Hot cross bun

Last updated

Hot cross bun
Hot cross buns - fig and pecan.jpg
Homemade hot cross buns
Type Spiced bun
Place of origin United Kingdom
Region or state England
Main ingredients Wheat flour, currants or raisins with spices

A hot cross bun is a spiced bun usually made with fruit, marked with a cross on the top, which has been traditionally eaten on Good Friday in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, India, Pakistan, Malta, United States and the Commonwealth Caribbean. [1] [2] [3] They are available all year round in some places, including the UK. [4] [5]

Contents

The bun marks the end of the season of Lent and different parts of the hot cross bun have a certain meaning, including the cross representing the crucifixion of Jesus, the spices inside signifying the spices used to embalm him at his burial and sometimes also orange peel to reflect the bitterness of his time on the cross. [6] [7]

History

The Greeks in the 6th century AD may have marked cakes with a cross. [8] [9]

In the Christian tradition, the making of buns with a cross on them and consuming them after breaking the fast on Good Friday, along with "crying about 'Hot cross buns'", is done in order to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus. [10] It is hypothesised that the contemporary hot cross bun of Christianity derives at some distance from a bun developed in St Albans in England. There in 1361, Brother Thomas Rodcliffe, a Christian monk at St Albans Abbey, developed a similar recipe called an "Alban Bun" and distributed the bun to the poor on Good Friday. [11]

In 1592, during the reign of Elizabeth I of England, the London Clerk of Markets issued a decree forbidding the sale of hot cross buns and other spiced breads, except at burials, on Good Friday, or at Christmas. The punishment for transgressing the decree was forfeiture of all the forbidden product to the poor. As a result, hot cross buns at the time were primarily made in domestic kitchens. Further attempts to suppress the sale of these items outside of these holy days took place during the reign of James I of England (1603–1625). [12]

The first definite record of hot cross buns comes from a London street cry: "Good Friday comes this month, the old woman runs. With one or two a penny hot cross buns", which appeared in Poor Robin's Almanac for 1733. [13] The line "One a penny, two a penny, hot cross-buns" appears in the English nursery rhyme "Hot Cross Buns" published in the London Chronicle for 2–4 June 1767. [14] Food historian Ivan Day states, "The buns were made in London during the 18th century. But when you start looking for records or recipes earlier than that, you hit nothing." [4]

Traditions

An 1884 advertisement announcing the sale of hot cross buns for Good Friday in a Hawaiian newspaper. Hot Cross Buns Ad for Good Friday 1884.jpg
An 1884 advertisement announcing the sale of hot cross buns for Good Friday in a Hawaiian newspaper.

English folklore includes many superstitions surrounding hot cross buns. One says that buns baked and served on Good Friday will not spoil or grow mouldy during the subsequent year. Another encourages keeping such a bun for medicinal purposes. A piece of it given to someone who is ill is said to help them recover. [15]

If taken on a sea voyage, hot cross buns are said to protect against shipwreck. If hung in the kitchen, they are said to protect against fire and ensure that all breads turn out perfectly. The hanging bun is replaced each year. [15]

Other versions

In the United Kingdom, the major supermarkets produce variations on the traditional recipe such as toffee, orange-cranberry, salted caramel and chocolate, and apple-cinnamon. [16]

In Australia, recent variations of the Hot Cross Bun by major supermarkets have included chocolate chip, sour cherry, burger sauce, Iced VoVo, Pizza Shapes, Vegemite and cheese, jalapeño and cheese, and others. [17]

In Jamaica and some Commonwealth Caribbean islands, the hot cross bun has over time evolved into a spiced Easter bun with the addition of molasses, spices and a loaf shape. [18] [19] This bun is eaten with cheese in islands such as Jamaica and Guyana and served with beverages such as Mauby or Ginger beer. [20]

In Slovakia and in the Czech Republic, mazanec is a similar cake or sweet bread eaten at Easter. It often has a cross marked on top. [21]

In South Africa, hot cross buns are typically eaten with pickled fish during the Easter season.

The cross

Hot cross bun, with a piped cross made from flour paste, cut in two and toasted Hot cross buns for Easter, April 2006.jpg
Hot cross bun, with a piped cross made from flour paste, cut in two and toasted

The traditional method for making the cross on top of the bun is to use shortcrust pastry, [22] [23] though some 21st century recipes recommended a paste of flour and water. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian cuisine</span> Culinary traditions of Hungary

Hungarian or Magyar cuisine is the cuisine characteristic of the nation of Hungary, and its primary ethnic group, the Magyars. Hungarian cuisine has been described as being the spiciest cuisine in Europe. This can largely be attributed to the use of their piquant native spice, Hungarian paprika, in many of their dishes. A mild version of the spice, Hungarian sweet paprika, is commonly used as an alternative. Traditional Hungarian dishes are primarily based on meats, seasonal vegetables, fruits, bread, and dairy products.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finnish cuisine</span> Culinary traditions of Finland

Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary continental-style cooking. Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes in some parts of the country, while the dishes elsewhere have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Evacuees from Karelia contributed to foods in other parts of Finland in the aftermath of the Continuation War.

