Giro di Lombardia

Giro di Lombardia

Race details
Date	Early October
Region	Lombardy, Italy
English name	Tour of Lombardy
Local name(s)	Giro di Lombardia Il Lombardia
Nickname(s)	La classica delle foglie morte(in Italian) Race of the Falling Leaves(in English)
Discipline	Road
Competition	UCI World Tour
Type	One-day Classic
Organiser	RCS Sport
Web site	www.ilombardia.it
History
First edition	1905 (1905)
Editions	117 (as of 2023)
First winner	Giovanni Gerbi  (ITA)
Most wins	Fausto Coppi  (ITA) (5 wins)
Most recent	Tadej Pogačar  (SLO)

The Giro di Lombardia (English: Tour of Lombardy), officially Il Lombardia, is a cycling race in Lombardy, Italy. ^[1] It is traditionally the last of the five 'Monuments' of the season, considered to be one of the most prestigious one-day events in cycling, and one of the last events on the UCI World Tour calendar. Nicknamed the Classica delle foglie morte ("the Classic of the falling (dead) leaves"), it is the most important Autumn Classic in cycling. The race's most famous climb is the Madonna del Ghisallo in the race finale.

The first edition was held in 1905. Since its creation, the Giro di Lombardia has been the classic with the fewest interruptions in cycling; only the editions of 1943 and 1944 were cancelled for reasons of war. Italian Fausto Coppi won a record five times.

Because of its demanding course, the race is considered a climbers classic, favouring climbers with strong descending skills and a strong sprint finish.

History

Milan–Milan

The Tour of Lombardy was created as an idea of journalist Tullo Morgagni. Morgagni wanted to give Milanese rider Pierino Albini the opportunity to take revenge for his defeat against Giovanni Cuniolo in the short-lived Italian King's Cup. His newspaper la Gazzetta dello Sport organized a new race as a 'rematch' on 12 November 1905, called Milano–Milano. The race attracted vast crowds along the course and ended in Milan with the victory of Giovanni Gerbi, at the time one of the stars of cycling. Gerbi won the race 40 minutes ahead of Giovanni Rossignoli and Luigi Ganna. ^[2]

Frenchman Henri Pélissier won the 1911 Giro di Lombardia in the sprint.

The race soon became a fixture as the closing race of the Italian and European cycling season. It was renamed Giro di Lombardia in 1907. After the pioneering years, the race was dominated alternately by Frenchman Henri Pélissier and local heroes Gaetano Belloni and Costante Girardengo, all winning the race three times.

Race of the Champions

Record winner Fausto Coppi won the race five times between 1946 and 1954.

From the 1930s to the 1950s, Alfredo Binda, Gino Bartali and Fausto Coppi, icons of Italian cycling, were the main protagonists and immortalized the race with their exploits. Coppi won the race 5 times (of which 4 consecutive wins) and Binda 4 times. Coppi finished solo on every win, following a successful strategy of attacking on the Madonna del Ghisallo and maintaining his lead to the finish in Milan. Gino Bartali was the king of the podium with 9 top-3 finishes (3 wins, 4 second places and 2 third places).

The race of 1956 was a particularly fascinating battle. At 60 km from the finish a breakaway was formed with Fausto Coppi, seeking his sixth victory. Italian rider Fiorenzo Magni had missed the break, and as he fell further behind, a car passed him with Giulia Occhini, Coppi's infamous mistress, sitting in the back. The two did not get on and as her car passed, Magni saw her sneer at him. Infuriated, Magni set out in an improbable solo pursuit of the breakaway and caught the leaders in the final kilometres. He and Coppi openly argued and André Darrigade, sensing their indecisiveness, attacked to claim the victory, thereby relegating Coppi and Magni to second and third place. ^[3]

