List of endemic birds of Sri Lanka

Last updated

Sri Lanka is home to 34 endemic bird species. [1] The number of bird species recorded in the island is 492 of which 219 are breeding residents. BirdLife International recognize Sri Lanka as one of the world's Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs). [2] The number of endemic species has changed over the years. [3] This is largely due to "close taxonomic revisions". The number of endemic species has fluctuated from 20 to 47. [1] Since 1977 the number has settled at around 21. The figure was increased to 23 in 1990. Many authorities have accepted this figure since then. [3] Wijesinghe published A Checklist of the Birds of Sri Lanka in 1994 which considered the addition of three more species, but this move did not receive widespread recognition because its rationale was not in keeping with rigorous taxonomic practice. Subsequent publications on the avifauna of Sri Lanka and the South Asia region have not listed these three as endemics. However, within some Sri Lankan circles considered the endemics proposed by Wijesinghe as acceptable. This may be due to an over-enthusiasm in increasing endemic numbers to create a better ornithological image and increase the demand for commercial birdwatching. [3]

Contents

In 2004, Deepal Warakagoda and Pamela C. Rasmussen described a new bird species, the Serendib scops-owl (Otus thilohofmanni). This is the first new bird species discovered in Sri Lanka since 1868, when the Sri Lanka whistling-thrush (Myophonus blighi) was described. [4] There are some proposals for species level taxonomic revisions, and therefore endemic status in Sri Lanka. [1] The country prefix "Sri Lanka" in common names is normally restricted to endemic species. However Sarath Kotagama et al. (2006) disagree with Sibley and Monroe (1990) on the use of "Ceylon" in common species' names, suggesting instead that they should reflect the change of the official English name of the island from Ceylon to name Sri Lanka. [3] Sibley and Monroe's rationale was "Ceylon" is the geographical unit and "Sri Lanka" is the country which occupies the island. The geographical name is normally used for animal ranges, for example Madagascar is used rather than its nation, the Malagasy Republic." [3]

Change in number of endemics

YearNumber of speciesReferenceComment
187237Holdsworth – Catalogue of Birds found in Ceylon
188047Legge – A History of Birds of CeylonIncluded 17 species in the present list
193125Wait – Manual of Birds of CeylonExcluded the red faced-malkoha
194422Whistler – Avifaunal Survey of Ceylon
194620Ripley – Comments to Endemic Birds of CeylonGrey hornbill, rufous babbler and red-faced malkoha were excluded
195221Phillips – Revised Checklist of Birds of CeylonRed-faced malkoha and Ceylon grackle included
197520Phillips – Revised Checklist of Birds of CeylonBlack capped bulbul excluded
197721Flemming – Notes On Endemic Birds of CeylonRufous babbler included
197821Phillips – Revised Checklist of Birds of Ceylon
199023+1Sibley & Monroe – Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the WorldCrimson fronted barbet suggested as endemic
199423+1Kotagama and Fernando – A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri LankaFollow Sibley and Monroe
199423+3Wijesinghe – A Checklist of the Birds of Sri LankaThree species are suggested as endemic
199623+3Inskip et al. – An Annotated Checklist of the Birds of the Oriental RegionFollow Sibley and Monroe refers to Wijesinghe
199823Grimmett et al. – Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
199923Harrison – A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka
201326Kotagama – A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka (revised)Crimson-fronted barbet, pompadour green pigeon and black-capped bulbul included

Source: Kotagama et al., 2013

Endemic species

Species which are validly published are considered as definitive endemic species. [1] Others are included with question marks.