A spiced bun is a sweet bun to which spices were added during the baking process. Common examples are the hot cross bun and the Jamaican spiced bun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Semla</span> Nordic filled breads

A semla, vastlakukkel, laskiaispulla, Swedish eclair, fastlagsbulle/fastelavnsbolle or vēja kūkas is a traditional sweet roll made in various forms in Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Estonia, and Latvia, associated with Lent and especially Shrove Tuesday in most countries, Shrove Monday in Denmark, parts of southern Sweden, Iceland and Faroe Islands or Sunday of Fastelavn in Norway. In Sweden it is most commonly known as just semla, but is also known as fettisdagsbulle, lit.'Fat Tuesday bun' or 'Shrove Tuesday bun'. In the southern parts of Sweden, as well as in Swedish-speaking Finland, it is known as fastlagsbulle. In Poland it is known as ptyś. In Estonia it is called vastlakukkel. In Norway and Denmark it is called fastelavnsbolle. In Iceland, it is known as a bolla and served on Bolludagur. In Faroe Islands it is called Føstulávintsbolli, and is served on Føstulávintsmánadagur. In Latvia, it is called vēja kūkas. Semla served in a bowl of hot milk is hetvägg.

Jamaican cuisine includes a mixture of cooking techniques, flavours and spices influenced by Amerindian, West African, Irish, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Indian, Chinese and Middle Eastern people who have inhabited the island. It is also influenced by the crops introduced into the island from tropical Southeast Asia, many of which are now grown locally. A wide variety of seafood, tropical fruits and meats are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simnel cake</span> Layered fruit cake associated with Easter

Simnel cake is a fruitcake widely eaten in England, Ireland and other countries with patterns of migration from them, associated with Lent and Easter. It is distinguished by layers of almond paste or marzipan, typically one in the middle and one on top, and a set of eleven balls made of the same paste. It was originally made for the fourth Sunday in Lent, also known as Laetare Sunday, the Refreshment Sunday of Lent, Mothering Sunday, the Sunday of the Five Loaves, or Simnel Sunday; named after the cake. In the United Kingdom it is now commonly associated with Mothering Sunday and Easter Sunday.

Hot Cross Buns was an English street cry, later perpetuated as a nursery rhyme and an aid in musical education. It refers to the spiced English confection known as a hot cross bun, which is associated with the end of Lent and is eaten on Good Friday in various countries. The song has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13029.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Easter bread</span> Bread traditionally eaten around Easter

In many European countries, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, there are various traditions surrounding the use of bread during the Easter holidays. Traditionally the practice of eating Easter bread or sweetened "communion" bread traces its origin back to Byzantium, Eastern Catholicism and the Orthodox Christian church. The recipe for sweetened or "honey-leavened" bread may date back as far as the Homeric Greek period based on anecdotal evidence from classical texts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monkey bread</span> American pull-apart pastry

Monkey bread is a soft, sweet, sticky pastry served in the United States for breakfast or as a treat. It consists of pieces of soft baked dough sprinkled with cinnamon. Often a midmorning/breakfast food. It is often served at fairs and festivals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coco bread</span> Caribbean bread made with coconut milk

Coco bread is a Jamaican bread eaten on the island and in other areas of the Caribbean. The bread contains milk or coconut milk and is starchy and slightly sweet in taste.

Bermudian cuisine reflects a rich and diverse history and heritage blending British and Portuguese cuisine with preparations of local seafood species, particularly wahoo and rockfish. Traditional dishes include codfish and potatoes served either with an add on of hard boiled egg and butter or olive oil sauce with a banana or in the Portuguese style with tomato-onion sauce, peas and rice. Hoppin' John, pawpaw casserole and fish chowder are also specialties of Bermuda. As most ingredients used in Bermuda's cuisine are imported, local dishes are offered with a global blend, with fish as the major ingredient, in any food eaten at any time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lent</span> Annual pre-Easter Christian observance

Lent is the solemn Christian religious observance in the liturgical year commemorating the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring temptation by Satan, according to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, before beginning his public ministry. Lent is usually observed in the Catholic, Lutheran, Moravian, Anglican, United Protestant and Orthodox Christian traditions, among others. Some Anabaptist, Baptist, Methodist, Reformed, and nondenominational Christian churches also observe Lent, although many churches in these traditions do not.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Easter traditions</span> Traditions of the Easter holiday

Easter traditions are customs and practices that are followed in various cultures and communities around the world to celebrate Easter, which is the central feast in Christianity, commemorating the resurrection of Jesus. The Easter season is seen as a time of celebration and feasting, in contrast to the antecedent season of Lent, which is a time of penitence and fasting.