In 1961, the finish of the Tour of Lombardy was moved from Milan to Como and the identity of the race changed fundamentally. The previous flat finale towards the finish in Milan was replaced with a spectacular finish by Lake Como, just 6 km after the top of the last climb. Despite an occasional return to finishing in Milan, the race had developed a new personality, defined by a series of arduous climbs amid a mountainous scenery. ^[4]

Over the years the race has been dominated mainly by Italian riders. Frenchman Henri Pelissier and Ireland's Sean Kelly were the only non-Italian riders to win the race three times. Cycling legend Eddy Merckx won three consecutive victories from 1971 to 1973, but his last win was stripped after a positive doping test and awarded to second-place finisher Felice Gimondi. ^[5]

The race of 1974 gave birth to another memorable anecdote. Eddy Merckx wanted to get his revenge, but fellow Belgian Roger De Vlaeminck attacked early in the race, inducing Merckx to make his team work in pursuit. De Vlaeminck, not really intending to go solo, stopped and hid behind a bush to let the peloton pass. He rode back to the front of the peloton and jokingly asked a baffled Merckx whom they were chasing. De Vlaeminck won the race ahead of Merckx. ^[6]

The Autumn Classic

For nearly 70 years the race was called "il Mondiale d'Autunno" in Italy ("the World Championship of Autumn"), as the real World Championship was held at the end of summer. It lost this particular role in 1995 when the UCI revolutionized the international cycling calendar and moved the World Championship from August to October, one week before the Giro di Lombardia.

From 1988 to 2004 the Tour of Lombardy was the final leg of the UCI Road World Cup and was often the decisive race in that competition. In 1997 Michele Bartoli needed to finish ahead of Rolf Sørensen in the race to be the winner of the 1997 World Cup. For 30 km he did solo work in a four-man breakaway, so sacrificing his chances to win the sprint. The edition was won by Frenchman Laurent Jalabert, Bartoli finished fourth and won the World Cup. ^[7]

Vincenzo Nibali won the 2015 and 2017 Giro di Lombardia.

The race had become the most important Autumn Classic together with Paris–Tours in France, which was mainly won by sprinters or escapees. By the early 21st century however, Paris–Tours lost its status as a World Tour race, and the Tour of Lombardy was the one remaining major Classic in autumn, the only Monument in the latter part of the year. Damiano Cunego imposed himself as the Lord of Lombardy with three victories.

In 2006, the race celebrated its 100th edition, won by Paolo Bettini, one week after becoming world champion. The edition was particularly emotional because Bettini's brother had died in a car accident just five days before the race, and the Italian was overcome with emotion when he crossed the finish line. ^[8] Bettini is one of seven riders to win the Tour of Lombardy after becoming world champion earlier the same year. The other six are Alfredo Binda, Tom Simpson, Eddy Merckx, Felice Gimondi, Giuseppe Saronni and Oscar Camenzind.

Since 2012 both the World Championship and the Giro di Lombardia have a new, earlier date on the calendar at the end of September, and the name officially became Il Lombardia. It was the beginning of a remarkable revival for the Monument race. The Tour of Lombardy is now the classic par excellence for riders to take revenge for the world championship or to achieve an "Autumn Double win". In recent years Philippe Gilbert, Joaquim Rodríguez and Vincenzo Nibali all won the race twice.

Route

Church of "Madonna del Ghisallo".

Like most of cycling's classics, the route has developed over the years, and the Tour of Lombardy has undergone more changes than any other cycling monument. Since the 1960s it has been notable for its hilly and varied course around Lake Como, to the northeast of Milan, with a flat finish in one of the cities on the shores of the lake.

