Related Research Articles
Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. It should not be confused with misinformation,which is false information but is not deliberate. "Fake news" has sometimes been categorized as a type of disinformation,but scholars have advised not using these two terms interchangeably or using "fake news" altogether in academic writing since politicians have weaponized it to describe any unfavorable news coverage or information.
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. It differs from disinformation,which is deliberately deceptive and propagated information. Rumors are information not attributed to any particular source,and so are unreliable and often unverified,but can turn out to be either true or false. However,definitions of the terms might vary between cultural contexts. Even if later retracted,misinformation can continue to influence actions and memory.
The Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) is a British non-profit organisation with offices in London and Washington,DC. It campaigns for big tech firms to stop providing services to individuals who may promote hate and misinformation,including neo-Nazis and anti-vaccine advocates,and campaigns to restrict media organisations such as The Daily Wire from advertising. CCDH is a member of the Stop Hate For Profit coalition.
Twitter,rebranding to X since July 2023,is an online social media and social networking service operated by the American company X Corp.,the successor of Twitter,Inc. On Twitter,registered users can post texts,images and videos. Users can post (tweet),like,repost,comment and quote posts,and direct message other registered users. Users interact with Twitter through browser or mobile frontend software,or programmatically via its application programming interfaces (APIs).
Philip N. Howard is a sociologist and communication researcher who studies the impact of information technologies on democracy and social inequality. He studies how new information technologies are used in both civic engagement and social control in countries around the world. He is Professor of Internet Studies at the Oxford Internet Institute and Balliol College at the University of Oxford. He was Director of the Oxford Internet Institute from March 2018 to March 26,2021. He is the author of ten books,including New Media Campaigns and The Managed Citizen,The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,and Pax Technica:How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up. His latest book is Lie Machines:How to Save Democracy from Troll Armies,Deceitful Robots,Junk News Operations,and Political Operatives.
A Twitter bot is a type of software bot that controls a Twitter account via the Twitter API. The social bot software may autonomously perform actions such as tweeting,re-tweeting,liking,following,unfollowing,or direct messaging other accounts. The automation of Twitter accounts is governed by a set of automation rules that outline proper and improper uses of automation. Proper usage includes broadcasting helpful information,automatically generating interesting or creative content,and automatically replying to users via direct message. Improper usage includes circumventing API rate limits,violating user privacy,spamming,and sockpuppeting. Twitter bots may be part of a larger botnet. They can be used to influence elections and in misinformation campaigns.
Filippo Menczer is an American and Italian academic. He is a University Distinguished Professor and the Luddy Professor of Informatics and Computer Science at the Luddy School of Informatics,Computing,and Engineering,Indiana University. Menczer is the Director of the Observatory on Social Media,a research center where data scientists and journalists study the role of media and technology in society and build tools to analyze and counter disinformation and manipulation on social media. Menczer holds courtesy appointments in Cognitive Science and Physics,is a founding member and advisory council member of the IU Network Science Institute,a former director the Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research,a senior research fellow of the Kinsey Institute,a fellow of the Center for Computer-Mediated Communication,and a former fellow of the Institute for Scientific Interchange in Turin,Italy. In 2020 he was named a Fellow of the ACM.
A troll farm or troll factory is an institutionalised group of internet trolls that seeks to interfere in political opinions and decision-making.
A social bot,or also described as a social AI or social algorithm,is a software agent that communicates autonomously on social media. The messages it distributes can be simple and operate in groups and various configurations with partial human control (hybrid) via algorithm. Social bots can also use artificial intelligence and machine learning to express messages in more natural human dialogue.
Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity,or making money through advertising revenue. Although false news has always been spread throughout history,the term "fake news" was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. Nevertheless,the term does not have a fixed definition and has been applied broadly to any type of false information. It's also been used by high-profile people to apply to any news unfavourable to them. Further,disinformation involves spreading false information with harmful intent and is sometimes generated and propagated by hostile foreign actors,particularly during elections. In some definitions,fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine,and articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the text. Because of this diversity of types of false news,researchers are beginning to favour information disorder as a more neutral and informative term.
The Gateway Pundit (TGP) is an American far-right fake news website. The website is known for publishing falsehoods,hoaxes,and conspiracy theories.
The Palmer Report is an American liberal fake news website,founded in 2016 by Bill Palmer. It is known for making unsubstantiated or false claims,producing hyperpartisan content,and publishing conspiracy theories,especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia. Fact-checkers have debunked numerous Palmer Report stories,and organizations including the Columbia Journalism Review and the German Marshall Fund have listed the site among false content producers or biased websites.
Fake news in India refers to misinformation or disinformation in the country which is spread through word of mouth and traditional media and more recently through digital forms of communication such as edited videos,memes,unverified advertisements and social media propagated rumours. Fake news spread through social media in the country has become a serious problem,with the potential of it resulting in mob violence,as was the case where at least 20 people were killed in 2018 as a result of misinformation circulated on social media.
Disinformation attacks involve the intentional dissemination of false information,with an end goal of misleading,confusing,or manipulating an audience. False information that is not intentionally deceptive is referred to as misinformation,although that has also been used as a catch-all term. Disinformation attacks may be executed by political,economic or individual actors to influence state or non-state entities and domestic or foreign populations. These attacks are commonly employed to reshape attitudes and beliefs,drive a particular agenda,or elicit certain actions from a target audience. Tactics include the presentation of incorrect or misleading information,the creation of uncertainty,and the undermining of both correct information and the credibility of information sources.
Logically is a British multinational technology startup company that specializes in analyzing and fighting disinformation. Logically was founded in 2017 by Lyric Jain and is based in Brighouse,England,with offices in London,Mysore,Bangalore,and Virginia.
Renée DiResta is a writer and research manager at Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO). DiResta has written about pseudoscience,conspiracies,terrorism,and state-sponsored information warfare. She has also served as an advisor to the U.S. Congress on ongoing efforts to prevent online and social media disinformation.
Disclose.tv is a far-right fake news website based in Germany. It is known for publishing disinformation and conspiracy theories,including COVID-19 misinformation and anti-vaccine narratives.
The Twitter Files are a series of releases of select internal Twitter,Inc. documents published from December 2022 through March 2023 on Twitter. CEO Elon Musk gave the documents to journalists Matt Taibbi,Bari Weiss,Lee Fang,and authors Michael Shellenberger,David Zweig and Alex Berenson shortly after he acquired Twitter on October 27,2022. Taibbi and Weiss coordinated the publication of the documents with Musk,releasing details of the files as a series of Twitter threads.
Bot Sentinel is a Twitter analytics service founded in 2018 by Christopher Bouzy. It tracks disinformation,inauthentic behavior and targeted harassment on Twitter.
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