Faye family

Last updated
Faye family
Nolan warthog (Phacochoerus africanus africanus).jpg
The totem and symbol of the Faye family is the African warthog, symbolizing courage and leadership in Serer mythology.
Country Kingdom of Sine (present-day Senegal)
Founder Boukar Djillakh Faye (14th century, c. 1335 [1] )
Final rulerMaad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye (King of Sine, 1871–1878) was the last king from this family to rule in Sine. The last king of Sine was Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof (died 1969)
Titles Lamane
Maad
Maad a Sinig
Buumi
Thilas
Loul
Dissolution1969 — death of the last kings of Sine and Saloum

The patronym Faye (Serer: Fay) is one of the typical surnames of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. In French-speaking Senegal and Mauritania, and English-speaking Gambia, the surname is spelled Faye.

Contents

This Serer surname is unrelated to the similar given name or surname in the Western world. They are also pronounced differently.

The name of their clan is Fayeen. The history of the Faye family is linked to Serer medieval history and Serer royalty. During the Guelowar period (the last maternal dynasty in the Serer kingdoms), the Faye family provided many of the kings of Sine. This family's biggest rival to the throne of Sine were the Joof family, [2] with whom they have a long joking relationship according to Serer and Senegambian culture.

History

The early history of the Faye family goes back to Lamanic times, however they did not achieve particular fame and notoriety until the 14th century. [1] [3] The Faye family that had ruled the pre-colonial kingdoms of Sine trace descent to Boukar Djillakh Faye (variation: Bougar Birame Faye), an early 14th-century professional wrestler called njom in Serer and patriarch of this patri clan. [3] In the early 14th century, Boukar Djillakh Faye was regarded as one of the best wrestlers in Serer country. The Guelowar princess Lingeer Tening Jom [4] was given to him in marriage. Tening Jom was the niece of Maysa Wali [3] who later became a Maad a Sinig (title for the king of Sine) — ruling from c. 1350–1370. [1] From that marriage, they had several children including Tasse Faye (or Tassé Faye, the first from this family to rule Sine as Maad a Sinig during this era) and Waagaan Tening Jom Faye (the king with at least 24 children including 9 daughters) [5]  — one of the better known kings from this family. Dinned into Senegambian and Serer history, the Faye family, like their Joof counterparts are one of few Senegambian families that have a family anthem (boom). [2] The name of their anthem is "Waagaan Koumbassandiane", [2] (proper: Waagaan Kumbasaanjaan) who actually was a medieval king of Sine (Maad a Sinig Waagaan Kumbasaanjaan Faye [6] ) reported to be one of the longest reigning kings of Sine and ancestor of this family. [2] [7] This family's anthem forms part of the overture of the Epic of Sanmoon Faye, which relates the history and deeds of Maad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye, the controversial king of Sine who succeeded Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof in 1871. [2] [8] Their family totem is the African warthog (called "ruul a koб" in Serer, [9] variation: "ruul-a-koƥ" [10] ) — (previously grouped with the boar). [9] [11] In the early part of the Guelowar dynastic period (1350–1969), the Faye paternal dynasty was dominant in Sine, providing many of the Serer kings. However they were eventually overtaken by the Joof family who provided more kings of Sine, even from the 19th century to 1969. [8] Notwithstanding the rivalries between these two patriclans, alliances were formed on certain occasions in order to repulse those they perceived as the greater enemy. One of these medieval alliances was between Maad a Sinig Diessanou Faye and Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof (founder of the Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof). That historical alliance was brought about when the Muslim marabout—Mohammadou of Koungo launched jihad in the Sine, threatening the survival of Serer religion in the country. [12] Diessanou Faye, who was on the throne of Sine requested the assistance of the Joof family. Assistance was granted, with the Joof clan led by Boureh Gnilane Joof (son of the warlord king of Laah and conqueror of Baol - Maad Patar Kholleh Joof). The Joof—Faye alliance led to the defeat the Muslim army. [12] For his part in achieving victory, Boureh Gnilane was made Jaraff (equivalent of prime minister) and given the sister of Diessanou Faye (Lingeer Gnilane Faye) in marriage. [12]

