from destruction caused by Government's excessive reclamation and improper development, and to arouse public aspirations for the Harbour. To preserve the Harbour, SPH has raised a number of objections on related Government policies, undertaken numerous conservation projects, suggested constructive urban planning along the waterfront and carried out public education on harbour protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet censorship in Hong Kong</span> Fact about Hong Kong

In general, there is relatively little Internet censorship in Hong Kong beyond laws that criminalize the distribution of unlicensed copyrighted material and obscene images, particularly child pornography when compared to the rest of China. The Hong Kong Bill of Rights elaborates on these and other rights enjoyed by the people of Hong Kong.Although Hong Kong law provides freedom of speech and press, and freedom of expression is protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, the Hong Kong national security law gives the government the power to "take down any electronic messages published" that the government considers endangering national security. The government has blocked several anti-government, doxxing or politically sensitive websites after the commencement of the law, leading to increased concerns of Internet censorship in Hong Kong.

<i>Hong Kong Government Gazette</i> Official journal of the Hong Kong government

The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette is the official publication of the Government of Hong Kong. Published by the Government Logistics Department (GLD), it acts as an official channel to promulgate information which is required for statutory or other reasons to be made public, including legislations, ordinances, appointments of major officials and public notices.

Anti-mask or anti-masking laws are legislative or penal initiatives prohibiting the concealment of one's face in public. Anti-mask laws vary widely between jurisdictions in their intent, scope, and penalties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election</span> Election in Hong Kong

The 2022 Hong Kong Chief Executive election was held on 8 May 2022 for the 6th term of the Chief Executive (CE), the highest office of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Incumbent Carrie Lam, who was elected in 2017, declined to seek a second term for family reasons and finished her term on 30 June 2022. Former Chief Secretary John Lee was the sole candidate approved by the central government of China in the election and the only candidate to be nominated. He received 1,416 electoral votes (99.44%) and assumed office on 1 July 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests (October 2019)</span> October events of the 2019–2020 pro-democracy demonstrations in Hong Kong

In October 2019, the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests saw a further escalation of violence. It became evident that the protests were unlikely to end soon, and that they posed the biggest popular challenge to Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leader Xi Jinping since his ascension to CCP general secretary in 2012. To bring the situation under control, Chief Executive Carrie Lam invoked colonial-era powers to impose an anti-mask law, aimed at preventing protesters from hiding their identity. Observers considered the law, which came into force on 4 October, as a precedent for possible wider use of emergency powers at the expense of citizens' freedoms and in addition democratic rights, as they even saw the possibility of the upcoming District Council elections being cancelled based on the emergency law. The mask ban did, however, not achieve the desired effect, but rather proved a further focal point of protests. In November, the High Court ruled the mask ban to be unconstitutional, although in April 2020, an Appeal Court ruled that it was constitutional in the case of unlawful assemblies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times</span> Hong Kong political slogan

"Liberate Hong Kong, revolution of our times" is a slogan used by social movements in Hong Kong. The slogan was first used in 2016 by Hong Kong Indigenous spokesman Edward Leung as his campaign theme and slogan for the 2016 New Territories East by-election. He emphasised that anyone could take part in innovation and change regardless of age, hence the use of the phrase "revolution of our times". In the legislative election held later that year, Youngspiration, which was cooperating with Hong Kong Indigenous as Leung was banned from running by the Electoral Affairs Commission, also used the slogan for their campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation</span> Anti-mask law of Hong Kong

The Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation ("PFCR") is a regulation prohibiting the wearing of face coverings in certain circumstances made by Chief Executive in Council under the Emergency Regulations Ordinance due to the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. The Court of First Instance heard applications for judicial review from 24 members of the Legislative Council (LegCo) and Leung Kwok-hung, a former LegCo member, submitted in early October. On 18 November, it ruled that both the prohibition on the wearing of masks and related powers granted to the police to enforce it are inconsistent with the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, whilst leaving the question of relief to a future hearing. On 22 November, the court declared the PFCR invalid and of no effect, but suspended the application of that declaration till 29 November 2019. The government appealed the decision on 25 November to the Court of Appeal, which partially allowed the government's appeal. The prohibition of masks at unauthorised assemblies was ruled to be constitutional, but the power to remove masks and the prohibition on wearing masks at authorised assemblies was ruled unconstitutional. On appeal, the Court of Final Appeal upheld the constitutionality of the PFCR in its entirety, including the prohibition on face coverings at authorised assemblies and processions.

