Fediverse

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The fediverse is a collection of social networking services that can communicate with each other (formally known as federation) using a common protocol. Users of different websites can send and receive status updates, multimedia files and other data across the network. The term fediverse is a portmanteau of "federation" and "universe". [1]

Contents

A widely used symbol for the fediverse Fediverse logo proposal.svg
A widely used symbol for the fediverse

The majority of fediverse platforms that are available are free and open-source software, and are based on the ActivityPub protocol. However, alternative protocols such as AT Protocol and Nostr have formed their own networks separate from ActivityPub. [2]

Design

While a traditional social networking service will host all its content on servers managed by the owner of the website, the decentralized servers that make up the fediverse allow any individual or organization to host their own servers (referred to as an "instance").

Every instance is independent, and can set its own rules and expectations. Even so, much like how users of one email service such as Gmail can still send emails to users of another service such as Outlook, users may still view content and interact with users on any other instance in the fediverse. A user on one Mastodon instance, for example, may still view and interact with posts made by a user on a different Mastodon instance. [3]

Instances hosted by different social networking services may communicate with one another as well. A user on the microblogging platform Misskey, for example, may view and interact with posts made by users on Mastodon. Some fediverse networks even allow users to interact with different social networking formats from the same platform. For example, a user on a social news instance running Lemmy can interact with another post from a kbin instance, a similar service as well as microblog statuses from Mastodon. [4] [5]

History

Historical protocols

Excerpt of common protocols and platforms in the fediverse (2023) A view into the Fediverse.png
Excerpt of common protocols and platforms in the fediverse (2023)

The concept and the functionality of the fediverse has existed before the ActivityPub protocol and the term itself. One of the first projects that included support for a decentralized social networking service was Laconica, a microblogging platform which implemented the OpenMicroBlogging protocol for communicating between different installations of the software. The software was later renamed to StatusNet in 2009, [6] before being merged into the GNU social project in 2013 along with Free Social, with the two latter servers being a fork of StatusNet. [7] [8]

Over time, the limitations of the OpenMicroBlogging protocol began to show, as it was designed as a one-way text messaging system. [9] To replace the aging protocol, OStatus was devised as an open standard for microblogging, combining various other technologies like Salmon, Atom, PubSubHubbub and ActivityStreams into a single protocol used for communicating between instances. StatusNet first implemented the protocol in March 3, 2010 with version 0.9.0, and quickly became the most popular federated protocol in usage.

Around the same time as OStatus was gaining popularity, the Diaspora (stylized as diaspora*) social network was formed, using its own federated protocol. To illustrate the differences between the two protocols, the terms of the fediverse and the federation began to enter common usage, mainly after 2017. The term "the fediverse" was used to describe the network formed by software using the OStatus protocol, such as GNU Social, Mastodon, and Friendica, in contrast to the competing diaspora* protocol under "the federation". [10]

ActivityPub

In December 2012, the flagship GNU social instance at the time, identi.ca, began to transition away from OStatus to a new protocol named Pump.io. The new protocol was designed to be useful for more than just status updates, and replaced Salmon, Atom and PubSubHubbub with JSON-LD and a REST API for its messaging and inbox systems, as well as making more use of ActivityStreams. While not as active and developed as its OStatus predecessor, it would end up becoming influential in the development of the ActivityPub standard.

The various platforms of the fediverse, as well as other federated networks, visualised as a tree Fediverse branches 1.2.png
The various platforms of the fediverse, as well as other federated networks, visualised as a tree

In January 2018, the W3C presented the ActivityPub protocol as a recommended standard. [11] The standard aimed to improve the interoperability between different software packages running on a wide network of servers and to succeed both the OStatus protocol and Pump.io. [12] By 2019, almost all software that was previously using OStatus had removed the protocol in favor of ActivityPub (Friendica being a notable exception, including support for OStatus and diaspora* along with ActivityPub), [13] [14] and the term fediverse has since come to mainly refer to the ActivityPub protocol and its supporting server software.[ citation needed ]

Adoption

For most of its history, adoption of the fediverse from users had been minimal due to its poor user experience and over-reliance on technical details and complex terminology, [15] [16] as well as from existing platforms due to a lack of general interest among their userbase as well as development costs outweighing any potential benefits.