Historical battles involving this family

The table below lists some historical battles in Senegambia involving the kings or princes from this patriclan :

The Junjung: the Serer war drum of Sine (19th century) Serer Royal War Drum (Jung-Jung). 19th Century. Jung-Jung From The Kingdom of Sine (in modern day Senegal).jpg
The Junjung : the Serer war drum of Sine (19th century)
Name of the battleMember of the clanOpponentReason for the battleVictor
The Battle of Kalikounda*Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tening Jom FayeThe Mandinka marabout of Kalikounda (believed to be in the present day village of Malikounda) Religious war Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tening Jom Faye was victorious. He is also reported to have had the marabouts' alwa (or alwah — religious tablets) destroyed. [14]
One of many Serer-Marabout Wars of the 14th and 15th centuriesMaad a Sinig Diessanou Faye


Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof (assisting the Maad a Sinig, the Joof-Faye alliance)		The marabout – Mohammadou of Koungo (in the east of Saloum around Koungheul)A religious war due to a jihadic expedition launched in Sine by the Muslim forces.Maad a Sinig Diessanou Faye, Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof and the Joof-Faye ally forces. [15]
The Battle of NgaskopMaad a Sinig Latsouk Faniame Faye


The people of Dieghem		The criminals of Dieghem and Diohine (robbers and murderers)This battle was between the people who adhere to the laws of the land against those who use murder and robbery to achieve their goal. It was a battle where the good citizens attempted to take back their country, led by their king and his army.Maad a Sinig Latsouk Faniame Faye and the good people of Dieghem. [16]
The Battle of NdoffèneMaad a Sinig Njaak FayeThe Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof (The warlord)The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof entered this battle to secure the succession of his young son Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof The Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobai Joof [17]
The Battle of Logandème Many members of this family. Allied with Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Louis Faidherbe (French governor of Senegal)

Émile Pinet-Laprade 		Resistance against French colonialism France [18] [19] [20]
The Surprise of Mbin o Ngor
(This was not an open battle but a surprise attack, also known as Mbeetan Keur Ngor).		Many members of this family. Allied with Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maba Diakhou Bâ,

Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe

and their Marabout armies		Religion, vendetta and empire buildingIndecisive. The marabout army withdrew when reinforcement finally arrived, but caused severe damage before retreating. [21] [22]
The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune (also known as The Battle of Somb)Many members of this family including Mbange Som Faye. Allied with Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (the Serer forces)Maba Diakhou Bâ,

Damel-Teigne Lat Jor Ngoneh Latir Jobe

and their Marabout armies		Religion, vendetta and empire buildingMaad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (Serer ally forces) [23] [24]

Genealogy

This abbreviated genealogy shows the descendants of Boukar Djillakh Faye. [25]

Descendants of Boukar Djillakh Faye
 Boukar Djillakh Faye    = Lingeer Tening Jom                                      of Djillakh (Dieghem)   │    queen mother           ___________________________________________________│_________________________________________          │                                      │                              │                       │     Maad a Sinig Tasse Faye Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tening Jom Faye     Mabane Faye         Lingeer Gnilane Faye    (Maad a Sinig, king of Sine)            (king of Sine)                (prince of Sine)       (princess of Sine)             reigned 1370                         │                                                  │__  ___________________________________________________│_____________________________________________________________________  │                 │                   │                  │                      │                          │             │ Mba Waagaan Faye  Ndougou Waagaan Faye Yakis Waagaan Faye Karabel Waagaan Faye   Biram Jakar Waagaan Faye*  Ngom Waagaan  │                                          _______________________________________________│                       Faye      │                                          │                                                                                │              ____________________________│       _________________________________________________________________________│              │                                   │              │  _________________________________│_____________________________________________________________________    __________│ │                 │                       │                         │                 │                 │    │           │           Khanjang Waagaan Faye    Njein Waagaan Faye      Lassouk Waagaan Faye     Jokel           Koly    │       Toma Waagaan Faye                                                                         Waagaan Faye    Mbeggaan    │_________________                                                                                                Faye                      │                      │    Maad a Sinig Waagaan Kumba Saanjaan Faye                 (king of Sine)

