This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by Atomic number.
Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.
Z | Name | Symbol | Average atomic mass | Electronegativity (Pauling) | First Ionization Energy (eV) | Radii (pm) | Valence electrons | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atomic | Van der Waals | Covalent | |||||||
1 | Hydrogen | H | 1.007 | 2.2 | 13.59844 | 25 | 120 | 38 | 1 |
2 | Helium | He | 4.002602(2) | — | 24.58741 | 31 | 140 | 32 | 2 |
3 | Lithium | Li | 6.941(2) | 0.98 | 5.39172 | 145 | 182 | 134 | 1 |
4 | Beryllium | Be | 9.012182(3) | 1.57 | 9.3227 | 105 | — | 90 | 2 |
5 | Boron | B | 10.811(7) | 2.04 | 8.29803 | 85 | — | 82 | 3 |
6 | Carbon | C | 12.0107(8) | 2.55 | 11.2603 | 70 | 170 | 77 | 4 |
7 | Nitrogen | N | 14.0067(2) | 3.04 | 14.53414 | 65 | 155 | 75 | 5 |
8 | Oxygen | O | 15.9994(3) | 3.44 | 13.61806 | 60 | 152 | 73 | 6 |
9 | Fluorine | F | 18.9984032(5) | 3.98 | 17.42282 | 50 | 147 | 71 | 7 |
10 | Neon | Ne | 20.1797(6) | — | 21.5646 | 38 | 154 | 69 | 8 |
11 | Sodium | Na | 22.98976928(2) | 0.93 | 5.13908 | 180 | 227 | 154 | 1 |
12 | Magnesium | Mg | 24.3050(6) | 1.31 | 7.64624 | 150 | 173 | 130 | 2 |
13 | Aluminium | Al | 26.9815386(8) | 1.61 | 5.98577 | 125 | — | 118 | 3 |
14 | Silicon | Si | 28.0855(3) | 1.9 | 8.15169 | 110 | 210 | 111 | 4 |
15 | Phosphorus | P | 30.973762(2) | 2.19 | 10.48669 | 100 | 180 | 106 | 5 |
16 | Sulfur | S | 32.065(5) | 2.58 | 10.36001 | 100 | 180 | 102 | 6 |
17 | Chlorine | Cl | 35.453(2) | 3.16 | 12.96764 | 100 | 175 | 99 | 7 |
18 | Argon | Ar | 39.948(1) | — | 15.75962 | 71 | 188 | 97 | 8 |
19 | Potassium | K | 39.0983(1) | 0.82 | 4.34066 | 220 | 275 | 196 | 1 |
20 | Calcium | Ca | 40.078(4) | 1 | 6.11316 | 180 | — | 174 | 2 |
21 | Scandium | Sc | 44.955912(6) | 1.36 | 6.5615 | 160 | — | 144 | 2 |
22 | Titanium | Ti | 47.867(1) | 1.54 | 6.8281 | 140 | — | 136 | 2 |
23 | Vanadium | V | 50.9415(1) | 1.63 | 6.7462 | 135 | — | 125 | 2 |
24 | Chromium | Cr | 51.9961(6) | 1.66 | 6.7665 | 140 | — | 127 | 1 |
25 | Manganese | Mn | 54.938045(5) | 1.55 | 7.43402 | 140 | — | 139 | 2 |
26 | Iron | Fe | 55.845(2) | 1.83 | 7.9024 | 140 | — | 125 | 2 |
27 | Cobalt | Co | 58.933195(5) | 1.91 | 7.6398 | 135 | 163 | 121 | 2 |
28 | Nickel | Ni | 58.6934(4) | 1.88 | 7.881 | 135 | — | 126 | 2 |
29 | Copper | Cu | 63.546(3) | 1.9 | 7.72638 | 135 | 140 | 138 | 1 |
30 | Zinc | Zn | 65.38(2) | 1.65 | 9.3942 | 135 | 139 | 131 | 2 |
31 | Gallium | Ga | 69.723(1) | 1.81 | 5.9993 | 130 | 187 | 126 | 3 |
32 | Germanium | Ge | 72.63(1) | 2.01 | 7.8994 | 125 | — | 122 | 4 |
33 | Arsenic | As | 74.92160(2) | 2.18 | 9.7886 | 115 | 185 | 119 | 5 |
34 | Selenium | Se | 78.96(3) | 2.55 | 9.75238 | 115 | 190 | 116 | 6 |
35 | Bromine | Br | 79.904(1) | 2.96 | 11.81381 | 115 | 185 | 114 | 7 |
36 | Krypton | Kr | 83.798(2) | 3 | 13.99961 | 88 | 202 | 110 | 8 |
37 | Rubidium | Rb | 85.4678(3) | 0.82 | 4.17713 | 235 | — | 211 | 1 |
