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This is a list of battles and campaigns between Mughal and Sikh armies, which started with the martyrdom of the fifth Sikh guru, Guru Arjan Dev in 1606, on the orders of Jahangir. Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Sikh guru, introduced the militarization to Sikhi. In response to his father's execution, he established the Akal Sena and fought several battles against the Mughal army and defeated them. Later, the ninth Sikh guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was also executed on the orders of Aurangzeb in 1675, after he refused to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth and last human Sikh guru, started the Khalsa tradition and fought further battles against the Mughals and their allies. Before Guru Gobind Singh's passing in 1708, he appointed his newly converted Sikh, Banda Singh Bahadur as the leader of the Khalsa Fauj and ordered him to go fight in Punjab. Banda Singh Bahadur fought further battles against the Mughal's and their allies and established the first Khalsa Rule in 1710 but was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. After this, the Sikhs later reorganized themselves into Misls creating the Dal Khalsa which fought further battles against the Mughals under the leadership of Nawab Kapur Singh, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other Misl leaders. The Dal Khalsa was victorious in the last major battle in 1783 with a few smaller fights happening until the conflict ended in 1788. The Sikhs were victorious against the Mughals and consolidated rule over Punjab.
Conflict (Period) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Rohilla (1621) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Sangrana (1628) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1634) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Lahira (1634) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kartarpur (1635) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Sutlej (1652) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Kiratpur (1658) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1691) | Akal Sena, Kahlur State | Mughal Empire | Combined victory of Sikhs and Kahlur State |
Battle of Anandpur (1695) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Guler (1696) | Akal Sena | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Basoli (1702) [1] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
First battle of Chamkaur (1702) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Khalsa victory |
First Battle of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Khalsa victory |
Second Siege of Anandpur (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Combined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas |
Battle of Sarsa (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Combined victory of Mughals and Hill Rajas
|
Battle of Shahi Tibbi (1704) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire, Sivalik Hills Raja's | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Chamkaur (1704) [3] [4] [5] [6] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire Raja's of Sivalik Hills | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Muktsar (1705) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Jajau (1707) [7] [8] [9] [10] | Bahadur Shah I | Muhammad Azam | Bahadur Shah victory
|
Battle of Chittorgarh (1708) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Amritsar (1709) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sonipat (1709) [11] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Samana (1709) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Kapuri (1709) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1710) [12] [13] [11] [14] | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Ropar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Chappar Chiri (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Siege of Sirhind (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Saharanpur (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Jalalabad (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Kotla Begum (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Bhilowal (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Rahon (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Thanesar (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Lohgarh (1710) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Bahrampar (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Hoshiarpur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Kalanaur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Batala (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Aurangabad (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Pasrur (1711) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Jammu (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Sadhaura (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Lohgarh (1712) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Sadhaura (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Lohgarh (1713) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Ropar (1714) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Gurdas Nangal (1715) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Siege of Gurdaspur (1715) | First Sikh State | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Massacre of the Sikhs (1716)[ clarification needed ] | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Wan (1726) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory |
Battle of Thikriwala (1731) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sunam (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sirhind (1735) | Khalsa Fauj | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Basarke (1736) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Amritsar (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Samad Khan's expedition against the Sikhs (1738) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Sarai Nurdin (1739) | Bhai Bota Singh and Bhai Garja Singh | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory
|
Battle of Rorī Sahib (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory
|
Battle of Kahnuwan (1746) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Kasur (1747) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Mughal victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sodhra and Badra (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Battle of Khanpur (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory[ citation needed ] |
Siege of Amritsar (1748) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Khalsa victory |
Siege of Ram Rauni (1748–1749) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Multan (1749) | Kaura Mal Dal Khalsa | Shah Nawaz Khan | Kaura Mal and Sikh victory |
Battle of Jalandhar (1750) | Dallewalia Misl | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Nadaun (1752) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Anandpur (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Lahore (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ]
|
Battle of Fatehabad (1753) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Patti (1754) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Delhi (1764) | Bharatpur State | Mughal Empire | Bharatpur and Sikh victory |
Sikh raids on Delhi (1764–1788) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Allies | Sikh victory |
Battle of Panipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sonipat (1766) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Karnal (1767) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Ghazi-U-Din-Nagar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Anupshahar (1768) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Fourth Battle of Panipat (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire and Rohillas | Sikh victory |
Attack on Delhi (1770) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Siege of Kunjpura (1772) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire, Durrani Empire and Maratha Empire | Sikh victory |
Siege of Jind (1776) | Jind State | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Ghanaur (1778) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Attack on Delhi to Rakabganj (1778) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Siege of Patiala (1779) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Shafi's campaign against the Sikhs (1780–1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Baghpat (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sardana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Mawana (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Battle of Muradnagar (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Patparganj (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Shahdara (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sheikhpura (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Barnawa (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Sirhind (1781) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Sikh raids on Delhi to Hardwar (1782) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Delhi (1783) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory |
Raid of Delhi (1784) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Raids from Panipat to Delhi (1786) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Raids from Agra to Delhi (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Battle of Shahdara (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Attack on Red Fort (1787) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Attack on Delhi (1788) | Dal Khalsa | Mughal Empire | Sikh victory[ citation needed ] |
Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth and last human Sikh Guru. He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In 1675, at the age of nine he was formally installed as the leader of the Sikhs after his father Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by Emperor Aurangzeb. His father was the ninth Sikh Guru. His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle and two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.