Low vulnerabilityThreatened
Fl mammals lc.svg
Least concern
Fl mammals nt.svg
Near threatened
Fl mammals vu.svg
Vulnerable
Fl mammals en.svg
Endangered
Common nameBinomialFamilyHabitat, abundance, distributionStatus
Order Galliformes
Sri Lanka spurfowl

GalloperdixBicalcarataLegge.jpg

Galloperdix bicalcarata
(Forster, 1781)
Phasianidae Humid forests. Common. All zones, except northern region. [5]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[6]
Sri Lanka junglefowl

Thimindu 2009 09 04 Yala Sri Lanka Junglefowl 1.JPG

Gallus lafayetii
Lesson, 1831
Phasianidae Forests, scrub jungles. Very common. All zones. [5]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[7]
Order Columbiformes
Sri Lanka wood pigeon

ColumbaTorringtoniLegge.jpg

Columba torringtoni
(Blyth & Kelaart, 1853)
Columbidae Forests, gardens. Restricted range. Hill country. Descends to low country wet zone during fruiting seasons. [8]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[9]
Sri Lanka green pigeon

Thimindu 2009 12 31 Kaudulla Pompadour Green Pigeon 1.jpg

Treron pompadora Columbidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[10]
Order Psittaciformes
Sri Lanka hanging parrot

Loriculus beryllinus -Sri Lanka -adult-8.jpg

Loriculus beryllinus
(Forster, 1781)
Psittacidae Forests, gardens. Common. All zones. More common in wet zone. [11]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[12]
Layard's parakeet

Psittacula calthropae -Sri Lanka -eating fruit-8.jpg

Psittacula calthrapae
(Blyth, 1849)
Psittacidae Forests, gardens. Common. Wet zone and some riparian forests dry zone. [11]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[13]
Order Cuculiformes
Red-faced malkoha

Red-faced Malkoha x.jpg

Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus
(Pennant, 1769)
Cuculidae Forests. Confined to undisturbed forest areas in the wet zone and riparian forests of the dry zone. Restricted location. All zones. [14]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[15]
Green-billed coucal

CentropusChlororhynchusLegge.jpg

Centropus chlororhynchos
Blyth, 1849
Cuculidae Undisturbed forests. Associated with bamboo and cane rushes. Restricted range. Low country wet zone and wet foothills. [16]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[17]
Order Strigiformes
Sri Lanka Serendib scops-owl Otus thilohoffmanni
Warakagoda & Rasmussen, 2004
Strigidae Restricted range. Low country wet zone. [18]
Fl mammals en.svg
[19]
Sri Lanka chestnut-backed owlet

GlaucidiumCastanonotumLegge.jpg

Glaucidium castanotum
(Blyth, 1846)
Strigidae Forests, scrubs, cultivations. Restricted range. Wet zone and hill country. [18]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[20]
Order Bucerotiformes
Sri Lanka grey hornbill Ocyceros gingalensis
(Shaw, 1811)
Bucerotidae Forests, gardens. Very common. All zones. Most plentiful in dry zone. [21]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[22]
Order Piciformes
Crimson-backed flameback? ChrysocolaptesStricklandiLegge.jpg Chrysocolaptes stricklandi

(Layard, 1854)

Picidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[23]
Red-backed flameback?

Red-backed flameback - August 2019.jpg

Dinopium psarodes

(Lichtenstein, 1793)

Picidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[24]
Yellow-fronted barbet

Megalaima flavifrons -Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka-8.jpg

Megalaima flavifrons
(Cuvier, 1816)
Megalaimidae Forests, home gardens. Very common. More common in hill country. [21]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[25]
Crimson-fronted barbet

Ceylon Small Barbet MSW.jpg

Megalaima rubricapillus Megalaimidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[26]
Order Passeriformes
Suborder Passeri: Songbirds
Sri Lanka magpie

Thimindu 2010 02 20 Sinharaja Sri Lanka Blue Magpie 1.jpg

Urocissa ornata
(Wagler, 1829)
Corvidae Undisturbed forests. Restricted range. Wet zone. [27]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[28]
Black-capped bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus Pycnonotidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[29]
Sri Lanka yellow-eared bulbul

Pycnonotus penicillatus.jpg

Pycnonotus penicillatus
Blyth, 1851
Pycnonotidae Forests, gardens close to forest, Common. Hill country. [30]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[31]
Sri Lanka drongo? Sri Lanka drongo - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg Dicrurus lophorinus