Following the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk in November 2022, certain major social networks, including Threads, [17] [18] Tumblr and Flipboard have expressed interest in supporting the ActivityPub protocol, as a large number of users began to migrate to Mastodon, a server that supported the fediverse and was also the most popular alternative to Twitter at the time. Flickr had also expressed support in supporting ActivityPub, however no information was released by the company after the initial tweets by the CEO and is suspected to be on hold or cancelled. [19] [20]

Microblogging

Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg tweeted on November 22, 2022 that Tumblr was adding support for ActivityPub interoperability, in response to a user's complaints about Mastodon's complexity. [21] However, no further information was revealed for over a year, and was expected to be cancelled after a leaked reorganization that moved most of Tumblr's staff to other Automattic projects. However, in an AMA following the leak, he revealed that the interoperability feature was not cancelled and that there was a small team working on studying the potential of implementing the protocol. [22]

The release of Threads by Meta in July 2023 had included in its press release that it planned to support interoperability with the ActivityPub protocol in the future. [23] [24] In December 2023, select Meta employees began to federate with ActivityPub. [25] A roadmap was revealed in January 2024 that detailed the integration of ActivityPub in Threads. [26]

In March 2024, Threads implemented a beta version of fediverse support, allowing Threads users to view the number of fediverse users that liked their post, and allowing fediverse users to view posts from Threads on their own instances. [27] [28] [29] On April 2, the official Threads account for President Joe Biden enabled federation on its profile, making Biden the first President of the United States to have a presence on the fediverse. [30]

News aggregators

In December 2023, Flipboard announced that it has begun to federate selected profiles and magazines with the fediverse. It had previously ran its own Mastodon instance, flipboard.social, as a test of the fediverse. [31]

Content management systems

Hubzilla [32] is a CMS for federated Hubs with also ActivityPub connectivity. Hubzilla provides blogs, articles, calendars/events, a cloud storage and much more. It works with WebDav, CalDAV, CardDAV and provides an access and permission system which works across Hubs and fediverse instances.

WordPress has an officially supported plugin that integrates WordPress blogs into the fediverse, allowing for comments to be exchanged between the comment section of a blog post and a fediverse instance's reply function. The plugin was acquired by Automattic in March 2023, [33] and became available for all WordPress.com users in October of that same year. [34] [35] Ghost, a blogging platform and content management system similar to Substack announced in April 2024 that they would be implementing fediverse support via ActivityPub. [36] [37] [38] Previously, the feature had been highly requested on the Ghost forums, becoming the second most voted feature request in its forum category. [39]

Software

See also

Related Research Articles

Microblogging is a form of blogging using short posts without titles known as microposts. Microblogs "allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links", which may be the major reason for their popularity. Some popular social networks such as Twitter, Threads, Mastodon, Tumblr, Koo, and Instagram can be viewed as collections of microblogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU social</span> Free and open source software microblogging service

GNU social is a free and open source microblogging server written in PHP that implemented the OStatus and ActivityPub standard for interoperability between installations. While offering functionality similar to Twitter, GNU social seeks to provide the potential for open and distributed communications between microblogging communities. Enterprises and individuals can install and control their own services and data.

OpenMicroBlogging is a deprecated protocol that allows different microblogging services to inter-operate. It lets the user of one service subscribe to notices by a user of another service. This enables a federation of new communities, as potentially an organization of any size can host a service. OpenMicroBlogging utilizes the OAuth and Yadis protocols and does not depend on any central authority.

A distributed social network or federated social network is an Internet social networking service that is decentralized and distributed across distinct service providers, such as the Fediverse or the IndieWeb. It consists of multiple social websites, where users of each site communicate with users of any of the involved sites. From a societal perspective, one may compare this concept to that of social media being a public utility.

Flipboard is a news aggregator and social network aggregation company based in Palo Alto, California, with offices in New York, Vancouver, and Beijing. Its software, also known as Flipboard, was first released in July 2010. It aggregates content from social media, news feeds, photo sharing sites, and other websites, presents it in magazine format, and allows users to "flip" through the articles, images, and videos being shared. Readers can also save stories into Flipboard magazines. As of March 2016 the company claims there have been 28 million magazines created by users on Flipboard. The service can be accessed via web browser, or by a Flipboard application for Microsoft Windows and macOS, and via mobile apps for iOS and Android. The client software is available at no charge and is localized in 21 languages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">OStatus</span> Open microblogging protocol

OStatus is an open standard for federated microblogging, allowing users on one website to send and receive status updates with users on another website. The standard describes how a suite of open protocols, including Atom, Activity Streams, WebSub, Salmon, and WebFinger, can be used together, which enables different microblogging server implementations to route status updates between their users back-and-forth, in near real-time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friendica</span> Free software for distributed social networks

Friendica is a free and open-source software distributed social network. It forms one part of the Fediverse, an interconnected and decentralized network of independently operated servers.

