Imshaugia

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Imshaugia
Salted Starburst Lichen (4751282594).jpg
Imshaugia aleurites in the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina. Scale bar is 1 cm
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Imshaugia
S.L.F.Mey. (1985)
Type species
Imshaugia aleurites
(Ach.) S.L.F.Mey. (1985)
Species

I. aleurites
I. angustior
I. evernica
I. placorodia
I. pyxiniformis
I. sipmanii
I. venezolana

Contents

Imshaugia is a genus of seven species of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as starburst lichens.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by Susan Meyer in 1985 as a segregate of Parmeliopsis . The genus name of Imshaugia is in honour of Henry Andrew Imshaug (1925–2010), who was an American lichenologist. [1]

In a previous study of Parmeliopsis, [2] Meyer noted a group of species (represented by P. aleurites and P. placorodia) that would be better accommodated in a separate genus. This had been previously noted by other lichenologists: in 1932, Vilmos Gyelnik proposed the section Pallidifera to include the grey species of Parmeliopsis; [3] in 1936 Johannes Hillmann proposed section Rectoconidia to contain species with short and straight conidia. [4] Meyer created Imshaugia on the basis of its emergent and partly marginal pycnidia (they are immersed and laminal in Parmeliopsis), its short, ampulliform (flask-shaped) or bifusiform (tapering at both ends) conidia (these are long and curved in Parmeliopsis), and the presence of Cetraria -type lichenan in its cell walls rather than isolichenan as in Parmeliopsis. [5]

The generic name honours Henry Andrew Imshaug, "in recognition of his contributions to lichenology." [5] Imshaugia species are commonly known as "starburst lichens". [6]

Description

Imshaugia lichens are foliose with a mineral-grey to whitish-grey thallus and a whitish to light brown lower surface. [5] They grow as small rosettes, comprising small lobes measuring 1–2 mm wide. Pseudocyphellae and soredia are absent from the thallus, but isidia may be present. [6] The upper cortex is paraplectenchymatous (a cell arrangement where the hyphae are oriented in all directions), measuring 10–20  μm thick, and covered by an epicortex with pores. [7]

The apothecia are Lecanora-type, resembling large, concave brown discs. Ascospores are colourless, ellipsoid, and number eight per ascus. Conidia have a short bacilliform shape with a swelling towards one end, and measure 3–4.5 μm long. [6] The phycobiont in Imshaugia is green algae – Trebouxia in I. aleurites, and Myrmecia in I. placorodia. The thallus contains thamnolic acid and atranorin. [7]

Habitat and distribution

Imshaugia placorodia, photographed in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Scale bar is 5 mm Imshaugia placorodia - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Imshaugia placorodia, photographed in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Scale bar is 5 mm

Imshaugia grows most commonly on the bark and wood of conifers, and prefers woodland habitats that are open and well-lit. [6] They have also been recorded on hardwoods and wood fences. [5] The South American species I. sipmanii, however, is saxicolous. [8] Imshaugia placorodia has been noted to display a preference for the bark of the tree species pitch pine (Pinus rigida) and Jack pine (Pinus banksiana). The type species, Imshaugia aleurites, is widely distributed in northern North America, having been recorded from the tree line in the Arctic south through all of the boreal region and most of the temperate region. [7]

Species

The species Imshaugia subarida, proposed by John Elix in 2004 (a new combination from genus Canoparmelia ), [8] has since been transferred to Austroparmelina . [10]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parmeliaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia, Usnea, Parmotrema, and Hypotrachyna.

<i>Ramalina</i> Genus of lichenised fungi in the family Ramalinaceae

Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches. Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens or cartilage lichens. Apothecia are lecanorine.

<i>Hypogymnia</i> Genus of lichens

Hypogymnia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as tube lichens, bone lichens, or pillow lichens. Most species lack rhizines that are otherwise common in members of the Parmeliaceae, and have swollen lobes that are usually hollow. Other common characteristics are relatively small spores and the presence of physodic acid and related lichen products. The lichens usually grow on the bark and wood of coniferous trees.

<i>Tuckermannopsis</i> Genus of lichens

Tuckermannopsis is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.

<i>Myelochroa</i> Genus of lichens

Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of distribution in Asia and North America.

<i>Flavopunctelia</i> Genus of fungi

Flavopunctelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. The genus contains species that are widespread in temperate and tropical areas. The genus is characterised by broad, yellow-green lobes, point-like (punctiform) pseudocyphellae on the thallus surface, and bifusiform conidia. All species contain usnic acid as a major secondary chemical in the cortex. Flavopunctelia was originally conceived as a subgenus of Punctelia by Hildur Krog in 1982; Mason Hale promoted it to generic status in 1984.