Dan Lepard is an Australian baker, food writer, photographer, television presenter and celebrity chef. He was previously a fashion photographer working for Italian Vogue before changing careers age 27, and is today known for reconciling historical methods with innovation in baking.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Easter food</span> Food associated with Easter holiday

The holiday of Easter is associated with various Easter customs and foodways. Preparing, coloring, and decorating Easter eggs is one such popular tradition. Lamb is eaten in many countries, mirroring the Jewish Passover meal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heißwecke</span> German currant bun

A Heißwecke, HICE-veck-ə,, also called a Heißewecke or Hedewig, is a traditional type of currant bun within the German-speaking region of Europe that goes back to at least to the Late Middle Ages. In North and Northwest Germany it is eaten before the beginning of the pre-Easter fasting period known as Lent, especially from Rose Monday (Rosenmontag) to Ash Wednesday (Aschermittwoch). It is a sweet bread roll made with milk and wheat flour that is eaten hot, hence the name: Heißwecken literally means "hot rolls". Heißwecken are predominantly eaten in the area influenced by the Hanseatic League i.e. most of northern Europe from what is now the Netherlands to Poland and the Baltic Sea coast. It has numerous dialectical names that are almost all derived from the term Heißwecken. The most common are Hedewäggen, Hetwegge, Heiteweggen and Heetwich.

References

  1. Alexander, Deepa (10 April 2017). "Season's eatings". The Hindu . Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  2. "Caribbean Easter meals to keep families together during covid-19 | Loop Caribbean News". Loop News. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  3. "Hot Cross Buns, A Caribbean Easter Tradition". Global Voices. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  4. 1 2 Rohrer, Finlo (1 April 2010). "BBC - How did hot cross buns become two a penny?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
  5. "Always a good time for hot cross buns | Coles". Coles. Archived from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  6. Turner, Ina; Taylor, Ina (1999). Christianity. Nelson Thornes. p. 50. ISBN   9780748740871. To mark the end of the Lent fast Christians eat hot cross buns. These have a special meaning. The cross in the middle shows how Jesus died. Spices inside remind Christians of the spices put on the body of Jesus. Sweet fruits in the bun show that Christians no longer have to eat plain foods.
  7. Fakes, Dennis R. (1 January 1994). Exploring Our Lutheran Liturgy. CSS Publishing. p. 33. ISBN   9781556735967. Since people often gave up meat during Lent, bread became one of the staples of Lent. Bakers even began making dough pretzels--a knotted length of dough that represented a Christian praying, with arms crossed and hands placed on opposite shoulders. Hot cross buns are popular during Lent. The cross of course reminds the eater of Christ's cross.
  8. "Who Were The First To Cry "Hot Cross Buns?"". The New York Times. 31 March 1912. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  9. Elwes, Annunciata (13 April 2019). "Curious Questions: Why do we eat hot cross buns at Easter?". Country Life.
  10. The Origin of the Fasts and Festivals of the Church. London: Thomas Hatton. 1843. p. 28.
  11. "The City of St Albans Claims the Original Hot Cross Bun". St Albans Cathedral. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  12. David, Elizabeth (1980). "Yeast Buns and Small Tea Cakes" . English Bread and Yeast Cookery. New York: The Viking Press. pp.  473–474. ISBN   0670296538.
  13. Charles Hindley (2011). "A History of the Cries of London: Ancient and Modern". p. 218. Cambridge University Press,
  14. Encyclopedia of Easter Celebrations Worldwide. McFarland. 2021. p. 130.
  15. 1 2 "Hot Cross Buns". Practically Edible: The Web's Biggest Food Encyclopedia. Practically Edible. Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.
  16. Roxburgh, Lucy (13 February 2024). "Best hot cross buns, simnel cake and Easter desserts 2024". BBC Good Food . Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  17. Hrovat, Bianca (16 February 2024). "We taste-tested novelty hot cross buns so you don't have to (and Pizza Shapes weren't even the worst)". The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  18. Anne-Parkes, Tiffany (27 April 2022). "Perspective | Making Jamaican spiced bun for my mother was a final act of love" . Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  19. Hutchinson, Brittny (1 April 2021). "Supermarkets report mixed Easter bun sales". Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  20. De Shong, Dillon (10 April 2020). "Caribbean Easter meals to keep families together during covid-19". carribbean.loopnews. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  21. "Easter in Czech Republic". Iloveindia. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
  22. Berry, Mary (1996). Mary Berry's Complete Cookbook (First edition (2nd reprint) ed.). Godalming, Surrey: Dorling Kindersley. p. 386. ISBN   1858335671.
  23. Smith, Delia (1986). Delia Smith's Cookery Course (First edition (8th reprint) ed.). London: British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 62. ISBN   0563162619.
  24. "The Great British Bake-off: Paul Holywood's Hot Cross Bun", Easy Cook (magazine), no. 60, p. 38, April 2013.