(Viellot, 1817)

Dicruridae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[32]
Sri Lanka bush-warbler

Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon bush warbler (Bradypterus palliseri) (cropped).jpg

Bradypterus palliseri
(Blyth, 1851)
Sylviidae Forest undergrowth. Restricted range. Hill country. [33]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[34]
Sri Lanka brown-capped babbler

Flickr - Rainbirder - Brown-capped Babbler (Pellorneum fuscocapillum) (cropped).jpg

Pellorneum fuscocapillus
(Blyth, 1849)
Timaliidae Forests, scrub jungles. Ground level. Common. All zones. [35]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[36]
Sri Lanka scimitar-babbler

PomatorhinusMelanurusLegge.jpg

Pomatorhinus melanurus
Blyth, 1847
Timaliidae Forests understory. Common. All zones. [35]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[37]
Sri Lanka orange-billed babbler

PycnonotusPenicillatusLegge.jpg

Turdoides rufescens
(Blyth, 1847)
Timaliidae Forests. Common. Wet zone. Less in hill country. [35]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[38]
Sri Lanka ashy-headed laughingthrush

Ashy-headed Laughingthrush (Garrulax cinereifrons).jpg

Garrulax cinereifrons
Blyth, 1851
Timaliidae Forests, mainly in understory and on the ground. Common. Wet zone. More in low country. [35]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[39]
Sri Lanka white-eye

Sri Lanka Hill White-Eye.jpg

Zosterops ceylonensis
Holdsworth, 1872
Zosteropidae Forests, gardens, cultivations. Very common. Hill country. [40]
Fl mammals lc.svg
[41]
Sri Lanka myna

Flickr - Rainbirder - Ceylon Myna (Gracula ptilogenys).jpg

Gracula ptilogenys
Blyth, 1846
Sturnidae Forests. Common. Wet zone. More common in Low country. [42]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[43]
Sri Lanka white-faced starling

SturnusAlbofrontatusLegge.jpg

Sturnus albofrontatus
(Layard, 1854)
Sturnidae Forests. Restricted range. Wet zone. Less in hill country. [42]
Fl mammals vu.svg
[44]
Sri Lanka whistling-thrush

MyophonusBlighiLegge.jpg

Myophonus blighi
(Holdsworth, 1872)
Turdidae Undisturbed montane forests, streams. Restricted range. Hill country. [45]
Fl mammals en.svg
[46]
Sri Lanka spot-winged thrush

ZootheraSpilopteraLegge.jpg

Zoothera spiloptera
(Blyth, 1847)
Turdidae Humid forest undergrowth. Common. All zones. More common in wet zone. [45]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[47]
Sri Lanka scaly thrush

ZootheraSpilopteraLegge.jpg

Zoothera imbricata
Layard, 1854
Turdidae Forests undergrowth. Common. Hill country, some locations in low country wet zone. [45]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[48]
Sri Lanka dull-blue flycatcher

MuscicapaMuttuiLegge.jpg

Eumyias sordida
(Walden, 1870)
Muscicapidae Forests, home gardens, well-wooded ravines. Hill country. Also in humid locations in the low country wet zone. [49]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[50]
Sri Lanka white-throated flowerpecker

PrionochilusKeulemans.jpg

Dicaeum vincens
(Sclater, 1872)
Dicaeidae Forests. Common. Low country wet zone and lower hill country. [40]
Fl mammals nt.svg
[51]
Sri Lanka woodshrike? Sri Lanka Woodshrike.jpg Tephrodornis affinis

(Blyth, 1847)

Vangidae
Fl mammals lc.svg

[52]

Sri Lanka swallow?

