Fulvophyton

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Fulvophyton
Fulvophyton serusiauxii.png
Fulvophyton serusiauxii; scale bar = 5 mm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Arthoniomycetes
Order: Arthoniales
Family: Roccellographaceae
Genus: Fulvophyton
Ertz & Tehler (2011)
Type species
Fulvophyton stalactinum
(Nyl.) Ertz & Tehler (2011)

Fulvophyton is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellographaceae. It has 11 species. [1] [2] Fulvophyton is characterised by its crust-like thallus, which is often pale yellowish-brown in colour. This genus features a photobiont from the green algal genus Trentepohlia and exhibits a unique arrangement of reproductive structures.

Contents

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed in 2011 by lichenologists Damien Ertz and Anders Tehler, as part of a molecular phylogenetic-based restructuring of the order Arthoniales. The genus encompasses species that were previously classified in the genus Sclerophyton , as proposed by Laurens Sparrius in 2004. [3] However, these species deviate from the type of that genus due to the presence of rounded to ellipsoid ascomata, which are often covered in white pruina , and a hyaline or pale hypothecium . The type species of Fulvophyton is F. stalactinum , a lichen first described by William Nylander in 1855 (as Chiodecton stalactinum). [4]

Description

The thallus of Fulvophyton is crustose and lacks a cortex ; it often has an algal-free zone formed by interwoven hyphae. The ascomata are punctiform or shortly lirellate , and immersed in the thallus, ranging from 0.05 to 0.6 by 0.05–0.3 mm in size. The hymenial disc is usually exposed and covered with white pruina . [4]

The excipulum is thin, hyaline or brown, measuring between 5–35  μm. The hypothecium is hyaline or pale brown, while the epihymenium displays a brown colouration. Paraphysoids are branched and anastomosing. Asci are cylindrical to clavate and 8-spored, measuring 60–120 by 12–25 μm. [4]

Ascospores are hyaline, fusiform or oblong, straight or slightly curved, featuring 3–7 (up to 12) distosepta . They exhibit a macrocephalic ascospores septation pattern, measuring 20–50 by 5–9 μm, and are surrounded by a distinct gelatinous sheath. Pycnidia are immersed and punctiform, appearing black. Conidia are hyaline, filiform , and curved, with dimensions of 12–18 by 0.8–1 μm. [4]

Species

As of May 2023, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 11 species of Fulvophyton. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthoniales</span> Order of fungi

The Arthoniales is the second largest order of mainly crustose lichens, but fruticose lichens are present as well. The order contains around 1500 species, while the largest order with lichenized fungi, the Lecanorales, contains more than 14000 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roccellaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Roccellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Arthoniomycetes. Most taxa are lichenized with green algae, although some are lichenicolous, growing on other lichens.

<i>Enterographa</i> Genus of lichen

Enterographa is a genus of lichens in the family Roccellaceae.

<i>Lecanographa</i> Genus of lichens in the family Lecanographaceae

Lecanographa is a genus of about 40 species of lichens in the family Lecanographaceae. It was circumscribed in 1994 by José M. Egea and Pilar Torrente, with Lecanographa lyncea as the type species.

<i>Lecanactis</i> Genus of lichen

Lecanactis is a genus of crustose lichens, commonly called old wood rimmed lichen. The genus was circumscribed in 1855 by German lichenologist Gustav Wilhelm Körber, who assigned Lecanactis abietina as the type species.

<i>Alyxoria</i> Genus of lichens

Alyxoria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Lecanographaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roccellographaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

Roccellographaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Arthoniales. It contains three genera: Dimidiographa, Fulvophyton, and Roccellographa.

Vigneronia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellaceae. It has five species. The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by Damien Ernst, with Vigneronia spieri assigned as the type species. This species, originally described as Schismatomma spieri from collections made in the Galápagos Islands, has since been recorded from mainland Ecuador and the Antilles (Curaçao). The genus is named after Ernst's wife, Nathalie Vigneron, who accompanied him on collecting trips.

Gyrographa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2014 by Damien Ernst and Anders Tehler, with Gyrographa gyrocarpa assigned as the type species. This lichen, originally described by Julius von Flotow in 1825, was first placed in the genus Opegrapha. Species in the genus have a crustose thallus lacking a cortex, and a dark brown prothallus. The photobiont partner is trentepholioid. The hypothecium is thick and carbonised, and the ascospores lack a gelatinous sheath; these characteristics distinguish it from Opegrapha species. The genus name alludes to the gyrose ascomata of the type species.

