A hydroxyanthraquinone (formula: C14H7O2(OH)) is any of several organic compounds that can be viewed as derivatives of an anthraquinone through replacement of one hydrogen atom (H) by a hydroxyl group (-OH).
The IUPAC nomenclature recommends hydroxyanthracenedione.
Usually "hydroxyanthraquinone" refers to a derivative of 9,10-anthraquinone. [3] [4] [5]
In general, the term may mean any anthraquinone derivative where any number n of hydrogens have been replaced by n hydroxyls, so that the formula is C
14H
10O
2+n. In this case, the number n (which is between 1 and 8) is indicated by a multiplier prefix (mono-, di-, tri-, up to octa-). Additional hydroxy- compounds can be derived from the other isomers of the latter. From 9,10-anthraquinone, only two single-hydroxy derivatives are possible.
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sucrose and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, confering hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur.
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula −OH and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom. In organic chemistry, alcohols and carboxylic acids contain one or more hydroxy groups. Both the negatively charged anion HO−, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group.
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds [such as benzene or naphthalene] by conversion of an even number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds, resulting in "a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure". The archetypical member of the class is 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione, often called simply "quinone". Other important examples are 1,2-benzoquinone (ortho-quinone), 1,4-naphthoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone.
Anthraquinone, also called anthracenedione or dioxoanthracene, is an aromatic organic compound with formula C
14H
8O
2. Isomers include various quinone derivatives. The term anthraquinone however refers to the isomer, 9,10-anthraquinone wherein the keto groups are located on the central ring. It is a building block of many dyes and is used in bleaching pulp for papermaking. It is a yellow, highly crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water but soluble in hot organic solvents. It is almost completely insoluble in ethanol near room temperature but 2.25 g will dissolve in 100 g of boiling ethanol. It is found in nature as the rare mineral hoelite.
In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O)2−OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O)2(OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group. A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid with one hydroxyl group replaced by an organic substituent. The parent compound is the parent sulfonic acid, HS(=O)2(OH), a tautomer of sulfurous acid, S(=O)(OH)2. Salts or esters of sulfonic acids are called sulfonates.
The Dakin oxidation is an organic redox reaction in which an ortho- or para-hydroxylated phenyl aldehyde or ketone reacts with hydrogen peroxide in base to form a benzenediol and a carboxylate. Overall, the carbonyl group is oxidised, whereas the H2O2 is reduced.
A trihydroxyanthraquinone or trihydroxyanthracenedione is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula C
14H
8O
5, formally derived from anthraquinone by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. They include several historically important dyes. The isomers may differ in the parent anthraquinone isomer and/or of the three hydroxyl groups.
Octahydroxyanthraquinone is an organic compound with formula C
14H
8O
12, formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of 8 hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups.
Spinochrome E, 2,3,5,6,7,8-Hexahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione, also called hexahydroxynaphthoquinone is a polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinones, pigments found in sea urchin shell ("test"), spine, gonads, coelomic fluid, and eggs, of sea urchin commonly known as spinochromes. These natural phenolic compounds are quinones that are known to have pharmacological properties. The several hydroxyl groups are appropriate for free-radical scavenging, which diminishes ROS and prevents redox imbalance. Mechanisms are described such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), interaction with lipid peroxide radicals, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and regulation of the cell redox potential.
1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called purpuroxanthin or xanthopurpurin, is an organic compound with formula C
14H
8O
4 that occurs in the plant Rubia cordifolia. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers. Its molecular structure can be viewed as being derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms (H) by hydroxyl groups (-OH).
A dihydroxyanthraquinone is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula C
14H
8O
4, formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Dihyroxyantraquinones have been studied since the early 1900s, and include some compounds of historical and current importance. The isomers differ in the position of the hydroxyl groups, and of the carbonyl oxygens (=O) of the underlying anthraquinone.
1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin or Solvent Orange 86, is an organic compound derived from anthroquinone. Quinizarin is an orange or red-brown crystalline powder. It is formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers and occurs in small amounts in the root of the madder plant, Rubia tinctorum.
A hydroxynaphthoquinone is any of several organic compounds that can be viewed as derivatives of a naphthoquinone through replacement of one hydrogen atom (H) by a hydroxyl group (-OH).
Rufigallol or 1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone is an organic compound with formula C
14O
8H
8, which can be viewed as a derivative of anthraquinone through the replacement of six hydrogen atoms (H) by hydroxyl groups (OH).
A dihydroxynaphthoquinone is any of several organic compounds that can be viewed as derivatives of naphthoquinone through replacement of two hydrogen atoms (H) by hydroxyl groups (OH).
Naphthazarin, often called 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione (IUPAC), is a naturally occurring organic compound with formula C
10H
6O
4, formally derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone through replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is thus one of many dihydroxynaphthoquinone structural isomers.
Hydroxyquinone often refers to a hydroxybenzoquinone, any organic compound with formula C
6H
4O
3 which can be viewed as a derivative of a benzoquinone through replacement of one hydrogen atom (H) by a hydroxyl group (-OH). When unqualified, the terms usually mean specifically the compound 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone, derived from 1,4-benzoquinone or para-benzoquinone.
A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, also called tetrahydroxyanthradione, is any of several isomeric organic compounds with formula C
14H
8O
6, almost invariably derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacing four hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. Only a few of these isomers are commercially significant. These are 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone (quinalizarin), 1,4,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone.
A hydroxybenzoquinone is any of several organic compounds that can be viewed as derivatives of a benzoquinone through replacement of one hydrogen atom (H) by a hydroxyl group (-OH).
1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol (also named cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetrol, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane, or para-cyclohexanetetrol) is an organic compound whose molecule can be described as a cyclohexane with four hydroxyl (OH) groups substituted for hydrogen atoms on two non-adjacent pairs of adjacent carbon atoms. Its formula can be written C
6H
12O
4, C
6H
8(OH)
4, or [–(CH(OH)–)2–CH
2–]2.