Ignicoccus

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Ignicoccus
Urzwerg.jpg
Ignicoccus hospitalis (with two smaller, symbiotic Nanoarchaeum equitans )
Scientific classification
Domain:
Archaea
Phylum:
Thermoproteota
Class:
Thermoprotei
Order:
Desulfurococcales
Family:
Desulfurococcaceae
Genus:
Ignicoccus

Huber, Burggraf, Mayer, Wyschkony, Rachel & Stetter 2000
Type species
Ignicoccus islandicus
Huber & Stetter 2000
Species
  • I. islandicus
  • I. pacificus
  • I. hospitalis

Ignicoccus is a genus of hyperthermophillic Archaea living in marine hydrothermal vents. They were discovered in samples taken at the Kolbeinsey Ridge north of Iceland, as well as at the East Pacific Rise (at 9 degrees N, 104 degrees W) in 2000. [1]

Contents

Systematics

According to the comparisons of 16S rRNA genes, Ignicoccus represents a new, deeply branching lineage within the family of the Desulfurococcaceae. [2] Three species are known: I. islandicus, [1] I. pacificus [1] and I. hospitalis strain KIN4I. [3]

Cell structure

The archaea of the genus Ignicoccus have tiny coccoid cells with a diameter of about 2 μm, that exhibit a smooth surface, an outer membrane and no S-layer. [4]

They have a previously unknown cell envelope structure—a cytoplasmic membrane, a periplasmic space (with a variable width of 20 to 400 nm, containing membrane-bound vesicles), and an outer membrane (approximately 10 nm wide, resembling the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria). The latter contains numerous tightly, irregularly packed single particles (about 8 nm in diameter) and pores with a diameter of 24 nm, surrounded by tiny particles, arranged in a ring (with a diameter of 130 nm) and clusters of up to eight particles 12 nm in diameter each. [4]

The two layers of membrane previously reported are actually a type of endomembrane system consisting of cytoplasmic protrusions. In I. hospitalis, these structures harbor the endosymbiotic archaeon Nanoarchaeum equitans . [3]

Physiology

Ignicocci live in a temperature range of 70–98 °C (optimum around 90 °C). They gain energy by reduction of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide using molecular hydrogen as the electron donor. [2] A unique symbiosis with (or parasitism by) Nanoarchaeum equitans has also been reported. [2]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) [6]

16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022 [7] [8] [9] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214 [10] [11] [12]
Ignicoccus

I. hospitalisPaper et al. 2007

I. islandicusHuber et al. 2000

I. pacificusHuber et al. 2000

Ignicoccus

I. hospitalis

I. islandicus

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Nanoarchaeum equitans</i> Species of archaeon

Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of marine archaea that was discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland on the Kolbeinsey Ridge by Karl Stetter. It has been proposed as the first species in a new phylum, and is the only species within the genus Nanoarchaeum. Strains of this microbe were also found on the Sub-polar Mid Oceanic Ridge, and in the Obsidian Pool in Yellowstone National Park. Since it grows in temperatures approaching boiling, at about 80 °C (176 °F), it is considered to be a thermophile. It grows best in environments with a pH of 6, and a salinity concentration of 2%. Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligate symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus; it must be in contact with the host organism to survive. Nanoarchaeum equitans cannot synthesize lipids but obtains them from its host. Its cells are only 400 nm in diameter, making it the smallest known living organism, and the smallest known archaeon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanoarchaeota</span> Phylum of archaea

Nanoarchaeota is a proposed phylum in the domain Archaea that currently has only one representative, Nanoarchaeum equitans, which was discovered in a submarine hydrothermal vent and first described in 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermoproteota</span> Phylum of archaea

The Thermoproteota are prokaryotes that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Stetter</span> German microbiologist

Karl Otto Stetter is a German microbiologist and authority on astrobiology. Stetter is an expert on microbial life at high temperatures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeoglobaceae</span> Family of archaea

Archaeoglobaceae are a family of the Archaeoglobales. All known genera within the Archaeoglobaceae are hyperthermophilic and can be found near undersea hydrothermal vents. Archaeoglobaceae are the only family in the order Archaeoglobales, which is the only order in the class Archaeoglobi.