<i>Flavoparmelia</i> Genus of fungi

Flavoparmelia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. Because of their appearance, they are commonly known as greenshield lichens. The widely distributed genus contains 32 species. It was circumscribed by American lichenologist Mason Hale in 1986 to contain 17 former Pseudoparmelia species with broad lobes, usnic acid in the cortex, and isolichenan in the cell walls.

<i>Canoparmelia</i> Genus of lichens

Canoparmelia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Parmeliaceae. The widespread genus contains about 35 species. Canoparmelia, a segregate of the parmelioid lichen genus Pseudoparmelia, was circumscribed by John Elix and Mason Hale in 1986.

<i>Parmotrema</i> Genus of fungi

Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae. It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species, with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

<i>Lepraria</i> Genus of lichens

Lepraria is a genus of leprose crustose lichens that grows on its substrate like patches of granular, caked up, mealy dust grains. Members of the genus are commonly called dust lichens. The main vegetative body (thallus) is made of patches of soredia. There are no known mechanisms for sexual reproduction, yet members of the genus continue to speciate. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. Because of the morphological simplicity of the thallus and the absence of sexual structures, the composition of lichen products are important characters to distinguish between similar species in Lepraria.

<i>Anzia</i> Genus of fungi

Anzia is a genus of foliose lichens known as black-foam lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.

Austroparmelina is a genus of foliose lichens in the large family Parmeliaceae. It contains species formerly placed in the genera Parmelina and Canoparmelia. All species of Austroparmelina have an Australasian-South African distribution.

Emodomelanelia is a lichen genus in the family Parmeliaceae. It is monotypic, containing the single foliose Himalayan species Emodomelanelia masonii.

Henricus (Harrie) Johannes Maria Sipman is a Dutch lichenologist. He specialises in tropical and subtropical lichens, and has authored or co-authored more than 250 scientific publications. He was the curator of the lichen herbarium at the Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum from 1983 until his retirement in 2010.

Imshaugia sipmanii is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Venezuela, it was formally described as a new species in 2004 by Australian lichenologist Jack Elix. The species epithet honours Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, who collected the type specimen.

<i>Crocodia</i> Genus of fungi

Crocodia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Peltigeraceae. It has eight species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species occur in temperate and tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The main characteristics of the genus that separate it from its parent genus, Pseudocyphellaria, include a yellow medulla and yellow pseudocyphellae on the lower thallus surface.

<i>Imshaugia aleurites</i> Species of lichen

Imshaugia aleurites, commonly known as the salted starburst lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It has a wide distribution in Europe and North America, and has also been recorded in China.

References

  1. ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN   978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID   246307410 . Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  2. ↑ Meyer, Susan L.F. (1982). "Segregation of the new lichen genus Foraminella from Parmeliopsis". Mycologia. 74 (4): 592–598. doi:10.2307/3792746. JSTOR   3792746.
  3. ↑ Gyelnik, V. (1932). "Über einige Arten der Gattung Parmeliopsis (Stiztenb.) Nyl". Annales Mycologici (in German). 30: 456–459.
  4. ↑ Hillman, J. (1936). Rabenhorst, L. (ed.). Parmeliaceae. Kryptogamen-flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Vol. 9 (2 ed.). Leipzig: Eduard Kummer.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Meyer, Susan L.F. (1985). "The new lichen genus Imshaugia (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae)". Mycologia. 77 (2): 336–338. doi:10.2307/3793090. JSTOR   3793090.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 360–361. ISBN   978-0300082494.
  7. 1 2 3 Hinds, James W. (1999). "Lichen flora of eastern North America: the genera Parmeliopsis and Imshaugia". Mycotaxon. 72: 271–288.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Elix, John A. (2004). "Two new species of Imshaugia (Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) from South America". Mycotaxon. 90 (2): 337–341.
  9. ↑ Lücking, R.; Moncada, B.; Soto-Medina, E.; Simijaca, D.; Sipman, H.J.M. (2021). "Actualización nomenclatural y taxonómica del Catálogo de Líquenes de Colombia". Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales (in Spanish). 45 (174): 153.
  10. ↑ Crespo, Ana; Ferencova, Zuzana; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Elix, John A.; Divakar, Pradeep K. (2010). "Austroparmelina, a new Australasian lineage in parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". Systematics and Biodiversity. 8 (2): 209–221. doi:10.1080/14772001003738320. S2CID   84715679.
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