38 | Strontium | Sr | 87.62(1) | 0.95 | 5.6949 | 200 | — | 192 | 2 |
39 | Yttrium | Y | 88.90585(2) | 1.22 | 6.2171 | 180 | — | 162 | 2 |
40 | Zirconium | Zr | 91.224(2) | 1.33 | 6.6339 | 155 | — | 148 | 2 |
41 | Niobium | Nb | 92.90638(2) | 1.6 | 6.75885 | 145 | — | 137 | 1 |
42 | Molybdenum | Mo | 95.96(2) | 2.16 | 7.09243 | 145 | — | 145 | 1 |
43 | Technetium | Tc | [98] | 1.9 | 7.28 | 135 | — | 156 | 1 |
44 | Ruthenium | Ru | 101.07(2) | 2.2 | 7.3605 | 130 | — | 126 | 1 |
45 | Rhodium | Rh | 102.90550(2) | 2.28 | 7.4589 | 135 | — | 135 | 1 |
46 | Palladium | Pd | 106.42(1) | 2.2 | 8.3369 | 140 | 163 | 131 | |
47 | Silver | Ag | 107.8682(2) | 1.93 | 7.5762 | 160 | 172 | 153 | 1 |
48 | Cadmium | Cd | 112.411(8) | 1.69 | 8.9938 | 155 | 158 | 148 | 2 |
49 | Indium | In | 114.818(3) | 1.78 | 5.78636 | 155 | 193 | 144 | 3 |
50 | Tin | Sn | 118.710(7) | 1.96 | 7.3439 | 145 | 217 | 141 | 4 |
51 | Antimony | Sb | 121.760(1) | 2.05 | 8.6084 | 145 | — | 138 | 5 |
52 | Tellurium | Te | 127.60(3) | 2.1 | 9.0096 | 140 | 206 | 135 | 6 |
53 | Iodine | I | 126.90447(3) | 2.66 | 10.45126 | 140 | 198 | 133 | 7 |
54 | Xenon | Xe | 131.293(6) | 2.6 | 12.1298 | 108 | 216 | 130 | 8 |
55 | Caesium | Cs | 132.9054519(2) | 0.79 | 3.8939 | 260 | — | 225 | 1 |
56 | Barium | Ba | 137.327(7) | 0.89 | 5.2117 | 215 | — | 198 | 2 |
57 | Lanthanum | La | 138.90547(7) | 1.1 | 5.5769 | 195 | — | 169 | 2 |
58 | Cerium | Ce | 140.116(1) | 1.12 | 5.5387 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
59 | Praseodymium | Pr | 140.90765(2) | 1.13 | 5.473 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
60 | Neodymium | Nd | 144.242(3) | 1.14 | 5.525 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
61 | Promethium | Pm | [145] | — | 5.582 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
62 | Samarium | Sm | 150.36(2) | 1.17 | 5.6436 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
63 | Europium | Eu | 151.964(1) | — | 5.6704 | 185 | — | — | 2 |
64 | Gadolinium | Gd | 157.25(3) | 1.2 | 6.1501 | 180 | — | — | 2 |
65 | Terbium | Tb | 158.92535(2) | — | 5.8638 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
66 | Dysprosium | Dy | 162.500(1) | 1.22 | 5.9389 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
67 | Holmium | Ho | 164.93032(2) | 1.23 | 6.0215 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
68 | Erbium | Er | 167.259(3) | 1.24 | 6.1077 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
69 | Thulium | Tm | 168.93421(2) | 1.25 | 6.18431 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
70 | Ytterbium | Yb | 173.054(5) | — | 6.25416 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
71 | Lutetium | Lu | 174.9668(1) | 1.27 | 5.4259 | 175 | — | 160 | 2 |
72 | Hafnium | Hf | 178.49(2) | 1.3 | 6.82507 | 155 | — | 150 | 2 |
73 | Tantalum | Ta | 180.94788(2) | 1.5 | 7.5496 | 145 | — | 138 | 2 |
74 | Tungsten | W | 183.84(1) | 2.36 | 7.864 | 135 | — | 146 | 2 |
75 | Rhenium | Re | 186.207(1) | 1.9 | 7.8335 | 135 | — | 159 | 2 |