* It is his name people cite when they make a short praise to the Faye family, i.e. "Fay Biram" which may signify, "Faye! From the line Biram." For the Joof family, it is the name of Maad a Sinig Niokhobai Mane Nyan Joof they recite, i.e. "Juufa Niokhobai Samba Lingeer" (var. Dioufa Niokhobaye), which means "Joof! The great nobles." These short family poems or proverbs are called lastangol la (or ndakantal) in Serer. [11]

Status in Serer religion

The Faye family's involvement in Serer religion is linked to the Pangool (the Serer saints and ancestral spirits). During the reign of Maad a Sinig Waasila Faye (in the fifteenth century [26] ), the Fangool Laga Ndong was canonized king of the Pangool (singular: Fangool). [27] Between c. 1750–1763, the then king of Sine — Maad a Sinig Boukar Tjilas Mahe Soum Joof [28] is reported to have come into conflict with the Fangool Tamba Faye (the "great Fangool of Ndiob"). [29]

In Senegambian culture

Serer personalities with the surname Faye or Fay

The following list is a sample of those personalities who are ethnically Serers of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania pertaining to the Serer patronym Faye or Fay:

Royalty

Kingdom of Sine

  • Maad a Sinig Waagaan Tening Jom Faye [6]
  • Maad a Sinig Wassyla Faye [12] (or Wassila Faye [30] )
  • Maad a Sinig Diessanou Faye [12]
  • Lingeer Gnilane Faye, sister of Maad a Sinig Diessanou Faye and wife of Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof [12]
  • Maad a Sinig Waagaan Kumbasaanjaan Faye [6]
  • Maad a Sinig Laasuk Fanaan Faye [6]
  • Lingeer-Awo [31] Yandeh Mbouna Faye, first wife of Maad Semou Njekeh Joof (founder of the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof). She was princess of Sine later the queen mother. [32]
  • Lingeer Gnilane Faye, she is the mother of Maad a Sinig Njaak Faye (from her first marriage) as well as the mother Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof (from her second marriage to the warlord Sandigue Ndiob Niokhobaye Joof). This queen mother was highly involved in the political affairs of Sine. The Battle of Ndoffène was a family crisis for Lingeer Gnilane, because it involved her second husband from the family Joof fighting for the succession of their youngest son (Ama Joof) against her eldest son Njaak Faye who was the king of Sine. Maad a Sinig Njaak Faye was defeated and killed in that battle. [17]
  • Maad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye [6] (var: Sanoumon Faye, [8] sometimes called Salmon Faye [33] ) – reigned 1871–1878 [8] A controversial king regarded as a great warrior king, [2] [34] but also viewed by his notables as a wicked king. [34] When his notables headed by the Farba—Mbar Yandé Ndiaye Faye [35] (his general) called his nephew Semou Maak Joof (the future king of Sine whom Sanmoon previously defeated and driven out of Sine) to help them defeat Maad a Sinig Sanmoon Faye, he sought French protection and practically ceded to the French the sovereignty of Sine, though he never kept to the terms of the treaty. There was little support from the French. [34] It was during and after his reign that the Kingdom of Sine was ravaged with dynastic struggles, where the kings succeeded one another at an astounding rate. [36]

Jolof

  • Lingeer Gnilane Faye (of Sine), she was married off to the Njie royal family of Jolof, some of which later settled in Saloum. Her son Waljojo (or Waldiodio) did become king of Sine. [37]

Academia

Politics

Military

Art and entertainment

Sport

Assassins

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Sine</span> Post-classical Serer kingdom in Senegal

The Kingdom of Sine was a post-classical Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called Siin-Siin or Sine-Sine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saltigue</span> Title for Serer high priests and priestesses

The Saltigue, are Serer high priests and priestesses who preside over the religious ceremonies and affairs of the Serer people, such as the Xooy ceremony, the biggest event in the Serer religious calendar. They usually come from ancient Serer paternal families, and the title is inherited by birthright. In Serer country, Saltigue are always diviners.