Its signature symbol is the climb of the Madonna del Ghisallo, one of the iconic sanctuaries in cycling. The climb starts near Bellagio at the shore of the Como Lake, and heads up until the church of Madonna del Ghisallo (754 m), the patroness of cyclists. Over the years, it has become indelibly linked with the race and with cycling in general. It was the favourite climb of cycling greatnesses Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali, who immortalized it. The church also serves as a museum containing religious and cycling-related objects. ^[9]

Course changes

Originally the Tour of Lombardy was raced from Milan to Milan, and like many cycling classics, climbs were gradually introduced to the course, in a bid to make the race more demanding. In 1961, the finish was moved to Como and the character of the race changed fundamentally. The long and flat run-in to the finish in Milan was abandoned; in its place came a mountainous lake-side finish, just 6 km from the top of the last climb. The route usually has some changes every year, sometimes a complete restyling, only to be altered again the next edition.

Route of the 2008 edition

From 1984 to 1989 the finish returned to Milan and in 1990 to its suburb Monza, inviting attackers for long-distance breakaways. From 1995 to 2003 the finish was in Bergamo, with the Colle del Gallo (Col Gàl in Bergamasque) as the last climb of the day. The Colle del Gallo, with its sanctuary of the Madonna dei ciclisti at the top, often proved to be decisive.

In 2004, after twenty years, the finish returned to the lakefront in Como, with the short but steep San Fermo della Battaglia climb just before the arrival. The 2010 edition saw the re-introduction of the Muro di Sormano, a spectacular climb with a maximum gradient of 27%, which replaced the Civiglio after the Ghisallo. ^{[10] [11]}

In 2011 the route was fully renewed, with a first-time finish in Lecco. The Sormano was included again, but was climbed before the Ghisallo. After the Ghisallo, a flat stretch led to the final climb of the race: the steep Villa Vergano in Galbiate. After the descent only 3 km remained until the finish in Lecco. The 3,4 km climb of Villa Vergano was the decisive site in the 2011 and 2012 edition. ^[12]

In 2014 the finish was moved to Bergamo. Organizer RCS announced that from 2014 to 2017 the finish of the Tour of Lombardy will alternate between Bergamo and Como.

Race characteristics

The Giro di Lombardia is considered a climbers classic and one of the most arduous races of the season, because of its distance (ca. 255 km) and several famous climbs. Nowadays the route usually features five or six significant climbs. The best-known of them is the Madonna del Ghisallo, one of the few fixed locations of the race. The climb is 10,6 kilometres long, with an average gradient of 5.2% and stretches of over 10%.

Profile of the 2015 Tour of Lombardy

Because the race usually has a downhill or flat run-in to the finish, the main contenders are riders with a broad range of skills. As such, the course favours climbers with a strong sprint finish and even Grand Tour specialists. Time trial specialist Tony Rominger won the Tour of Lombardy twice in the 1990s and Tour de France winner Vincenzo Nibali won the 2015 edition after a downhill attack on the penultimate descent. ^{[13] [14]} The race is often compared to Liège–Bastogne–Liège, the monument race in Belgium earlier in the year. Both classics have a similar hilly course and show a similar palmarès since the 1960s, but are different in character. The hills in Lombardy are usually longer than those in the Belgian Ardennes and are more spread out over the course. Liège–Bastogne–Liège has 12 categorized climbs, usually shorter and steeper, coming in faster succession than in the Tour of Lombardy, and has an uphill-finish. ^[15]

Panoramic view of Lake Como with Bellagio at the foot of the Ghisallo

Because of its position in autumn as one of the last classics of the year, the race is commonly nicknamed the Race of the Falling Leaves. Consequently, the weather repeatedly plays a decisive role in the nature of the race. In bad weather - common to mountainous Lombardy - the race is often a grueling contest where the strongest riders attack well ahead of the finish. The editions of 2006, 2010, and 2012 were exceptionally rainy. In 2010 Philippe Gilbert and Michele Scarponi attacked with 40 km to go; Gilbert distanced Scarponi on the San Fermo della Battaglia and won the race. In 2012 Gilbert crashed on a wet descent.