Diromma is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Roccellaceae. It contains the single species Diromma dirinellum, a rare crustose lichen that grows as a parasite on the lichen Dirina ceratoniae. It has a distribution restricted to the Mediterranean Basin.

Dirina badia is a species of crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found on the small desert mountains of northern Peru, where it grows on both stone and on bark.

Dirina cretacea is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Its distribution is largely in the eastern Mediterranean, and in Andalusia, Spain. It was formally described as a new species in 1899 by Alexander Zahlbruckner as a member of the genus Chiodecton. The type specimen was collected in Croatia. Anders Tehler transferred it to the genus Dirina in 1983. The lichen has a whitish-grey thallus lacking soralia, and a chalk-like medulla. Its ascomata have a circular outline and a diameter of up to 3.8 mm; the apothecial disc is also white grey with a layer of pruina, and is surrounded by a thalline margin. Ascospores measure 19–23 by 5–6 μm.

Vigneronia spieri is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found in the Galápagos Islands, mainland Ecuador and the Antilles (Curaçao).

Dirina monothalamia is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) in the family Roccellaceae. It occurs in Cape Verde and the nearby mainland of Senegal, where it is found in coastal outcrops on the bark of various trees; Senegalese populations are often on the bark of African baobab.

Dirina pacifica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. It is found in both Hawaii and the Galápagos Islands, where it grows in coastal outcrops. The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2013 by Anders Tehler and Damien Ertz. The type specimen was collected from Koolaupoko. The species epithet refers to the Pacific Ocean. It has a creamy white to greyish or brownish thallus lacking pruina, and a chalk-like medulla. Its ascomata have a circular outline up to 1.5 mm in diameter, with a whitish-grey disc. Its ascospores measure 19–27 by 4–5 μm. Dirina pacifica contains the lichen products erythrin, lecanoric acid, and sometimes three unidentified substances named "C", "F", and "G".

Dimidiographa is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Roccellographaceae. It has three species of crustose lichens, with Dimidiographa loandensis serving as the type species.

Dirina mexicana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. First identified in Mexico, it displays distinctive characteristics which set it apart from other species within the same genus. The lichen is unique for its varied hues and certain chemical characteristics that are seen in its thallus, or vegetative tissue. Typically growing on vertical or overhanging rocks and cliffs, Dirina mexicana can be found in specific regions across Mexico.

Enterographa incognita is a little-known species of crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. Found in Southeast Thailand, it is characterised by its sorediate features and its distinct ascomata and ascospores. This lichen, only known to occur in its type locality, thrives on large trunks in a mangrove environment.

Enterographa rotundata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Roccellaceae. This species was discovered in Brazil, growing on the smooth bark of trees in the Brazilian Caatinga forest. It has round apothecia, a feature that sets it apart from most of its kind.

<i>Fulvophyton serusiauxii</i> Species of lichen

Fulvophyton serusiauxii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Roccellographaceae. It has a distinct cream-coloured, areolate thallus and specific chemical characteristics. This lichen is only known from its type locality in Mexico where it grows on granite boulders near the Pacific Ocean shore.

References

  1. 1 2 "Fulvophyton". Catalogue of Life . Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453 [90]. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2 . S2CID   249054641.
  3. ↑ Sparrius, Laurens B. (2004). A monograph of Enterographa and Sclerophyton. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 89. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 65–81. ISBN   978-3-443-58068-1.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ertz, Damien; Tehler, Anders (2011). "The phylogeny of Arthoniales (Pezizomycotina) inferred from nucLSU and RPB2 sequences". Fungal Diversity. 49 (1): 47–71. doi:10.1007/s13225-010-0080-y. S2CID   19367958.
  5. ↑ Tehler, Anders; Ertz, Damien; Irestedt, Martin (2013). "The genus Dirina (Roccellaceae, Arthoniales) revisited". The Lichenologist. 45 (4): 427–476. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000121. S2CID   85670716.
  6. 1 2 3 Tehler, Anders (2017). "Three new combinations in the genus Fulvophyton (Roccellographaceae, Arthoniales)". The Lichenologist. 49 (2): 171–173. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000019. S2CID   90036138.
  7. ↑ Diederich, P.; Lücking, R.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Braun, U.; Ahti, T.; Ertz, D. (2017). "New species and new records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Seychelles". Herzogia. 30 (1): 182–236. doi:10.13158/heia.30.1.2017.182. S2CID   90006325.
  8. ↑ Sparrius, Laurens; Tehler, Anders; Kalb, Klaus (2020). "New species of Enterographa and Fulvophyton from Malaysia and Mexico". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (1): 185–188. doi: 10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0013 .
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