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Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea and Djibouti to the north, Somaliland to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, South Sudan to the west and Sudan to the northwest. Ethiopia has a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000
The national flag of Ethiopia is a green, gold, and red tricolour with the National Emblem, a golden pentagram on a blue disc, superimposed at the center. While the colors green, gold, and red in combination held symbolic importance since at least the early 17th century, the modern tricolour was first adopted on 11 October 1897, and the present flag on 31 October 1996.
Oromia is a regional state in Ethiopia and the homeland of the Oromo people. The capital city of the State of Oromia is Addis Ababa, also known as Finfinne by Oromia Supreme Court. Currently the state consists of 21 administrative zones. Towns in the region include Adama, Ambo, Asella, Badessa, Bale Robe, Bedele, Bishoftu, Begi, Bule Hora, Burayu, Chiro, Dembidolo, Fiche, Gimbi, Goba, Haramaya, Holeta, Jimma, Metu, Negele Arsi, Nekemte, Sebeta, Shashamane and Waliso, among many others. It is bordered by the Somali Region to the east; the Amhara Region, the Afar Region and the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to the north; Dire Dawa to the northeast; the South Sudanese state of Upper Nile, Gambela Region, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region and Sidama Region to the west; the Eastern Province of Kenya to the south; as well as Addis Ababa as an enclave surrounded by Special Zone in its center and the Harari Region as an enclave surrounded by East Hararghe in its east. The Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency projected the 2017 population of Oromia as 35,467,001; this makes it the largest regional state by population. It is also the largest regional state covering 353,690 square kilometers. Oromia is the world's 42nd most populous subnational entity, and the most populous subnational entity in Africa.
The Somali Civil War is an ongoing civil war which is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed Forces began engaging in combat against various armed rebel groups, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest, and the United Somali Congress in the south. The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991.
According to the U.S. Department of State's human rights report for 2004 and similar sources, the Ethiopian government's human rights "remained poor; although there were improvements, serious problems remained". The report listed numerous cases where police and security forces are said to have harassed, illegally detained, tortured, and/or killed individuals, who were members of opposition groups or accused of being insurgents. Thousands of suspects remained in detention without charge, and lengthy pretrial detention continued to be a problem. Prison conditions were poor. The government often ignores citizens' privacy rights and laws regarding search warrants. Freedom House agrees; the site gave Ethiopia a six out of seven, which means that it is not free. Although fewer journalists have been arrested, detained, or punished in 2004 than in previous years, the government nevertheless continues to restrict freedom of the press. The government limits freedom of assembly, particularly for members of opposition groups, and security forces have used excessive force to break up demonstrations. Violence and discrimination against women continue to be problems. Female genital mutilation is widespread, although efforts to curb the practice have had some effect. The economic and sexual exploitation of children continues, as does human trafficking. Forced labor, particularly among children, is a persistent problem. Low-level government interference with labor unions continues. Although the government generally respected the free exercise of religion, local authorities at times interfere with religious practice. In order to improve Ethiopia's image, they hired US agencies to improve Ethiopia's image for $2.5 million. According to report of amnesty international 2016/2017 prolonged protests over political, economic, social and cultural grievances were met with excessive and lethal force by police. The report added that the crackdown on the political opposition saw mass arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill-treatment, unfair trials and violations of the rights to freedom of expression and association. On 9 October, the government announced a state of emergency, which led to further human rights violations. In September 2018, more than 20 have died in ethnic based attacks. Protestors outside the capital have been calling for the prime minister to issue a state of emergency to prevent further killings.
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The Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX) is a commodities exchange established April 2008 in Ethiopia. In Proclamation 2007-550, which created the ECX, its stated objective was "to ensure the development of an efficient modern trading system" that would "protect the rights and benefits of sellers, buyers, intermediaries, and the general public."
Adigrat University is a residential national university in Adigrat, Tigray, Ethiopia. It is approximately 900 kilometres (560 mi) north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Education admits qualified students to Adigrat University based on their score on the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination (EHEEE). Facilities at the university's campuses were "completely destroyed" during the Tigray War.
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Fano, also FANO or Fanno, is an Amhara youth group in Ethiopia, perceived as either a protest group/nationalist movement or an armed militia. Fano members are accused of participating in ethnic massacres, including that of 58 Qemant people in Metemma during 10–11 January 2019. They are also accused of participating in the Mai Kadra massacre, which Amnesty International, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, and the Ethiopian Human Rights Council attributed to local Tigrayan youths, and in the Humera massacre, during the 2020 Tigray conflict. In March 2020, the leader of one of the groups called Fano, Solomon Atanaw, stated that the Fano would not disarm until Benishangul-Gumuz Region's Metekel Zone and the Tigray Region districts of Welkait and Raya are placed under the control of Amhara Region.
Bilateral relations exist between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in the political, socio–economic, cultural and other spheres. Cooperation is carried out in such areas as economy, trade, education, culture, media, engineering, energy, and medicine.
The Benishangul-Gumuz conflict is an armed conflict mostly in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region in Ethiopia that started in 2019.
The Ethiopian Reconciliation Commission is a truth and reconciliation commission created in Ethiopia in December 2018.
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References
- ↑ Yusuf, Abdulkader M.; Fitiwi, Mahlet (2017-09-21). "Compendium of key environmental laws of Ethiopia" (PDF). Forum on Environment . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-12-26. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
- ↑ "Federal Negarit Gazeta" (PDF). Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia . 1995-08-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-11-04. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