Distributed social network projects generally develop software, protocols, or both.

pump.io General purpose activity streams engine

pump.io is a general-purpose activity streams engine that can be used as a federated social networking protocol which "does most of what people really want from a social network". Started by Evan Prodromou, it is a follow-up to GNU social, and is designed to be more lightweight and usable for general data instead of just microblogging. The largest StatusNet instance at the time, Identi.ca, which was the largest StatusNet service and ran by Prodromou, switched to pump.io in June 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PeerTube</span> Decentralised video hosting network

PeerTube is a free and open-source, decentralized, ActivityPub federated video platform powered by WebTorrent, that uses peer-to-peer technology to reduce load on individual servers when viewing videos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastodon (social network)</span> Self-hosted social network software

Mastodon is free and open-source software for running self-hosted social networking services. It has microblogging features similar to Twitter, which are offered by a large number of independently run nodes, known as instances or servers, each with its own code of conduct, terms of service, privacy policy, privacy options, and content moderation policies.

Micro.blog is a microblogging and social networking service created by Manton Reece. It is the first large multi-user social media service to support the Webmention and Micropub standards published by the World Wide Web Consortium, and is part of the Fediverse, supporting ActivityPub.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ActivityPub</span> Decentralized social networking protocol

ActivityPub is an open, decentralized social networking protocol based on Pump.io's ActivityPump protocol. It provides a client/server API for creating, updating, and deleting content, as well as a federated server-to-server API for delivering notifications and content.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pixelfed</span> Open source photo-sharing platform

Pixelfed is a free and open-source image sharing social network service. The platform distinguishes itself from other image sharing services through its decentralized architecture, meaning user data is not stored on a central server. It uses the ActivityPub protocol, allowing users to interact with other social networks within the protocol, such as Mastodon, PeerTube, and Friendica. Pixelfed and other platforms utilizing this protocol are considered to be part of the Fediverse. The network is made up of several independent sites that communicate with one another, which is roughly comparable to e-mail providers. The parties involved do not all have to be registered with the same provider, but can still communicate with each other. Thus, users are able to sign up on any server and follow others on the other instances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bluesky (social network)</span> Decentralized social media network

Bluesky, also known as Bluesky Social, is a decentralized microblogging social platform and a public benefit corporation based in the United States. Jay Graber serves as the company's CEO and XMPP creator Jeremie Miller sit on its board of directors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugen Rochko</span> German software developer and creator of Mastodon

Eugen Rochko is a Russian-born German software developer, best known as the creator of Mastodon, a decentralized open-source social networking platform consisting of a large number of independently run nodes, known as instances, each with its own code of conduct, terms of service, privacy policy, privacy options, and moderation policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lemmy (social network)</span> Open source social media software

Lemmy is a free and open-source software for running self-hosted social news aggregation and discussion forums. These hosts, known as "instances", communicate with each other using the ActivityPub protocol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobilizon</span> Open source event planning software

Mobilizon is an open source software for event planning and group management, launched in October 2020 by Framasoft to offer a free alternative to the platforms of GAFAM. Mobilizon gained much visibility in hacker circles relatively fast, but also soon within cultural scene in Europe and more recently in the mainstream IT media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nostr</span> Decentralized social networking protocol

Nostr is a decentralized network protocol for a distributed social networking system. The name is an acronym for "Notes and Other Stuff Transmitted by Relays". It was designed with goals of censorship-resistance in mind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Misskey</span> Free software federated social networking service

Misskey is self-hosted social networking software. It is commonly used as part of the Fediverse network, with Mastodon and similar software.