Cecropis hyperythra 1894.jpg

Cecropis hyperythra

(Blyth, 1849)

Hirundinidae A variety of open country habitats in both the lowlands and foothills in Sri Lanka, including farm fields and lightly wooded areas. [53]
Fl mammals lc.svg

[54]

Source: Kotagama, 2013

Proposed endemics

Rasmussen and Anderton (2005) proposed a number of species splits. Those that would create new endemic species for Sri Lanka are listed below along with their present taxon. [1]

Current speciesBinomialProposed splittingProposed binomialFamilyStatus
Order Piciformes
Greater flameback
Greater Flameback Woodpecker (male).jpg
Chrysocolaptes lucidus Crimson-backed flameback ChrysocolaptesStricklandiLegge.jpg Chrysocolaptes stricklandi Picidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[55]
Order Passeriformes
Suborder Passeri: songbirds
Common woodshrike

Common Woodshrike (Tephrodornis pondicerianus) at Sindhrot near Vadodara, Gujrat Pix 102.jpg

Tephrodornis pondicerianus Sri Lanka woodshrike Sri Lanka Woodshrike.jpg Tephrodornis affinis Vangidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[56]
Greater racket-tailed drongo

Dicrurus paradiseus -Kerala -India-6-3c.jpg

Dicrurus paradiseus Sri Lanka drongo Sri Lanka drongo - Sri Lanka - 01.jpg Dicrurus lophorinus Dicruridae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[57]
Red-rumped swallow

Red-rumped Swallow (Cecropis daurica) Nepal.jpg

Cecropis daurica Sri Lanka swallow

Cecropis hyperythra 1894.jpg

Cecropis hyperythra Hirundinidae
Fl mammals lc.svg
[58]

Source: Kaluthota and Kotagama, 2009

Related Research Articles

<i>Accipiter</i> Genus of birds

Accipiter is a genus of birds of prey in the family Accipitridae. With 49 recognized species it is the most diverse genus in its family. Most species are called goshawks or sparrowhawks, although with the exception of the American goshawk almost all New World species are simply known as "hawks". They can be anatomically distinguished from their relatives by the lack of a procoracoid foramen. Two small and aberrant species usually placed here do possess a large procoracoid foramen and are also distinct as regards DNA sequence. They may warrant separation in the old genus Hieraspiza.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malabar trogon</span> Species of bird

The Malabar trogon is a species of bird in the trogon family. It is found in the forests of India and Sri Lanka. In India it is mainly found in the Western Ghats, hill forests of central India and in parts of the Eastern Ghats. They are insectivorous and although not migratory, may move seasonally in response to rain in hill forest regions. Like in other trogons, males and females vary in plumage. The birds utter low guttural calls that can be heard only at close quarters and the birds perch still on a branch under the forest canopy, often facing away from the viewer making them easy to miss despite their colourful plumage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Lanka blue magpie</span> Species of bird

The Sri Lanka blue magpie or Ceylon magpie is a brightly coloured member of the family Corvidae, found exclusively in Sri Lanka. This species is adapted to hunting in the dense canopy, where it is highly active and nimble. Its flight is rather weak, though, and is rarely used to cover great distances. In spite of the Sri Lanka blue magpie's ability to adapt to the presence of humans, it is classified as vulnerable to extinction due to the fragmentation and destruction of its habitat of dense primary forest in the wet zone of southern Sri Lanka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-faced malkoha</span> Species of bird

The red-faced malkoha is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. This malkoha species is endemic to Sri Lanka

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Lanka bush warbler</span> Species of bird

The Sri Lanka bush warbler, also known as Ceylon bush warbler or Palliser's warbler, is an Old World warbler which is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka, where it is the only bush warbler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chestnut-backed owlet</span> Species of owl

The chestnut-backed owlet, is an owl which is endemic to Sri Lanka. This species is a part of the larger grouping of owls known as typical owls, Strigidae, which contains most of the smaller owl species. This species was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the jungle owlet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Layard's parakeet</span> Species of bird

