| Gymnopilus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Gymnopilus luteofolius | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Hymenogastraceae |
| Genus: | Gymnopilus P.Karst. |
| Type species | |
| Gymnopilus liquiritiae (Pers.) P.Karst. (1879) | |
| Diversity | |
| c. 200 species | |
Gymnopilus is a genus of gilled mushrooms within the fungal family Hymenogastraceae containing over 200 [1] rusty-orange spored mushroom species.
The fruit body is typically reddish brown to rusty orange to yellow, medium to large, often with a well-developed veil.
Members of Pholiota and Cortinarius are easy to confuse with Gymnopilus. Pholiota can be distinguished by its viscid cap and duller (brown to cinnamon brown) spores, and Cortinarius grows on the ground. Beginners can confuse Gymnopilus with Galerina , which contains deadly poisonous species.
Gymnopilus was formerly divided among Pholiota and the defunct genus Flammula. The genus has over 200 species worldwide. [2]
Fourteen members of Gymnopilus contain psilocybin, [3] although their bitter taste often deters recreational users. These species include G. aeruginosus , G. braendlei , G. cyanopalmicola , [4] G. dilepis , [5] G. intermedius , G. junonius , G. luteofolius , G. luteoviridis , G. luteus , G. purpuratus , [4] G. subearlei , [4] G. subpurpuratus , [4] G. validipes and G. viridans . [6] Subspecies of G. junonius from Japan are reported to contain psilocybin, while some western North American members are inactive. [7]
Several species of Gymnopilus contain bis-noryangonin [4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydrostyryl)-2-pyrone] and hispidine [4-hydroxy-6-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-2-pyrone], which are closely related to the alpha-pyrones found in kava. [8]
A 2003 phylogenetics study identified five well-supported clades within Gymnopilus: [2]
Although the genus Gymnopilus was found to be monophyletic, the phylogenetically related groups do not support the traditional infrageneric classifications based on morphology.
The name means naked pileus .
Most members of Gymnopilus grow on wood but at times may appear terrestrial if the wood is buried or decomposed.
The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith.
Gymnopilus junonius is a type of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Commonly known as the spectacular rustgill, this large orange mushroom is typically found growing on tree stumps, logs, or tree bases. Some subspecies of this mushroom contain the neurotoxic oligoisoprenoid gymnopilin.
Gymnopilus luteofolius, known as the yellow-gilled gymnopilus, is a large and widely distributed mushroom that grows in dense clusters on dead hardwoods and conifers. It grows in late July to November in the east and in the winter on the west coast of North America. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste.
Gymnopilus aeruginosus, also known as the magic blue gym, is a mushroom-forming fungus that grows in clusters on dead wood and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and common in the Pacific Northwest. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste and contains the psychedelic chemical psilocybin. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.
Gymnopilus purpuratus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It grows in clusters on dead wood, tree stumps and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and has been recorded in Argentina, Australia, Chile, New Zealand, the UK and Germany. It has a broadly convex cap covered in small dry reddish-brown scales, a stout yellow stem beneath reddish brown, wine-red to purple vertical fibres, and a thick rusty orange spore print.
Gymnopilus sapineus, commonly known as the scaly rustgill or common and boring gymnopilus, is a small and widely distributed mushroom which grows in dense clusters on dead conifer wood. It has a rusty orange spore print and a bitter taste. This species does not stain blue and lacks the hallucinogen psilocybin.
Gymnopilus luteus, known as the yellow gymnopilus, is a widely distributed mushroom-forming fungus of the Eastern United States. It contains the hallucinogens psilocybin and psilocin. It is often mistaken for G. speciosissimus and G. subspectabilis.
Gymnopilus validipes is a mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It is widely distributed in North America and Europe.
Gymnopilus dilepis is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. This species is found in India, Malaysia, and North America. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951. It contains psilocybin and related hallucinogenic substances.
Gymnopilus hispidellus is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.
Gymnopilus medius is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.
Gymnopilus subpurpuratus is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The type specimen was found in Jalisco, Mexico, growing on rotting pine wood in a garden. The fungus was described as new to science in 1991 by Gastón Guzmán and his daughter Laura Guzmán Dávalos.
Gymnopilus suberis is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.
Gymnopilus subearlei is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae.
Gymnopilus rugulosus is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae.
Gymnopilus nevadensis is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. The fungus was described as new to science in 1991 by Gastón Guzmán and his daughter Laura Guzmán Dávalos. The type collection was found in Jalisco, Mexico, where it was fruiting in a cluster on a dead branch in a pine and oak woodland.
Gymnopilus peliolepis is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was given its current name by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951.
Psilocybe yungensis is a species of psychedelic mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. In North America, it is found in northeast, central and southeastern Mexico. In South America, it has been recorded from Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is also known from the Caribbean island Martinique, and China. The mushroom grows in clusters or groups on rotting wood. The fruit bodies have conical to bell-shaped reddish- to orangish-brown caps that are up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) in diameter, set atop slender stems 3 to 5 cm long. The mushrooms stain blue when bruised, indicative of the presence of the compound psilocybin. Psilocybe yungensis is used by Mazatec Indians in the Mexican State of Oaxaca for entheogenic purposes.
Gymnopilus maritimus is a fungus species of the family Hymenogastraceae first collected in northern Sardinia, Italy, in 2006. The species produces moderately sized, sturdy mushrooms of a reddish-orange colour. The cap, which can measure up to 70 millimetres (3 in) across, is covered in orange fibrils, and sometimes has small scales. The yellowish stem measures up to 110 mm (4 in) in length by 8 mm (0.3 in) in width, and sometimes shows remnants of the partial veil. The mushrooms have thick gills of a variable colour, ranging from yellow to rust but staining darker, and the yellow flesh has a mild taste. The mushrooms leave a rusty-brown spore print, while the spores themselves measure from 7.5–11.5 micrometres (0.00030–0.00045 in) in length. The species is most similar in appearance to G. arenophilus and G. fulgens, but can be differentiated from both morphologically. Despite the similarities, it is not closely related to either, suggesting convergent evolution. Instead, within the genus Gymnopilus, it is most closely related to the spectabilis–imperialis clade. However, it is not particularly similar to any of its closest relatives.
| Authority control databases: National |
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