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of fediverse". PCMAG. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Bluesky: An Open Social Web". Bluesky. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  3. ↑ Woloshyn, Roxannna (July 19, 2023). "What is the fediverse and why does Threads want to join?". CBC. Archived from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Home | kbin.pub – Fediverse of content". /kbin. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 24, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Mbin - a fork of kbin - community-focused". fedidb.org/software/mbin. Archived from the original on February 28, 2024. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  6. ↑ "Laconica is now StatusNet « StatusNet – Open Source microblogging service". August 31, 2009. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  7. ↑ "GNU social". June 8, 2013. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  8. ↑ "StatusNet, Identi.ca, and transitioning to pump.io [LWN.net]". lwn.net. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Understanding OStatus | StatusNet". December 26, 2011. Archived from the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  10. ↑ Tilley, Sean (September 24, 2017). "A quick guide to The Free Network". We Distribute. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  11. ↑ "Victory for libre networks: ActivityPub is now a W3C recommended standard — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software". www.fsf.org. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  12. ↑ "Pleroma Encyclical: ActivityPub". Lainblog. February 10, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  13. ↑ "Remove OStatus-related code · Issue #10740 · mastodon/mastodon". GitHub. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  14. ↑ "Mastodon 3.0". October 11, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Why the Fediverse is so slowly adopted – Rand0mise it!" . Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  16. ↑ Böck, Max (November 12, 2022). "The IndieWeb for Everyone". Max Böck. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  17. ↑ "Introducing Threads: A New Way to Share with Text". July 5, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. Our vision is that people using compatible apps will be able to follow and interact with people on Threads without having a Threads account, and vice versa, ushering in a new era of diverse and interconnected networks.
  18. ↑ Bell, Karissa (July 5, 2023). "Meta's Threads app is here to challenge Twitter". Engadget. Yahoo. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  19. ↑ Davenport, Corbin (November 25, 2022). "Tumblr and Flickr Might Join Mastodon's "Fediverse" Network". How-To Geek. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  20. ↑ "Flickr: The Help Forum: ActivityPub/Mastodon support status". www.flickr.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  21. ↑ Perez, Sarah (November 21, 2022). "Tumblr to add support for ActivityPub, the social protocol powering Mastodon and other apps". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  22. ↑ Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2023). "Tumblr's 'fediverse' integration is still being worked on, says owner and Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  23. ↑ "Introducing Threads: A New Way to Share With Text". Meta. July 5, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  24. ↑ Mehta, Ivan (July 5, 2023). "Adam Mosseri says Meta's Threads app won't have ActivityPub support at launch". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  25. ↑ Davis, Wes (December 13, 2023). "Threads is officially starting to test ActivityPub integration". The Verge. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  26. ↑ "How Threads will integrate with the Fediverse – plasticbag.org". January 12, 2024. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  27. ↑ Mark, Zuckerberg (March 21, 2024). "Threads". www.threads.net. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  28. ↑ Roth, Emma (March 21, 2024). "Threads' fediverse beta opens to share your posts on Mastodon, too". The Verge. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  29. ↑ Forristal, Lauren (March 21, 2024). "Threads opens beta to let users connect their accounts to the fediverse". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  30. ↑ Davis, Wes (April 2, 2024). "President Biden is now posting into the fediverse". The Verge. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  31. ↑ McCue, Mike (December 19, 2023). "Flipboard Begins to Federate". Medium. Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  32. ↑ https://hubzilla.org |date=2024-05-10 |title=Hubzilla |url=https://hubzilla.org/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=hubzilla.org |language=en
  33. ↑ "Making the Social Web a Better Place: ActivityPub for WordPress Joins the Automattic Family". WordPress.com News. March 17, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  34. ↑ "Engage a Wider Audience With ActivityPub on WordPress.com". WordPress.com News. October 11, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  35. ↑ Sato, Mia (October 11, 2023). "WordPress now offers official support for ActivityPub". The Verge. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  36. ↑ Patel, Nilay (April 22, 2024). "Newsletter platform Ghost adopts ActivityPub to 'bring back the open web'". The Verge. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Newsletter service Ghost will support the fediverse protocol ActivityPub". Engadget. April 22, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  38. ↑ "Building ActivityPub". Building ActivityPub. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  39. ↑ "Federate over ActivityPub". Ghost Forum. July 13, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  40. ↑ "FediDB".
  41. ↑ mastodon/mastodon, Mastodon, April 3, 2024, retrieved April 3, 2024
  42. ↑ "Misskey Hub – Official website of the Misskey Project". Misskey Hub. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  43. ↑ "Pleroma — a lightweight fediverse server". pleroma.social. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
  44. ↑ "Snac - A simple, minimalistic ActivityPub instance written in portable C". snac2. Retrieved April 19, 2024.
  45. ↑ "gabboman / wafrn".
  46. ↑ Pfefferle, Matthias. "ActivityPub". WordPress.org. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
  47. ↑ "ActivityPub". Drupal.org. February 23, 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Kazarma". kazar.ma. Archived from the original on July 27, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.
  49. ↑ Pierce, David (December 19, 2023). "2023 in social media: the case for the fediverse". The Verge. Retrieved January 11, 2024.

Further reading

Statistics and software overview

ActivityPub specification

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