When the weather conditions are good, teams are able to control the race more easily and decisive attacks come later in the race. On sunny days, the leaves on the trees typically blaze a golden trail around Lombardy, and TV coverage displays extensive aerial footage of the scenery around the Como Lake. The Italian press, never shy to introduce a poetic epithet, has also coined the phrase The Romantic Classic to denote the race. ^[4]

Significant climbs

An overview of climbs featured in the Giro di Lombardia. As the course changes every year, not all climbs are included in the same edition.

Climb	Distance	Average Grade	Max Grade
Civiglio	5,7 km	6,9%	10%
Colle Brianza	4,2 km	6,9%	7,5%
Colma di Sormano	9,6 km	6,5%	8,4%
Colle del Gallo	6 km	6,8%	10,4%
Madonna del Ghisallo	10,6 km	5,2%	11%

Climb	Distance	Average Grade	Max Grade
Muro di Sormano	1,7 km	16%	27%
San Fermo della Battaglia	2,2 km	8,2%	8,3%
Valcava	11,8 km	8%	12%
Villa Vergano	3,2 km	7,4%	15%

Start and finish places

Years	Start	Finish
1905–1960	Milano	Milano
1961–1984	Milano	Como
1984–1989	Como	Milano (Duomo)
1990–1994	Milano	Monza
1995–2001	Varese	Bergamo
2002	Cantu	Bergamo
2003	Como	Bergamo
2004–2006	Mendrisio	Como
2007–2009	Varese	Como
2010	Milano	Como
2011	Milano	Lecco
2012–2013	Bergamo	Lecco
2014, 2016, 2021, 2023	Como	Bergamo
2015, 2017-2020, 2022	Bergamo	Como