Events in the year 2020 in Hong Kong.

<i>Kwok Wing Hang and others v Chief Executive in Council and another</i> Hong Kong case law concerning wearing of masks

Kwok Wing Hang and others v Chief Executive in Council and another is a Hong Kong constitutional case concerning the Prohibition on Face Covering Regulation (PFCR) and Emergency Regulations Ordinance (ERO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple Daily raids and arrests</span> Police raid on Hong Kong pro-democracy newspaper

The offices of Apple Daily, once the largest pro-democracy newspaper in Hong Kong, and its parent company, Next Digital, were raided and executives arrested by the Hong Kong Police Force on 10 August 2020 and again on 17 June 2021. Some of the arrested and three companies of Next Digital were charged under the Hong Kong national security law. The 26-year-old newspaper was forced to close in June 2021 following the raids and freezing of its capital.

The concept of separation of powers has been considered and disputed in Hong Kong and its various forms of government. Prior to the Handover of Hong Kong in 1997, the government of British Hong Kong did not have a Western-style separation of powers. The post-handover Hong Kong Basic Law does not explicitly prescribe a separation of powers, but allocates power to the Executive Council, Legislative Council, and Judiciary. Since the 1997 handover, whether the separation of powers principle exists within the Hong Kong political system has been disputed among the Hong Kong SAR Government, central Chinese Government, and public media.

The written traditional Chinese characters for vertical banners are "直幡", and the horizontal counterpart, horizontal banners, are written as "横額" in traditional Chinese.

HKChronicles is a pro-Hong Kong democracy doxing website which details the personal information of Hong Kong police officers and pro-Beijing individuals. It was created by Naomi Chan, an 18-year-old high school student who is also the chief editor of the site.

In Hong Kong, designated national security law judges are incumbent magistrates or judges who are further appointed by the Chief Executive to handle national security offence cases at various levels of the court system. Judges without the designation by the Chief Executive are not allowed to handle these cases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency (Exemption from Statutory Requirements) (COVID-19) Regulation</span>

Emergency (COVID-19) Regulation is an emergency regulation made by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong under Emergency Regulations Ordinance in the midst of the fifth wave of COVID-19 pandemic, authorising exemptions to Chinese workers, medics, projects, materials in order to contain the spread of virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hong Kong Reunification Ordinance</span>

Hong Kong Reunification Ordinance, in short Reunification Ordinance, is a legislation of Hong Kong passed by the Provisional Legislative Council on 1 July 1997, the day of handover, to provide for the continuation of the administration of justice and the public service and to provide for associated matters to ensure the continuity of the social order of Hong Kong.

Candidate Eligibility Review Committee is a government statutory committee in Hong Kong, which is responsible for accessing and validating the eligibility of electoral candidate of Chief Executive, Legislative Council and Election Committee.