76 | Osmium | Os | 190.23(3) | 2.2 | 8.4382 | 130 | — | 128 | 2 |
77 | Iridium | Ir | 192.217(3) | 2.2 | 8.967 | 135 | — | 137 | 2 |
78 | Platinum | Pt | 195.084(9) | 2.28 | 8.9587 | 135 | 175 | 128 | 1 |
79 | Gold | Au | 196.966569(4) | 2.54 | 9.2255 | 135 | 166 | 144 | 1 |
80 | Mercury | Hg | 200.59(2) | 2 | 10.4375 | 150 | 155 | 149 | 2 |
81 | Thallium | Tl | 204.3833(2) | 1.62 | 6.1082 | 190 | 196 | 148 | 3 |
82 | Lead | Pb | 207.2(1) | 2.33 | 7.41666 | 180 | 202 | 147 | 4 |
83 | Bismuth | Bi | 208.98040(1) | 2.02 | 7.2856 | 160 | — | 146 | 5 |
84 | Polonium | Po | [209] | 2 | 8.417 | 190 | — | — | 6 |
85 | Astatine | At | [210] | 2.2 | — | — | — | 7 | |
86 | Radon | Rn | [222] | — | 10.7485 | 120 | — | 145 | 8 |
87 | Francium | Fr | [223] | 0.7 | 4.0727 | — | — | — | 1 |
88 | Radium | Ra | [226] | 0.9 | 5.2784 | 215 | — | — | 2 |
89 | Actinium | Ac | [227] | 1.1 | 5.17 | 195 | — | — | 2 |
90 | Thorium | Th | 232.03806(2) | 1.3 | 6.3067 | 180 | — | — | 2 |
91 | Protactinium | Pa | 231.03588(2) | 1.5 | 5.89 | 180 | — | — | 2 |
92 | Uranium | U | 238.02891(3) | 1.38 | 6.19405 | 175 | 186 | — | 2 |
93 | Neptunium | Np | [237] | 1.36 | 6.2657 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
94 | Plutonium | Pu | [244] | 1.28 | 6.0262 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
95 | Americium | Am | [243] | 1.3 | 5.9738 | 175 | — | — | 2 |
96 | Curium | Cm | [247] | 1.3 | 5.9915 | 2 | |||
97 | Berkelium | Bk | [247] | 1.3 | 6.1979 | 2 | |||
98 | Californium | Cf | [251] | 1.3 | 6.2817 | 2 | |||
99 | Einsteinium | Es | [252] | 1.3 | 6.42 | 2 | |||
100 | Fermium | Fm | [257] | 1.3 | 6.5 | 2 | |||
101 | Mendelevium | Md | [258] | 1.3 | 6.58 | 2 | |||
102 | Nobelium | No | [259] | 1.3 | 6.65 | 2 | |||
103 | Lawrencium | Lr | [266] | 1.3 | 4.9 | 3 | |||
104 | Rutherfordium | Rf | [267] | 6 | 2 | ||||
105 | Dubnium | Db | [268] | 2 | |||||
106 | Seaborgium | Sg | [269] | 2 | |||||
107 | Bohrium | Bh | [270] | 2 | |||||
108 | Hassium | Hs | [277] | 2 | |||||
109 | Meitnerium | Mt | [278] | ||||||
110 | Darmstadtium | Ds | [281] | ||||||
111 | Roentgenium | Rg | [282] | ||||||
112 | Copernicium | Cn | [285] | ||||||
113 | Nihonium | Nh | [286] | ||||||
114 | Flerovium | Fl | [289] | ||||||
115 | Moscovium | Mc | [290] | ||||||
116 | Livermorium | Lv | [293] | ||||||
117 | Tennessine | Ts | [294] | ||||||
118 | Oganesson | Og | [294] |
The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). Together with hydrogen they constitute group 1, which lies in the s-block of the periodic table. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties. Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised homologous behaviour. This family of elements is also known as the lithium family after its leading element.
The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ordinary chemical elements. In an ordinary uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons.