Khalsa refers to both a community that considers Sikhism as its faith, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs. The Khalsa tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh. Its formation was a key event in the history of Sikhism. The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of Vaisakhi.
The following outline is provides an overview of Sikhism, or Sikhi.
The Zafarnāma was a spiritual victory letter sent by Guru Gobind Singh in 1705 to the Mughal Emperor of India, Aurangzeb, after the Battle of Chamkaur.
Dal Khalsa was the name of the combined military forces of 11 Sikh misls that operated in the 18th century (1748–1799) in the Punjab region. It was established by Nawab Kapur Singh in late 1740s.
Bhai Mani Singh was an 18th-century Sikh scholar and martyr. He was a childhood companion of Guru Gobind Singh and took the vows of Sikhism when the Guru inaugurated the Khalsa in March 1699. Soon after that, the Guru sent him to Amritsar to take charge of Harmandir Sahib, which had been without a custodian since 1696. He took control and steered the course of Sikh destiny at a critical stage in Sikh history. He was also a teacher of the Gianian Bunga, later becoming known as the "Amritsari Taksal", currently located in Sato Ki Gali.
Daya Singh was one of the Panj Pyare, the first five Sikhs to be initiated into the Khalsa order in 17th-century India.
The Tat Khalsa, also romanised as Tatt Khalsa, known as the Akal Purkhias during the 18th century, was a Sikh faction that arose from the schism following the passing of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, led by his widow Mata Sundari, opposed to the religious innovations of Banda Singh Bahadur and his followers. The roots of the Tat Khalsa lies in the official formalization and sanctification of the Khalsa order by the tenth Guru in 1699.
Guru Nanak founded the Sikh religion in the Punjab region of the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the 15th century and opposed many traditional practices like fasting, Upanayana, idolatry, caste system, ascetism, azan, economic materialism, and gender discrimination.
Bhai Sati Das along with his elder brother Bhai Mati Das were martyrs of early Sikh history. Bhai Sati Das, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dyal Das were all executed at kotwali (police-station) in the Chandni Chowk area of Delhi, under the express orders of emperor Aurangzeb just prior to the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur. Bhai Sati Das was executed by the means of being wrapped in cotton wool soaked in oil and set on fire.
The Battle of Anandpur was fought at Anandpur, between the armies of the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh and the Mughal forces aided by the Nawab of Bahawalpur state, Rajas of the Sivalik Hills.
The second siege of Anandpur, also known as the second battle of Anandpur (1704), was a siege at Anandpur, between Sikhs and the Mughal governors, dispatched by Aurangzeb, Wazir Khan, Dilwaar Kahn and Zaberdast Khan, and aided by the vassal Rajas of the Sivalik Hills which lasted from May 1704 to 19 December 1704.
Baba Jiwan Singh was a Sikh general and companion of Guru Gobind Singh.
Banda Singh Bahadur, was a Sikh warrior and a general of the Khalsa Army. At age 15, he left home to become an ascetic, and was given the name Madho Das Bairagi. He established a monastery at Nānded, on the bank of the river Godāvarī. In 1707, Guru Gobind Singh accepted an invitation to meet Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I in southern India, he visited Banda Singh Bahadur in 1708. Banda became disciple of Guru Gobind Singh and was given a new name, Gurbaksh Singh(as written in Mahan Kosh), after the baptism ceremony. He is popularly known as Banda Singh Bahadur. He was given five arrows by the Guru as a blessing for the battles ahead. He came to Khanda, Sonipat and assembled a fighting force and led the struggle against the Mughal Empire.
Binod Singh, a Trehan Khatri and a descendant of Guru Angad, was an army man and disciple of Guru Gobind Singh and was among few Sikhs who accompanied him to Nanded in 1706. In Budha Dal Chronicles, Guru Gobind Singh made Baba Binod Singh the head of the Khalsa.
The Battle of Basoli was fought between the Mughal Empire and the Sikhs.
The Battle of Shahi Tibbi was fought between the Khalsa led by Bhai Jiwan Singh and the Mughal Army led by Governor Wazir Khan. This battle was fought alongside the Battle of Sarsa.
The Hill States–Sikh wars, also known as the Sikh–Pahari Raja wars, was a set of battles and conflicts fought by the Sikhs and the rajas (kings) of the Hill States located in the Sivalik Hills.
The Battle of Anandpur was fought between the Sikh forces led by Guru Gobind Singh and the Hill State forces by Alim and Balia Chand. This was the first major battle fought after the formation of the Khalsa.
Alam Singh Nachna, also called Alim Singh, was a warrior in the army of Guru Gobind Singh, and was a Rajput turned Sikh. Sarup Das Bhalla of Mahima Prakash describes him as one of Guru Gobind Singh's constant and closest companions. He is also known for killing a lion single handedly.