Maad a Signig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof was the King of Sine in modern-day Senegal. Maad a Sinig means king of Sine. He ruled from 1853 until his death on 23 August 1871. He was the son of Maad Souka Ndela Joof and Lingeer Gnilane Jogoy Joof. His father – Maad Souka Ndela came from The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof founded by Maad Semou Njekeh Joof in the early 18th century, which was the third and last Royal House of Joof family of Sine and Saloum. His paternal family ruled three Kingdoms : Sine, Kingdom of Saloum and previously the Kingdom of Baol. They descended from Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof the 13th century King of Lâ (Laah) in Baol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</span> Religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts of the 19th century

The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune, also known as the Battle of Somb or the Battle of Somb-Tioutioune, occurred on 18 July 1867. It was a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts in 19th-century Senegal and the Gambia, but it also had a political and economic dimension to it: vendetta and empire-building. Fandane, Thiouthioune and Somb were part of the pre-colonial Serer Kingdom of Sine, now part of independent Senegal.

Guelowar, also spelled Gelwar, Guelwar, Guelware, Gueleware or Gueloware, was a maternal dynasty in the pre-colonial Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum. They were from the Mandinka ethnic group. The offspring of Mandinka women and Serer men became the kings of Sine and Saloum. The dynasty lasted from the mid-14th century to 1969, the year both kings died.

Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof was the last king to rule the Serer Kingdom of Sine, now part of independent Senegal. Maad a Sinig means king of Sine in the Serer language. He reigned from 1924 until his death in 1969. After his death, the Kingdom of Sine was incorporated into independent Senegal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joof family</span> Serer clan of Senegambia, West Africa

Joof or Diouf is a surname that is typically Serer. This surname is also spelt Juuf or Juf.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maad a Sinig</span> Title for the King of Sine in the Serer language

Maad a Sinig means king of Sine. The ancient Kingdom of Sine, now part of Senegal, was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom. Their kings were titled Maad or Maad. The royal title Maad is sometimes used interchangeably with their ancient kings and landowners - the Lamanes. Between 1350 and 1969, more than fifty Serer kings have been crowned Maad a Sinig.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</span> 19th century Sine king

Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof was a king of Sine now part of present-day Senegal. He reigned from c. 1825 to 1853. He was fluent in several languages. He came from The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof. Maad a Sinig means king of Sine in the Serer-Sine language. The term Bur Sine is also used interchangeably with the proper title Maad a Sinig or Mad a Sinig. They both mean king Sine. Bour Sine is usually used by the Wolof people when referring to the Serer kings of Sine. The Serer people generally used the term Maad a Sinig or Mad a Sinig when referring to their kings.

Maad Semou Njekeh Joof was a member of the Joof Dynasty of the Kingdom of Sine now part of independent Senegal. Maad means king and Maad a Sinig means king of Sine in Serer. He was the founder of the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof, founded in the early eighteenth century. His royal house was the third and last royal house founded by the Joof family of Sine and Saloum. Since its foundation, at least seven kings of Sine from his royal house had succeeded to the throne including his son Maad a Sinig Boukar Tjilas Sanghaie Joof.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buumi</span>

Buumi was a royal title in the pre-colonial Serer Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and Baol, as well as in the Jolof Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thilas</span>

Thilas was an ancient title of nobility used in the Serer pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and previously the Kingdom of Baol, which are all now part of modern-day Senegal. The Thilas was the second in the order of succession to the throne after the Buumi who was the heir apparent. Only members of the royal family could hold this title. When a Maad a Sinig dies without a Buumi, the Thilas could ascend the throne at the discretion of the Great Jaraff and his Noble Council of Electors responsible for electing the kings from the royal family. In the history of Sine to its 20th century history, such an incident is only known to have occurred once, at the succession of Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof whose predecessor died without a Buumi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</span>

Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof, also known as Kumba Ndoffene Joof II or Bour Sine Coumba Ndoffène Fandepp Diouf, was a King of Sine. Maad a Sinig translates as "King of Sine", Maad meaning king in the Serer language. The surname Joof is the English spelling in the Gambia. Diouf is the French spelling in Senegal.