An atom is a particle that consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The atom is the basic particle of the chemical elements, and the chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium, and any atom that contains 29 protons is copper. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element.
In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. The term atomic orbital may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as predicted by the particular mathematical form of the orbital.
A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons in the nuclei of their atoms. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures.
Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively estimate the bond energy, and the sign and magnitude of a bond's chemical polarity, which characterizes a bond along the continuous scale from covalent to ionic bonding. The loosely defined term electropositivity is the opposite of electronegativity: it characterizes an element's tendency to donate valence electrons.
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of the (chemical) elements, is a rows and columns arrangement of the chemical elements. It is widely used in chemistry, physics, and other sciences, and is generally seen as an icon of chemistry. It is a graphic formulation of the periodic law, which states that the properties of the chemical elements exhibit an approximate periodic dependence on their atomic numbers. The table is divided into four roughly rectangular areas called blocks. The rows of the table are called periods, and the columns are called groups. Elements from the same group of the periodic table show similar chemical characteristics. Trends run through the periodic table, with nonmetallic character increasing from left to right across a period, and from down to up across a group, and metallic character increasing in the opposite direction. The underlying reason for these trends is electron configurations of atoms. The periodic table exclusively lists electrically neutral atoms that have an equal number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons and puts isotopes at the same place. Other atoms, like nuclides and isotopes, are graphically collected in other tables like the tables of nuclides.
In chemistry, a transition metal is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table, though the elements of group 12 are sometimes excluded. The lanthanide and actinide elements are called inner transition metals and are sometimes considered to be transition metals as well.
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Four widely used definitions of atomic radius are: Van der Waals radius, ionic radius, metallic radius and covalent radius. Typically, because of the difficulty to isolate atoms in order to measure their radii separately, atomic radius is measured in a chemically bonded state; however theoretical calculations are simpler when considering atoms in isolation. The dependencies on environment, probe, and state lead to a multiplicity of definitions.
In physics and chemistry, ionization energy (IE) (American English spelling), ionisation energy (British English spelling) is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule. The first ionization energy is quantitatively expressed as
In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6, meaning that the 1s, 2s and 2p subshells are occupied by 2, 2 and 6 electrons respectively.
Moscovium is a synthetic element with the symbol Mc and atomic number 115. It was first synthesized in 2003 by a joint team of Russian and American scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. On 28 November 2016, it was officially named after the Moscow Oblast, in which the JINR is situated.
An extended periodic table theorises about chemical elements beyond those currently known in the periodic table and proven. As of 2023, the element with the highest atomic number known is oganesson (Z = 118), which completes the seventh period (row) in the periodic table. All elements in the eighth period and beyond thus remain purely hypothetical.
A period in the periodic table is a row of chemical elements. All elements in a row have the same number of electron shells. Each next element in a period has one more proton and is less metallic than its predecessor. Arranged this way, elements in the same group (column) have similar chemical and physical properties, reflecting the periodic law. For example, the halogens lie in the second-to-last group and share similar properties, such as high reactivity and the tendency to gain one electron to arrive at a noble-gas electronic configuration. As of 2022, a total of 118 elements have been discovered and confirmed.
A period 7 element is one of the chemical elements in the seventh row of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behavior begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns. The seventh period contains 32 elements, tied for the most with period 6, beginning with francium and ending with oganesson, the heaviest element currently discovered. As a rule, period 7 elements fill their 7s shells first, then their 5f, 6d, and 7p shells in that order, but there are exceptions, such as uranium.
The aufbau principle, also called the aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then they fill subshells of higher energy. For example, the 1s subshell is filled before the 2s subshell is occupied. In this way, the electrons of an atom or ion form the most stable electron configuration possible. An example is the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 for the phosphorus atom, meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, and so on.
Alternative periodic tables are tabulations of chemical elements differing in their organization from the traditional depiction of the periodic system.
Periodic trends are specific patterns that are present in the periodic table that illustrate different aspects of a certain element. They were discovered by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in the year 1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, valency and metallic character. These trends exist because of the similar electronic configuration of the elements within their respective groups or periods and because of the periodic nature of the elements. These give a qualitative assessment of the properties of each element.
A block of the periodic table is a set of elements unified by the atomic orbitals their valence electrons or vacancies lie in. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital: s-block, p-block, d-block, f-block and g-block.