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Bipolar disorder,previously known as manic depression,is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that last from days to weeks each. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis,it is called mania;if it is less severe,it is called hypomania. During mania,an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic,happy or irritable,and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression,the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high;over a period of 20 years,6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide,while 30–40% engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues,such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders,are commonly associated with bipolar disorder.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions,primarily depression and anxiety disorders. CBT focuses on challenging and changing cognitive distortions and their associated behaviors to improve emotional regulation and develop personal coping strategies that target solving current problems. Though it was originally designed to treat depression,its uses have been expanded to include the treatment of many mental health conditions,including anxiety,substance use disorders,marital problems,and eating disorders. CBT includes a number of cognitive or behavioral psychotherapies that treat defined psychopathologies using evidence-based techniques and strategies.
Major depressive disorder (MDD),also known as clinical depression,is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood,low self-esteem,and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s,the term was adopted by the American Psychiatric Association for this symptom cluster under mood disorders in the 1980 version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III),and has become widely used since.
Dysthymia,also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD),is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically a disorder primarily of mood,consisting of similar cognitive and physical problems as major depressive disorder,but with longer-lasting symptoms. The concept was used by Robert Spitzer as a replacement for the term "depressive personality" in the late 1970s.
Child psychopathology refers to the scientific study of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Oppositional defiant disorder,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorder are examples of psychopathology that are typically first diagnosed during childhood. Mental health providers who work with children and adolescents are informed by research in developmental psychology,clinical child psychology,and family systems. Lists of child and adult mental disorders can be found in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,10th Edition (ICD-10),published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition (DSM-5),published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In addition,the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood is used in assessing mental health and developmental disorders in children up to age five.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is listed in the DSM-5 under Disruptive,impulse-control,and conduct disorders and defined as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood,argumentative/defiant behavior,or vindictiveness". This behavior is usually targeted toward peers,parents,teachers,and other authority figures. Unlike conduct disorder (CD),those with ODD do not show patterns of aggression towards people or animals,destruction of property,theft,or deceit. It has certain links to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),and as many as one half of children with ODD also fulfill the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.
Emotional dysregulation is a range of emotional responses that do not lie within a desirable scope of emotive response,considering the stimuli.
Gender is correlated with the prevalence of certain mental disorders,including depression,anxiety and somatic complaints. For example,women are more likely to be diagnosed with major depression,while men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder. There are no marked gender differences in the diagnosis rates of disorders like schizophrenia,borderline personality disorder,and bipolar disorder. Men are at risk to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to past violent experiences such as accidents,wars and witnessing death,and women are diagnosed with PTSD at higher rates due to experiences with sexual assault,rape and child sexual abuse. Nonbinary or genderqueer identification describes people who do not identify as either male or female. People who identify as nonbinary or gender queer show increased risk for depression,anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. People who identify as transgender demonstrate increased risk for depression,anxiety,and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Lyn Yvonne Abramson is a professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She was born in Benson,Minnesota. She took her undergraduate degree at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1972 before attaining her Ph.D. in clinical psychology at University of Pennsylvania in 1978.
Depression is a mental disorder characterized by prolonged unhappiness or irritability,accompanied by a constellation of somatic and cognitive signs and symptoms such as fatigue,apathy,sleep problems,loss of appetite,loss of engagement;low self-regard or worthlessness;difficulty concentrating or indecisiveness;or recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. Depression in childhood and adolescence is similar to adult major depressive disorder,although young sufferers may exhibit increased irritability or behavioral dyscontrol instead of the more common sad,empty,or hopeless feelings seen with adults. Children who are under stress,experiencing loss,or have other underlying disorders are at a higher risk for depression. Childhood depression is often comorbid with mental disorders outside of other mood disorders;most commonly anxiety disorder and conduct disorder. Depression also tends to run in families. In a 2016 Cochrane review cognitive behavior therapy (CBT),third wave CBT and interpersonal therapy demonstrated small positive benefits in the prevention of depression. Psychologists have developed different treatments to assist children and adolescents suffering from depression,though the legitimacy of the diagnosis of childhood depression as a psychiatric disorder,as well as the efficacy of various methods of assessment and treatment,remains controversial.
Cyclothymia,also known as cyclothymic disorder,psychothemia / psychothymia,bipolar III,affective personality disorder and cyclothymic personality disorder,is a mental and behavioural disorder that involves numerous periods of symptoms of depression and periods of symptoms of elevated mood. These symptoms,however,are not sufficient to indicate a major depressive episode or a manic episode. Symptoms must last for more than one year in children and two years in adults.
Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder,specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations,sweating,shaking,shortness of breath,numbness,or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. The maximum degree of symptoms occurs within minutes. There may be ongoing worries about having further attacks and avoidance of places where attacks have occurred in the past.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) is a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood and frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same-aged peers. DMDD was added to the DSM-5 as a type of depressive disorder diagnosis for youths. The symptoms of DMDD resemble those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),oppositional defiant disorder (ODD),anxiety disorders,and childhood bipolar disorder.
Externalizing disorders are mental disorders characterized by externalizing behaviors,maladaptive behaviors directed toward an individual's environment,which cause impairment or interference in life functioning. In contrast to individuals with internalizing disorders who internalize their maladaptive emotions and cognitions,such feelings and thoughts are externalized in behavior in individuals with externalizing disorders. Externalizing disorders are often specifically referred to as disruptive behavior disorders or conduct problems which occur in childhood. Externalizing disorders,however,are also manifested in adulthood. For example,alcohol- and substance-related disorders and antisocial personality disorder are adult externalizing disorders. Externalizing psychopathology is associated with antisocial behavior,which is different from and often confused for asociality.