The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof was founded in the early 18th century by Maad Semou Njekeh Joof from the Kingdom of Sine, now part of present-day Senegal. It was the third and last royal house founded by the Joof family – during the Guelowar period, since the reignes of Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh and Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof. From the date of its foundation up to the dissolution of Sine in 1969, at least seven kings from this royal house had succeeded to the throne of Sine.

This is a timeline of the history and development of Serer religion and the Serer people of Senegal, The Gambia and Mauritania. This timeline merely gives an overview of their history, consisting of calibrated archaeological discoveries in Serer countries, Serer religion, politics, royalty, etc. Dates are given according to the Common Era. For a background to these events, see Roog, Serer religion, Serer creation myth, Serer prehistory, Lamane, States headed by Serer Lamanes, Serer history and Serer people.

Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof is one of the patriarchs of the Joof family, himself the medieval King of Laah in Baol now part of independent Senegal. He ruled from the late 13th century to the early 14th century, c. 1290. His descendants from the branch of Maad Patar Kholleh Joof ruled the pre-colonial Kingdoms of Sine, Saloum and Baol, from the 14th century to 1969. The last king of Sine and Saloum died in 1969. After their deaths, the Serer States of Sine and Saloum were incorporated into independent Senegal. His descendants went on to found three royal houses:

Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh was a king described in the oral tradition of the Serer pre-colonial Kingdom of Sine and the first of the Guelowar maternal dynasty to rule in Serer country. He reigned as Maad a Sinig from c. 1350 to 1370.

The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof was a royal house founded in the 14th century by Jaraff Boureh Gnilane Joof. He was a member the Serer tribe, from the pre-colonial Kingdom of Sine now part of independent Senegal. It was the first royal house founded by the Joof family during the Guelowar period. Boureh Gnilane Joof was a royal prince and a Jaraff, a Serer title of nobility with the powers of a prime minister. He was neither a Maad a Sinig nor a Maad Saloum but a royal prince who had the title Jaraff bestowed upon him by his cousin and brother-in-law - Maad a Sinig Diessanou Faye. His father Maad Patar Kholleh Joof was the king of Laa and Teigne of Baol. Boureh's brothers were the first from this house to have succeeded to the throne of Sine during the Guelowar period. His name was adopted in his honour to refer to the first royal house founded by the Joof family during this dynastic period. The Joof family of Sine, from this royal house also ruled in the Kingdom of Saloum The Joof family also ruled in Baol. From the date of its foundation up to the abolition of the Serer monarchies of Sine and Saloum in 1969, at least ten kings from this house had succeeded to the throne of Sine. As the first royal house of Sine founded by the Joof family in this dynastic period, the Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof holds great significance in Senegambian, Joof family and Serer history, because all the subsequent royal houses founded by the Joof family branched out from this royal house.

The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof was the second royal house founded by the Joof family during the Guelowar dynastic period of Sine. The Guelowar period commences from c. 1350 during the reign of Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali and ends in 1969 following the deaths of the last Serer kings of Sine and Saloum and the disestablishment of the monarchies in Serer countries. The pre-colonial Kingdom of Sine now lies within present-day Senegal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boukar Djillakh Faye</span> Patriarch of the Faye dynasty of Sine