Layard's parakeet is a parrot which is a resident endemic breeder in Sri Lanka. The common name of this bird commemorates the British naturalist Edgar Leopold Layard; his first wife, Barbara Anne Calthrop, whom he married in 1845, is commemorated in the specific epithet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legge's flowerpecker</span> Species of bird

Legge's flowerpecker or the white-throated flowerpecker, is a small passerine bird. It is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka. It is named after the Australian ornithologist William Vincent Legge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Serendib scops owl</span> Species of owl

The Serendib scops owl is the most recently discovered bird of Sri Lanka. It was originally located by its unfamiliar poo-ooo call in the Kitulgala rainforest by prominent Sri Lankan ornithologist Deepal Warakagoda. Six years later, it was finally seen by him on 23 January 2001 in Sinharaja, and formally described as a species new to science in 2004. Apart from Sinharaja and Kitulgala, it has also been found at Runakanda Reserve in Morapitiya and Eratna Gilimale. It is known as පඩුවන් බස්සා in Sinhala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whistling duck</span> Subfamily of birds

The whistling ducks or tree ducks are a subfamily, Dendrocygninae, of the duck, goose and swan family of birds, Anatidae. In other taxonomic schemes, they are considered a separate family, Dendrocygnidae. Some taxonomists list only one genus, Dendrocygna, which contains eight living species, and one undescribed extinct species from Aitutaki of the Cook Islands, but other taxonomists also list the white-backed duck under the subfamily.

<i>Duttaphrynus kotagamai</i> Species of amphibian

Duttaphrynus kotagamai is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. D. kotagamaii is named after Sarath Kotagama. A grown male is 33–40 mm in length, while a female reaches 55–63 mm. It is nocturnal, and lives commonly under rocks or decomposed leaves. It is found in Massena, Kitulgala, and Singharaja forests. Its diet consists of termites and grasshoppers. Its breeding biology has not been recorded, but it presumably takes place in water, probably in streams.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarath Kotagama</span> Sri Lankan ornithologist and environmentalist

Vidya Jyothi Sarath Wimalabandara Kotagama is a Sri Lankan ornithologist and environmentalist. He is a Professor Emeritus and former head of the Department of Zoology, University of Colombo.

The wildlife of Sri Lanka includes its flora and fauna and their natural habitats. Sri Lanka has one of the highest rates of biological endemism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bundala National Park</span> National park in Sri Lanka

Bundala National Park is an internationally important wintering ground for migratory water birds in Sri Lanka. Bundala harbors 197 species of birds, the highlight being the greater flamingo, which migrate in large flocks. Bundala was designated a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and redesignated to a national park on 4 January 1993. In 1991 Bundala became the first wetland to be declared as a Ramsar site in Sri Lanka. In 2005 the national park was designated as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO, the fourth biosphere reserve in Sri Lanka. The national park is situated 245 kilometres (152 mi) southeast of Colombo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Lanka scimitar babbler</span> Species of bird

The Sri Lanka scimitar babbler or Ceylon scimitar babbler is an Old World babbler. It is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka, and was formerly treated as a subspecies of Indian scimitar babbler. The nominate form is found in the western part of wet hill regions of Sri Lanka, while race holdsworthi is found in the dry lowlands and eastern hills.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sri Lanka thrush</span> Species of bird

The Sri Lanka thrush or Sri Lanka scaly thrush is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. This bird is a non-migratory resident breeder found in south western rainforests of the island of Sri Lanka.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka</span> Sri Lankan wildlife conservation organization

Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka, commonly abbreviated FOGSL, is the Sri Lankan affiliate of BirdLife International. It was founded in 1976 to promote the conservation of birds and preservation of the environment. FOGSL headquarters are situated in the Department of Zoology, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Its president is Professor Nihal Dayawansa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galway's Land National Park</span>