Winners

Year	Country	Rider	Team
1905	Italy	Giovanni Gerbi	Maino
1906	Italy	Cesare Brambilla	Bianchi
1907	France	Gustave Garrigou	Peugeot–Wolber
1908	Luxembourg	François Faber	Peugeot–Wolber
1909	Italy	Giovanni Cuniolo	Rudge
1910	Italy	Giovanni Micheletto	Stucchi
1911	France	Henri Pélissier	–
1912	Italy	Carlo Oriani	Stucchi
1913	France	Henri Pélissier	Alcyon–Soly
1914	Italy	Lauro Bordin	Bianchi–Dei
1915	Italy	Gaetano Belloni	–
1916	Italy	Leopoldo Torricelli	Maino
1917	Belgium	Philippe Thys	Peugeot–Wolber
1918	Italy	Gaetano Belloni	Bianchi
1919	Italy	Costante Girardengo	Stucchi–Dunlop
1920	France	Henri Pélissier	J.B. Louvet
1921	Italy	Costante Girardengo	Stucchi–Pirelli
1922	Italy	Costante Girardengo	Bianchi
1923	Italy	Giovanni Brunero	Legnano–Pirelli
1924	Italy	Giovanni Brunero	Legnano–Pirelli
1925	Italy	Alfredo Binda	Legnano–Pirelli
1926	Italy	Alfredo Binda	Legnano–Pirelli
1927	Italy	Alfredo Binda	Legnano–Pirelli
1928	Italy	Gaetano Belloni	Wolsit–Pirelli
1929	Italy	Pietro Fossati	Maino–Clément
1930	Italy	Michele Mara	Bianchi
1931	Italy	Alfredo Binda	Legnano–Hutchinson
1932	Italy	Antonio Negrini	Maino–Clément
1933	Italy	Domenico Piemontesi	Génial Lucifer–Hutchinson
1934	Italy	Learco Guerra	Maino–Clément
1935	Italy	Enrico Mollo	Gloria
1936	Italy	Gino Bartali	Legnano–Wolsit
1937	Italy	Aldo Bini	Bianchi
1938	Italy	Cino Cinelli	Fréjus
1939	Italy	Gino Bartali	Legnano
1940	Italy	Gino Bartali	Legnano
1941	Italy	Mario Ricci	Legnano
1942	Italy	Aldo Bini	Bianchi
1943	No race
1944	No race
1945	Italy	Mario Ricci	Legnano
1946	Italy	Fausto Coppi	Bianchi
1947	Italy	Fausto Coppi	Bianchi
1948	Italy	Fausto Coppi	Bianchi
1949	Italy	Fausto Coppi	Bianchi–Ursus
1950	Italy	Renzo Soldani	Thomann
1951	France	Louison Bobet	Stella–Dunlop
1952	Italy	Giuseppe Minardi	Legnano
1953	Italy	Bruno Landi	Fiorelli
1954	Italy	Fausto Coppi	Bianchi–Pirelli
1955	Italy	Cleto Maule	Torpado
1956	France	André Darrigade	Bianchi–Pirelli
1957	Italy	Diego Ronchini	Bianchi–Pirelli
1958	Italy	Nino Defilippis	Carpano
1959	Belgium	Rik Van Looy	Faema–Guerra
1960	Belgium	Emile Daems	Philco
1961	Italy	Vito Taccone	Atala
1962	Netherlands	Jo de Roo	Saint-Raphaël–Helyett–Hutchinson
1963	Netherlands	Jo de Roo	Saint-Raphaël–Gitane–R. Geminiani
1964	Italy	Gianni Motta	Molteni
1965	Great Britain	Tom Simpson	Peugeot–BP–Michelin
1966	Italy	Felice Gimondi	Salvarani
1967	Italy	Franco Bitossi	Filotex
1968	Belgium	Herman van Springel	Dr. Mann–Grundig
1969	Belgium	Jean-Pierre Monseré	Flandria–De Clerck–Krüger
1970	Italy	Franco Bitossi	Filotex
1971	Belgium	Eddy Merckx	Molteni
1972	Belgium	Eddy Merckx	Molteni
1973	Italy	Felice Gimondi	Bianchi–Campagnolo
1974	Belgium	Roger De Vlaeminck	Brooklyn
1975	Italy	Francesco Moser	Filotex
1976	Belgium	Roger De Vlaeminck	Brooklyn
1977	Italy	Gianbattista Baronchelli	Scic
1978	Italy	Francesco Moser	Sanson–Campagnolo
1979	France	Bernard Hinault	Renault–Gitane
1980	Belgium	Fons De Wolf	Boule d'Or–Studio Casa
1981	Netherlands	Hennie Kuiper	DAF Trucks–Côte d'Or
1982	Italy	Giuseppe Saronni	Del Tongo
1983	Ireland	Sean Kelly	Sem–Reydel–Mavic
1984	France	Bernard Hinault	La Vie Claire
1985	Ireland	Sean Kelly	Skil–Sem–Kas–Miko
1986	Italy	Gianbattista Baronchelli	Supermercati Brianzoli
1987	Italy	Moreno Argentin	Gewiss–Bianchi
1988	France	Charly Mottet	Système U–Gitane
1989	Switzerland	Tony Rominger	Chateau d'Ax
1990	France	Gilles Delion	Helvetia–La Suisse
1991	Ireland	Sean Kelly	PDM–Concorde–Ultima
1992	Switzerland	Tony Rominger	Ariostea
1993	Switzerland	Pascal Richard	CLAS–Cajastur
1994	Russia	Vladislav Bobrik	Gewiss–Ballan
1995	Italy	Gianni Faresin	Lampre–Panaria
1996	Italy	Andrea Tafi	Mapei–GB
1997	France	Laurent Jalabert	ONCE
1998	Switzerland	Oscar Camenzind	Mapei–Bricobi
1999	Italy	Mirko Celestino	Team Polti
2000	Lithuania	Raimondas Rumšas	Fassa Bortolo
2001	Italy	Danilo Di Luca	Cantina Tollo–Acqua & Sapone
2002	Italy	Michele Bartoli	Fassa Bortolo
2003	Italy	Michele Bartoli	Fassa Bortolo
2004	Italy	Damiano Cunego	Saeco
2005	Italy	Paolo Bettini	Quick-Step–Innergetic
2006	Italy	Paolo Bettini	Quick-Step–Innergetic
2007	Italy	Damiano Cunego	Lampre–Fondital
2008	Italy	Damiano Cunego	Lampre
2009	Belgium	Philippe Gilbert	Silence–Lotto
2010	Belgium	Philippe Gilbert	Omega Pharma–Lotto
2011	Switzerland	Oliver Zaugg	Leopard Trek
2012	Spain	Joaquim Rodríguez	Team Katusha
2013	Spain	Joaquim Rodríguez	Team Katusha
2014	Ireland	Daniel Martin	Garmin–Sharp
2015	Italy	Vincenzo Nibali	Astana
2016	Colombia	Esteban Chaves	Orica–BikeExchange
2017	Italy	Vincenzo Nibali	Bahrain–Merida
2018	France	Thibaut Pinot	Groupama–FDJ
2019	Netherlands	Bauke Mollema	Trek–Segafredo
2020	Denmark	Jakob Fuglsang	Astana
2021	Slovenia	Tadej Pogačar	UAE Team Emirates
2022	Slovenia	Tadej Pogačar	UAE Team Emirates
2023	Slovenia	Tadej Pogačar	UAE Team Emirates