Watson and Clark (1991) proposed the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression to help explain the comorbidity between anxious and depressive symptoms and disorders. This model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups:negative affect,positive affect and physiological hyperarousal. These three sets of symptoms help explain common and distinct aspects of depression and anxiety.
Early childhood trauma refers to various types of adversity and traumatic events experienced during the early years of a person's life. This is deemed the most critical developmental period in human life by psychologists. A critical period refers to a sensitive time during the early years of childhood in which children may be more vulnerable to be affected by environmental stimulation. These traumatic events can include serious sickness,natural disasters,family violence,sudden separation from a family member,being the victim of abuse,or suffering the loss of a loved one. Traumatic experiences in early childhood can result in severe consequences throughout adulthood,for instance developing post-traumatic stress disorder,depression,or anxiety. Negative childhood experiences can have a tremendous impact on future violence victimization and perpetration,and lifelong health and opportunity. However,not all children who are exposed to negative stimuli in early childhood will be affected severely in later life;some children come out unscathed after being faced with traumatic events,which is known as resilience. Many factors can account for the invulnerability displayed by certain children in response to adverse social conditions:gender,vulnerability,social support systems,and innate character traits. Much of the research in this area has referred to the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE) study. The ACE study found several protective factors against developing mental health disorders,including mother-child relations,parental health,and community support. However,having adverse childhood experiences creates long-lasting impacts on psychosocial functioning,such as a heightened awareness of environmental threats,feelings of loneliness,and cognitive deficits. Individuals with ACEs are more prone to developing severe symptoms than individuals in the same diagnostic category.
Emotions play a key role in overall mental health,and sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining the optimal homeostasis of emotional functioning. Deficient sleep,both in the form of sleep deprivation and restriction,adversely impacts emotion generation,emotion regulation,and emotional expression.
Myrna Milgram Weissman is Diane Goldman Kemper Family Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry at the Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mailman School of Public Health,Columbia University,and Chief of the Division of Translational Epidemiology at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. She is an epidemiologist known for her research on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric epidemiology,as it pertains to rates and risks of anxiety and mood disorders across generations. Among her many influential works are longitudinal studies of the impact of parental depression on their children.
Steven D. Hollon is an American psychologist,academic and researcher. He is the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Professor of Psychology at Vanderbilt University.
Katie A. McLaughlin a clinical psychologist and expert on how stress,trauma,and other adverse events,such as natural disorders or pandemics,affect behavioral and brain development during childhood and adolescence. McLaughlin is a Professor of Psychology at Harvard University.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Faculty Profile". Vanderbilt University Dept. of Psychological Sciences. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
- ↑ "Boyd McCandless Award". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
- ↑ "David Shakow Early Career Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Clinical Psychology". /www.apa.org. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
- ↑ The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Garber, Judy., Dodge, Kenneth A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 9780521364065. OCLC 22593439.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Garber, Judy; Dodge, Kenneth A., eds. (1991-05-31). The Development of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521364065.
- ↑ Human helplessness : theory and applications. Garber, Judy., Seligman, Martin E. P. New York: Academic Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0122750502. OCLC 6791118.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Rippere, V. (1983). "Human Helplessness. Theory and Applications. J. Garber and M. E. P. Seligman (Eds), London: Academic Press, 1980, pp. xvii + 402, £10.40". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 11 (2): 188–189. doi:10.1017/S0141347300006650. ISSN 2051-199X. S2CID 146436077.
- ↑ "Vanderbilt University School of Medicine". wag.app.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
- ↑ Garber, Judy; Robinson, Nancy S.; Valentiner, David (1997). "The Relation Between Parenting and Adolescent Depression: Self Worth as a Mediator". Journal of Adolescent Research. 12 (1): 12–33. doi:10.1177/0743554897121003. ISSN 0743-5584. S2CID 146530947.
- ↑ Gallerani, Catherine M.; Garber, Judy; Martin, Nina C. (2010). "The temporal relation between depression and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents at varied risk for depression". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 51 (3): 242–249. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02155.x. ISSN 0021-9630. PMC 2827636 . PMID 19874429.
- ↑ Horowitz, Jason L.; Garber, Judy (2006). "The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 74 (3): 401–415. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.401. ISSN 1939-2117. PMID 16822098.
- ↑ "A Family Depression Prevention Program - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov" . Retrieved 2018-10-06.
- ↑ Wickramaratne, Priya; Gameroff, Marc J.; Pilowsky, Daniel J.; Hughes, Carroll W.; Garber, Judy; Malloy, Erin; King, Cheryl; Cerda, Gabrielle; Sood, A. Bela (2011). "Children of Depressed Mothers 1 Year After Remission of Maternal Depression: Findings From the STAR*D-Child Study". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (6): 593–602. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10010032. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 3423977 . PMID 21406462.
- ↑ Zeman, Janice; Garber, Judy (1996). "Display Rules for Anger, Sadness, and Pain: It Depends on Who Is Watching". Child Development. 67 (3): 957–973. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01776.x. ISSN 0009-3920. PMID 8706538.