Boukar Djillakh Faye was a 14th-century Serer wrestler (njom) from the post-classical Kingdom of Sine which lies within present-day Senegal.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p 19
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in French) L’EPOPEE DE SANMOON FAY", Ethiopiques n°54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série volume 7 2e semestre 1991 Archived 2018-05-29 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 14 August 2012)
  3. 1 2 3 Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", p 705-6 (pp 4-5)
  4. ↑ Variation: Tening Diom
  5. ↑ Serer proper: Waagaan Tening Jom Fay. Other variations: Wagane Tening Diom Faye or Waagane Massa Faye
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 (in French) Ndiaye, Fata, "La saga du peuple sérère et l'Histoire du Sine", in Éthiopiques (revue), numéro 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991 Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Variation: Waagaan Koumba Sandiane Faye (see Diouf, pp 716–7 (p 11)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Klein, Martin A, Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press, 1968, p. XV
  9. 1 2 Crétois, Léonce, Becker, Charles "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983), p iv.
  10. ↑ Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France) Laboratoire d'ethnobotanique et d'ethnozoologie, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), "Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée: JATBA., Volumes 32–33", Laboratoire d'ethnobotanique et d'ethnozoologie, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (1985), p 233
  11. 1 2 3 Lamoise, LE P., "Grammaire de la langue sérère avec des exemples et des exercises renfermant des documents très utiles", Imprimerie de la Mission (1873)
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Diouf, pp 708-9 (pp 5-6)
  13. ↑ Faye, Louis Diène, Mort et naissance: le monde Sereer, Nouvelles éditions africaines, 1983, p. 56 ISBN   2-7236-0868-9
  14. ↑ Diouf, pp 706-7 (pp 5-5)
  15. ↑ Diouf, pp 709-10 (pp 6-7)
  16. ↑ Diouf, pp 719-20 (pp 12-13)
  17. 1 2 Diouf, pp 724-725
  18. ↑ Diouf, p 726
  19. ↑ Diouf, Cheikh, "Fiscalité et Domination Coloniale: l'exemple du Sine: 1859-1940", Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2005)
  20. ↑ Klein, pp 55-59
  21. ↑ Diouf, pp 726-727
  22. ↑ Klein, p90
  23. ↑ Diouf, pp 727-729
  24. ↑ Klein, pp 90-93
  25. ↑ Waagaan / Wagane Tening Jom Faye is also spelled Wagane Tening Diom Faye (following its French spelling in Senegal). The names of his children are also spelled: Mba Wagane, Ndougou Wagane, Yakis Wagane, Karabel Wagane, Biram Diakher Wagane, Ngom Wagane, Toma Wagane, Khandiang Wagane, Ndiène Wagane and Lassouk Wagane (see Diouf, p 707(p 5). See also:
    Sarr (page 22) for the name variations : Yakisse Wagane, Dougou-Dougou Wagane, Khandiang Wagane, Diokel Wagane and Koly Mbégane Wagane. The names Diokel and Koly are not provided by Niokhobaye Diouf.
    Tasse Faye or Tassé Faye (following its French spelling in Senegal) succeeded Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh (or Maïssa Wali Dione) who ruled from 1350 - 1370 (see Sarr, p 19).
  26. ↑ Gravrand, "Pangool", p 386
  27. ↑ (in French) Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer – Pangool", vol.2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, (1990), p 363, ISBN   2-7236-1055-1
  28. ↑ Variation: Boukar Tjilas Mahé Soum Diouf
  29. ↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 723 (p 14)
  30. 1 2 Sarr, Benjamin Sombel, "Sorcellerie et univers religieux chrétien en Afrique", l'Harmattan (2008), p 19, ISBN   2296059163
  31. ↑ The Lingeer-Awo is the first wife of a king.
  32. ↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp 722–732 (pp 14
  33. ↑ (in French) "CARNET DE ROUTE – DIAKHAO Dans la cour des Bour Sine" [in] Setal net (Retrieved 15 August 2012)
  34. 1 2 3 Klein, pp 106-9
  35. 1 2 Diouf, p 730 (p 18)
  36. ↑ Klein, p 46
  37. ↑ Diouf, p 717 (p 11)
  38. ↑ Klein, p 106–7
  39. ↑ (in French) République du Sénégal, Primature Secretariat General du Gouvernment, Journal Officiel "MINISTERE DES FORCES ARMEES, Décret n° 2007-1486 du 10 décembre 2007" Archived 2015-06-09 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 14 August 2012)
  40. ↑ (in French)"Liste des 197 Officiers de la Promotion GDG 70–72" [in] Association promotion gènèral de Gaulle Archived 2009-02-09 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.