Methanococcus is a genus of coccoid methanogens of the family Methanococcaceae. They are all mesophiles, except the thermophilic M. thermolithotrophicus and the hyperthermophilic M. jannaschii. The latter was discovered at the base of a “white smoker” chimney at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise and it was the first archaeal genome to be completely sequenced, revealing many novel and eukaryote-like elements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desulfurococcales</span> Order of archaea

The Desulfurococcales is an order of the Thermoprotei, part of the kingdom Archaea. The order encompasses some genera which are all thermophilic, autotrophs which utilise chemical energy, typically by reducing sulfur compounds using hydrogen. Desulfurococcales cells are either regular or irregular coccus in shape, with forms of either discs or dishes. These cells can be single, in pairs, in short chains, or in aciniform formation.

The Pyrodictiaceae are a family of disc-shaped anaerobic microorganisms belonging to the order Desulfurococcales, in the domain Archaea. Members of this family are distinguished from the other family (Desulfurococcaceae) in the order Desulfurococcales by having an optimal growth temperature above 100 °C, rather than below 100 °C.

Pyrobaculum is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

In taxonomy, Vulcanisaeta is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae.

Sulfurisphaera is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.

In taxonomy, Palaeococcus is a genus of the Thermococcaceae.

In taxonomy, Thermococcus is a genus of thermophilic Archaea in the family the Thermococcaceae.

Aeropyrum is a genus of archaea in the family Desulfurococcaceae.

Pyrodictium is a genus in the family Pyrodictiaceae. It is a genus of submarine hyperthermophilic Archaea whose optimal growth temperature range is 80 to 105 °C. They have a unique cell structure involving a network of cannulae and flat, disk-shaped cells. Pyrodictium are found in the porous walls of deep-sea vents where the temperatures inside get as high as 400 °C, while the outside marine environment is typically 3 °C. Pyrodictium is apparently able to adapt morphologically to this type of hot–cold habitat.

Natronorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.

Caldococcus is a genus of Archaea in the order Desulfurococcales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaea</span> Domain of single-celled organisms

Archaea is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotic. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria, but this term has fallen out of use.

Thermococcus chitonophagus is a chitin-degrading, hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is anaerobic, round to slightly irregular coccus-shaped, 1.2–2.5 μm in diameter, and motile by means of a tuft of flagella.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Huber H, Burggraf S, Mayer T, Rachel R, Stetter KO (November 2000). "Ignicoccus gen. nov., a novel genus of hyperthermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic Archaea, represented by two new species, Ignicoccus islandicus sp nov and Ignicoccus pacificus sp nov. and Ignicoccus pacificus sp. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (6): 2093–2100. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-6-2093 . PMID   11155984.
  2. 1 2 3 Huber H, Hohn MJ, Rachel R, Fuchs T, Wimmer VC, Stetter KO (2 May 2002). "A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont" . Nature. 417 (6884): 63–67. Bibcode:2002Natur.417...63H. doi:10.1038/417063a. PMID   11986665. S2CID   4395094.
  3. 1 2 Heimerl T, Flechsler J, Pickl C, Heinz V, Salecker B, Zweck J, Wanner G, Geimer S, Samson RY, Bell SD, Huber H, Wirth R, Wurch L, Podar M, Rachel R (13 June 2017). "A Complex Endomembrane System in the Archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis Tapped by Nanoarchaeum equitans". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 1072. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01072 . PMC   5468417 . PMID   28659892.
  4. 1 2 Rachel R, Wyschkony I, Riehl S, Huber H (March 2002). "The ultrastructure of Ignicoccus: evidence for a novel outer membrane and for intracellular vesicle budding in an archaeon". Archaea. 1 (1): 9–18. doi: 10.1155/2002/307480 . PMC   685547 . PMID   15803654.
  5. ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Ignicoccus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  6. ↑ Sayers; et al. "Ignicoccus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  7. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  8. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  10. ↑ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  11. ↑ "ar53_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  12. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023.

Further reading

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