Galway's Land National Park is a small 27 ha (0.10 sq mi) national park, consisting of dense montane forest. It is located within the city limits of Nuwara Eliya in Sri Lanka, approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of the city centre. It was formally declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 27 May 1938. The Galway's Land was elevated to national park status on 18 May 2006. The park was declared to conserve the montane ecosystems. Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka considers that Victoria Park in Nuwara Eliya and Galway's Land are two of the most significant birding sites in Sri Lanka. Galway's Land harbours about 20 rare migrant bird species and 30 native species. Apart from the avifauna, the park has valuable floral species of both native and foreign origin. Galway Forest Lodge is located close to the park.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Kaluthota, C. D.; Kotagama, S.W. (October 2009). "Revised Avifaunal List of Sri Lanka" (PDF). Occasional Paper No.02. Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka.
  2. "BirdLife EBA Factsheet". BirdLife's online World Bird Database: the site for bird conservation. BirdLife International. 2003. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Kotagama, Sarath W.; De Silva, Rex I.; Wijayasinha, Athula S.; Abeygunawardane, Vathsala (2006). "Avifaunal List of Sri Lanka". In Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (ed.). Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation (PDF). The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 164–203. ISBN   955-8177-51-2.
  4. Warakagoda, Deepal (January–February 2001). "Discovery of a new species of owl in Sri Lanka" (PDF). CBCN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  5. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 44
  6. BirdLife International (2009). "Galloperdix bicalcarata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  7. BirdLife International (2009). "Gallus lafayetii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  8. Kotagama 2006: p. 62
  9. BirdLife International (2008). "Columba torringtoniae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  10. BirdLife International (2009). "Treron pompadora". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  11. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 54
  12. BirdLife International (2009). "Loriculus beryllinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  13. BirdLife International (2009). "Psittacula calthropae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  14. Kotagama 2006: p. 52
  15. BirdLife International (2008). "Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  16. Kotagama 2006: p. 50
  17. BirdLife International (2008). "Centropus chlororhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  18. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 58
  19. BirdLife International (2008). "Otus thilohoffmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  20. BirdLife International (2008). "Glaucidium castanonotum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  21. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 48
  22. BirdLife International (2009). "Ocyceros gingalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  23. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chrysocolaptes stricklandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  24. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dinopium psarodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  25. BirdLife International (2009). "Megalaima flavifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  26. BirdLife International (2009). "Megalaima rubricapillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  27. Kotagama 2006: p. 72
  28. BirdLife International (2008). "Urocissa ornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  29. BirdLife International (2009). "Pycnonotus melanicterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  30. Kotagama 2006: p. 82
  31. BirdLife International (2008). "Pycnonotus penicillatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  32. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Dicrurus lophorinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  33. Kotagama 2006: p. 84
  34. BirdLife International (2008). "Bradypterus palliseri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Kotagama 2006: p. 90
  36. BirdLife International (2009). "Pellorneum fuscocapillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  37. BirdLife International (2009). "Pomatorhinus melanurus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  38. BirdLife International (2008). "Turdoides rufescens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  39. BirdLife International (2008). "Garrulax cinereifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  40. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 88
  41. BirdLife International (2009). "Zosterops ceylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  42. 1 2 Kotagama 2006: p. 80
  43. BirdLife International (2008). "Gracula ptilogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  44. BirdLife International (2008). "Sturnus albofrontatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  45. 1 2 3 Kotagama 2006: p. 78
  46. BirdLife International (2008). "Myophonus blighi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  47. BirdLife International (2008). "Zoothera spiloptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  48. BirdLife International (2008). "Zoothera imbricata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  49. Kotagama 2006: p. 76
  50. BirdLife International (2008). "Eumyias sordidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  51. BirdLife International (2008). "Dicaeum vincens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  52. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tephrodornis affinis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  53. "Sri Lanka Swallow – eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  54. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cecropis hyperythra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  55. BirdLife International (2009). "Chrysocolaptes lucidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  56. BirdLife International (2009). "Tephrodornis pondicerianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  57. BirdLife International (2009). "Dicrurus paradiseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  58. International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (1 October 2016). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cecropis daurica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 6 October 2020.

Literature cited