References

  1. ↑ "Bill Database". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Hong Kong mulls over emergency law to quell protests". South China Morning Post. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Yu, Verna (28 August 2019). "'A nuclear option': Hong Kong and the threat of the emergency law". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 "How Hong Kong protests could lead to internet cut-off". Bloomberg. 30 August 2019. Archived from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  5. ↑ Miners, N. (1996). "The use and abuse of emergency powers by the Hong Kong Government". Hong Kong Law Journal. ISSN   0378-0600. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  6. ↑ Chan, Ming K. (1997). "The Imperfect Legacy: Defects in the British Legal System in Colonial Hong Kong". University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law. 18 (1): 139–40. ISSN   1086-7872.
  7. ↑ "Cap. 241 Emergency Regulations Ordinance – Enactment History". e-Legislation. 1999. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 本土研究社 (4 October 2019). "《緊急法》的惡法之路". The News Lens 關鍵評論網 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  9. ↑ 郭文德 (3 September 2019). "【緊急法】源於港督爭權 殖民時期遺留惡法？｜01周報". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  10. ↑ 王賡武 (3 December 2016). 香港史新編（上冊）. 三聯書店(香港)有限公司. p. 455. ISBN   9789620438851.
  11. 1 2 Max WL Wong (2011). "Social control and political order: Decolonisation and the use of emergency regulations in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Law Journal. 2 (41): 449–480. hdl:10722/216347. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  12. 1 2 王賡武 (2017). 香港史新編（增訂版）上冊. 香港: 三聯書店（香港）有限公司. p. 456. ISBN   978-962-04-3885-1. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  13. ↑ 許崇德 (February 2015). "攻心為上：香港政府應對「六七暴動」的文宣策略". 《二十一世紀》雙月刊. 香港中文大學 (147): 64. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  14. ↑ "港府實施緊急法例 禁止有煽動性廣播". 香港工商日報. 25 May 1967. p. 5. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  15. ↑ "港府頒佈緊急新法例 嚴禁張貼煽動性標語". 香港工商日報. 2 June 1967. p. 5. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  16. ↑ "港九兩地發電廠現已宣佈爲禁區 如擅自闖入警察立予拘留". 工商晚報. 24 June 1967. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020.
  17. ↑ "頒佈緊急條例 防止恐嚇事件". 香港工商日報. 25 June 1967. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  18. ↑ "港府昨頒緊急法例即日執行 收集全港所有爆竹煙花 防止暴徒用以製造炸彈". 香港工商日報. 9 September 1967. p. 4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020.
  19. ↑ "港府續修正緊急法例 賦予警察更大權力 搜查左派暴徒武器". 香港工商日報. 23 July 1967. p. 4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  20. ↑ 林劍 (29 August 2019). "【政策分析】《緊急法》遏反修例示威潮？ 淺談六七暴動五次經驗". 香港01 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  21. ↑ "港英又有新苛例無須手令搜民居昨發佈的緊急法令中還不准藏有利器鏹水等". 大公報. 23 July 1967. p. 3. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  22. ↑ "把臭例當作救命草三項緊急條例港英停而不廢". 大公報. 16 January 1969. p. 4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020.
  23. ↑ "【緊急法】源於港督爭權 殖民時期遺留惡法？". 香港01. 3 September 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  24. ↑ Miners, Norman (1996). "The Use and Abuse of Emergency Powers by the Hong Kong Government" (PDF). Hong Kong Law Journal. 26: 47–57. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  25. ↑ "港府實施緊急規例 應付燃料可能短缺". 華僑日報. 8 December 1973. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  26. ↑ "明日起實行夏令時間 霓虹燈飾減時放亮 所有泛光燈禁開放". 香港工商日報. 29 December 1973. p. 1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  27. ↑ "Anti-mask law gazetted". Hong Kong's Information Services Department (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  28. ↑ "Judge explains reason for not allowing injunction". RTHK. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  29. ↑ Kwok Wing Hang and others v Chief Executive in Council and another , HKCFI2884/2019 , at para. 42
  30. 1 2 Kwok et al., HKCA192/2020 , at para. 353
  31. ↑ Kwok et al., HKCA192/2020 , at para. 192
  32. ↑ "BREAKING: Hong Kong postpones legislative election citing Covid-19". Hong Kong Free Press. 31 July 2020.
  33. ↑ "Cap. 241L Emergency (Date of General Election) (Seventh Term of the Legislative Council) Regulation". Hong Kong e-Legislation.
  34. ↑ "行政長官會見傳媒開場發言（只有中文）（附短片）". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  35. ↑ "Transcript of remarks by CE at media session (with video)". www.info.gov.hk. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  36. ↑ "KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (18 November 2019)". www.hklii.hk. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  37. ↑ "KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2820; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)". legalref.judiciary.hk. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
  38. ↑ "KWOK WING HANG AND OTHERS v. CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN COUNCIL AND ANOTHER [2019] HKCFI 2884; HCAL 2945/2019 (22 November 2019)". www.hklii.hk. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  39. ↑ Standard, The. "Anti-mask ruling appeal set for January". The Standard. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  40. ↑ "Court extends anti-mask law suspension, say pan-dems - RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  41. ↑ "Ruling that Hong Kong mask ban is invalid suspended until December 10". South China Morning Post. 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  42. ↑ "Court deals govt blow over mask ban ruling - RTHK". news.rthk.hk. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  43. ↑ Standard, The. "Court of Appeal rejects mask ban ruling suspension". The Standard. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  44. ↑ "Hong Kong court lifts mask ban, refusing government request to suspend earlier ruling". South China Morning Post. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.