Multiple winners

Wins	Rider	Nationality	Editions
5	Fausto Coppi	Italy	1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1954
4	Alfredo Binda	Italy	1925, 1926, 1927, 1931
3	Henri Pélissier	France	1911, 1913, 1920
	Costante Girardengo	Italy	1919, 1921, 1922
	Gaetano Belloni	Italy	1915, 1918, 1928
	Gino Bartali	Italy	1936, 1939, 1940
	Seán Kelly	Ireland	1983, 1985, 1991
	Damiano Cunego	Italy	2004, 2007, 2008
	Tadej Pogačar	Slovenia	2021, 2022, 2023
2	Giovanni Brunero	Italy	1923, 1924
	Aldo Bini	Italy	1937, 1942
	Mario Ricci	Italy	1941, 1945
	Jo de Roo	Netherlands	1962, 1963
	Franco Bitossi	Italy	1967, 1970
	Eddy Merckx	Belgium	1971, 1972
	Felice Gimondi	Italy	1966, 1973
	Roger De Vlaeminck	Belgium	1974, 1976
	Francesco Moser	Italy	1975, 1978
	Bernard Hinault	France	1979, 1984
	Gianbattista Baronchelli	Italy	1977, 1986
	Tony Rominger	Switzerland	1989, 1992
	Michele Bartoli	Italy	2002, 2003
	Paolo Bettini	Italy	2005, 2006
	Philippe Gilbert	Belgium	2009, 2010
	Joaquim Rodríguez	Spain	2012, 2013
	Vincenzo Nibali	Italy	2015, 2017

Wins per country

Wins	Country
69	Italy
12	Belgium   France
5	Switzerland
4	Ireland   Netherlands
3	Slovenia
2	Spain
1	Colombia   Denmark   Lithuania   Luxembourg   Russia   United Kingdom

Trittico di Autunno

Main article: Trittico di Autunno

The Trittico di Autunno (Autumn Triptych) is an unofficial trio of cycling classics held in the Lombardy and Piedmont regions of Northern Italy, in early October. Three one-day races, Milano–Torino, the Giro del Piemonte (Tour of Piedmont) and the Tour of Lombardy, are held within a four-day timeframe in the week following the World Championship. Milan-Turin is held on the Thursday after the World Championship, the Giro del Piemonte on Friday and the Tour of Lombardy is the closing race on Sunday. The Tour of Lombardy is the pinnacle, the hardest and unequivocally most important race of this unofficial trio.

