Gelria (bacterium)

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Gelria
Gelria bacteria.png
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Division:
Firmicutes
Class:
Clostridia
Order:
Thermoanaerobacterales
Family:
Thermoanaerobacteraceae
Genus:
Gelria

Plugge et al. 2002
Species

Gelria glutamica [1]

Gelria is a thermophilic, anaerobic, obligately syntrophic, glutamate-degrading, endospore-forming bacterial genus in the family Thermoanaerobacteraceae.

An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It may react negatively or even die if free oxygen is present.

Syntrophy, synthrophy, cross-feeding, or cross feeding [Greek syn meaning together, trophe meaning nourishment] is the phenomenon that one species lives off the products of another species. In this association, the growth of one partner is improved, or depends on the nutrients, growth factors or substrate provided by the other partner. Jan Dolfing described syntrophy as "the critical interdependency between producer and consumer". This term for nutritional interdependence is often used in microbiology to describe this symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. Morris et al. have described the process as "obligately mutualistic metabolism".

Endospore protective structure formed by bacteria

An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by certain bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. The name "endospore" is suggestive of a spore or seed-like form, but it is not a true spore. It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. Endospores enable bacteria to lie dormant for extended periods, even centuries. There are many reports of spores remaining viable over 10,000 years, and revival of spores millions of years old has been claimed. There is one report of viable spores of Bacillus marismortui in salt crystals approximately 250 million years old. When the environment becomes more favorable, the endospore can reactivate itself to the vegetative state. Most types of bacteria cannot change to the endospore form. Examples of bacteria that can form endospores include Bacillus and Clostridium.

Contents

The name of the genus comes from Gelre (present province of Gelderland), one of the 12 provinces in The Netherlands.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Gelria glutamica gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, obligately syntrophic, glutamate-degrading anaerobe. Caroline M Plugge, Melike Balk, Erwin G Zoetendal and Alfons J M Stams, IJSEM, March 2002, vol. 52, no. 2, page 401-407,


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