All three races have a rich history, dating back more than a century. Milan-Turin, with its first running in 1876, is the oldest classic in the world, three decades older than the Tour of Lombardy. Until 1986, and again from 2005 to 2007, Milan-Turin was organized in the spring. Since 1987 the three races are held as an "Autumn Trio", initially mid-October and since 2012 two weeks earlier. Both Milan-Turin and the Giro del Piemonte have suffered some continuity problems in the past, but are on back on the calendar of 2015. ^[16] For many, particularly Italian riders, Milan-Turin and the Giro del Piemonte (both 200-km races) are the ultimate races to prepare for the Tour of Lombardy.

Milan–San Remo and Tour of Lombardy Double

The Tour of Lombardy is one of five Monuments in cycling, one of two Italian Monuments together with Milan–San Remo. Milan–San Remo is called the Spring Classic and considered a sprinters race, whereas the Tour of Lombardy is called the Autumn Classic and considered a climbers race. In total, 21 riders have won both races at least once in their career. Following Paolo Bettini, the most recent one to do this was Vincenzo Nibali who won the Primavera in 2018 and the Tour of Lombardy in 2015 and 2017.

Winning Milan–San Remo and the Tour of Lombardy in the same year is considered as something of a "holy grail" in Italian cycling, dubbed by Italian press as La Doppietta (The Double). ^[17] Seven riders have achieved this feat, on ten occasions. Fausto Coppi did it three consecutive times, Eddy Merckx is the last rider as yet.

• 1921:   Costante Girardengo  (ITA)
• 1930:   Michele Mara  (ITA)
• 1931:   Alfredo Binda  (ITA)
• 1939:   Gino Bartali  (ITA)
• 1940:   Gino Bartali  (ITA)
• 1946:   Fausto Coppi  (ITA)
• 1948:   Fausto Coppi  (ITA)
• 1949:   Fausto Coppi  (ITA)
• 1951:   Louison Bobet  (FRA)
• 1971:   Eddy Merckx  (BEL)
• 1972:   Eddy Merckx  (BEL)

Tripletta

Even rarer is the combination of winning all three of Italy's great cycling races, Milan–San Remo, the Tour of Lombardy and the Giro d'Italia in one year. This Italian Treble happened twice:

• 1949:   Fausto Coppi  (ITA)
• 1972:   Eddy Merckx  (BEL)

References

1. "Giro di Lombardia 2012". cyclingnews.com . 29 September 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
2. "History of the Giro di Lombardia". gazzetta.it.
3. "Cycling Revealed Timeline". cyclingrevealed.com.
4. "Daily Peloton - Pro Cycling News". dailypeloton.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
5. Gianni Pignata (9 November 1973). "Merckx, doping nel "Lombardia"" [Merckx, doping in "Lombardia"]. La Stampa (in Italian). Editrice La Stampa. p. 19. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
6. "sporza video: Roger De Vlaeminck klopt Eddy Merckx in de Ronde van Lombardije (1974)". sporza. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
8. Cycling News (3 October 2006). "Bettini's brother dies". Cyclingnews.com.
9. "Museo del Ghisallo".
10. "Muro di Sormano returns to Tour of Lombardy route". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. 31 July 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
11. Gazzetta dello Sport. Giro di Lombardia.
12. Stephen Farrand (21 September 2011). "New Giro di Lombardia route unveiled". Cyclingnews.com.
13. O'Shea, Sadhbh (4 October 2015). "Nibali wins Il Lombardia". Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 6 October 2015.
14. Wynn, Nigel (4 October 2015). "Watch: Vincenzo Nibali's amazing descending in Il Lombardia". Cycling Weekly . Time Inc. UK. Archived from the original on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
15. "The Hardest Monument Classic » Irish Peloton". irishpeloton.com. 19 March 2015.
16. agoravox (ed.). "Vogliono cancellare la corsa ciclistica più antica del mondo" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 October 2014.
17. "19 marzo 1952 - Milano-Sanremo". museociclismo.it.

External links

• Official website
• Giro di Lombardia palmares at Cycling Archives
• 2013 Route