List of post offices in Mandatory Palestine

Last updated

The List of post offices in the British Mandate of Palestine refers to post offices operated in Palestine under allied British military control of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and, after 1920, the civil administration of the British Mandate of Palestine. During the Mandate, postal services were provided by British authorities.

Contents

About 160 post offices, branch offices, rural agencies, travelling post offices, and town agencies operated, some only for a few months, others for the entire length of the period. Upon the advance of allied forces in 1917 and 1918 initially Field Post Offices and Army Post Offices served the local civilian population. Some of the latter offices were converted to Stationary Army Post Offices and became civilian post offices upon establishment of the civilian administration. In 1919 fifteen offices existed, rising to about 100 by 1939, and about 150 by the end of the Mandate in May 1948.

With most of the Jerusalem General Post Office archives destroyed, research depends heavily on philatelists recording distinct postmarks and dates of their use.

The postal service operated by the Mandatory authorities was reputed to be the best in the Middle East. Letters were delivered daily in Jerusalem. Palestine joined the Universal Postal Union in October 1923. [1] The post was transported by boat, train, cars and horses, and after 1927, also by air. [2] During the volatility of 1947 and 1948, British postal services deteriorated and were replaced by ad hoc interim services prior to the partition and the establishment of the State of Israel.[ citation needed ]

Mandate post offices

Place name (alternatives) [P 1] Est. [P 2] Operating [P 3] References
Acre (1919)1919–1948 [3] [4] [5]
Afikim 19451945–1948 [6] [4] [7]
Afula (El Affule, Affula)19201923–1948 [3] [4] [8]
Alonim 19451945–1948 [4] [6] [9]
Ashdot Yaaqov 19451945–1948 [4] [6] [10]
Athlith (Athlit)19221922–1948 [4] [6] [11]
El Bassa (Elbasse)19441944–1948 [4] [6] [12]
Bat Yam 19381938–1948 [13] [4] [14]
Beersheba (1919)1919–1948 [13] [15] [16]
Beer Tuviya (Beertuviya, Beertuvyia, Ber Tuviya)19381938–1948 [13] [15] [17]
Beisan (Beisan)19201921–1948 [18] [15] [17]
Beit Hakerem (Beth Hakerem)19261927–1948 [19] [15] [20]
Beit Hashita (Beyt Hashitta)19441944–1948 [21] [15] [22]
Beit Jala 19291929–1948 [15] [19] [22]
Bayt Jibrin 19471947–1948 [15] [21] [23]
Beit Vegan (Bait Vegan)19361936–1938 [4] [13] [14]
Benay Beraq (Bnei Brak, Benei Beraq, Benei Beraq, Beneiberaq)19291929–1948 [15] [21] [24]
Ben Shemen 19441944–1948 [15] [21] [25]
Ber Yacob 19221922–1926 [15] [19] [26]
Bethlehem 1919–1948 [21] [27] [28]
Binyamina (Benjamina, Benyamina)19231927–1948 [18] [27] [29]
Bir Zeit (Bir ez Zait)19251944–1948 [18] [27] [30]
The Dead Sea 19411941–1947 [18] [27] [30]
Ein Harod (Ain Harod, Meshek Ein Harod)19231927–1948 [31] [32] [33]
Ein Hashofet 19441944–1948 [27] [31] [34]
Ein Karim 19451945–1948 [35] [27] [34]
Even Yehuda 19441944–1948 [27] [31] [36]
Faluja 19431943–1948 [27] [35] [36]
Gaza 19191919–1948 [35] [37] [38]
Gedera 19361936–1948 [39] [37] [40]
Gevat 19441944–1948 [37] [39] [41]
Giva'tayim (Givatayim)19461946–1948 [37] [39] [42]
Givat Brenner (Gevaat Brenner)19361936–1948 [37] [39] [42]
Givat Haiyim (Givat Haim)19441944–1948 [37] [39] [43]
Hadera (Khudeira, Hedera)1921–1948 [44] [37] [45]
Haifa (Field Post Office)1918–1919 [46] [47]
Haifa (Indian Field Post Office)1919–1920 [46] [47]
Haifa 1918–1948 [48] [49] [50]
Haifa, Ahuzat Samuel19351935–1948 [51] [52] [53]
Haifa, Bat Galim 19391939–1948 [51] [52] [54]
Haifa, Bazaar19291929–1938 [51] [55] [53]
Haifa, Carmel Avenue19241924–1926 [56] [57]
Haifa, Hadar Hacarmel 19261926–1948 [56] [58] [59]
Haifa, Hertseliya Street19451945–1948 [56] [60] [54]
Haifa, Hidjaz19411941–1948 [61] [62] [54]
Haifa, Mount Carmel19281928–1948 [61] [62] [63]
Haifa, Nahla19381938–1948 [61] [64] [54]
Haifa, Nazareth Street19381938–1941 [61] [65] [53]
Hebron 19191919–1948 [37] [44] [66]
Heftsibah Beit Alfa 19351935–1948 [67] [68] [69]
Herzliya (Herzelia, Herzlia, Hertsliya, Hertseliya)19261926–1948 [67] [68] [70]
Holon (Holon)19431943–1948 [67] [68] [71]
Isdud (Isdud)19471947–1948 [67] [68] [71]
Jaffa (Field Post Office)1918–1918 [72] [73]
Jaffa 1918–1948 [74] [75] [76]
Jaffa, Ajami Street (Ajami)19211921–1931 [77] [78] [79]
Jaffa, Tel Aviv (Tel Aviv Jaffa, Tel-Aviv-Jaffa)19201920–1948 [80] [81] [79] [82]
Jenin (Jenin)19201920–1948 [83] [68] [84]
Jericho (Jericho)19211921–1948 [68] [83] [85]
Jerusalem (Field Post Office)19171917–1919 [86]
Jerusalem 1918–1948 [87] [88] [89]
Jerusalem, Citadel 19291929–1948 [90] [91]
Jerusalem, German Colony 19281928–1928 [92] [93]
Jerusalem, Greek Colony 19291929–1948 [92] [93]
Jerusalem, Mahne Yehuda (Mahane Yehuda)19341934–1948 [90] [94]
Jerusalem, Meo Sheorim (Mea Shearim)19201920–1948 [95] [96]
Jerusalem, Rehavia 19361936–1948 [90] [97]
Jerusalem, Talavera Barracks19361936–1936 [98] [99]
Karkur (Kerkur)19281928–1948 [68] [83] [100]
Kefar Barouch 19441944–1948 [101] [68] [100]
Kefar Behadraga 19441944–1948 [101] [102] [103]
Kefar Hassidim 19441944–1948 [101] [102] [103]
Kefar Sava 19291929–1948 [101] [102] [104]
Kefar Shemaryahu 19441944–1948 [101] [102] [105]
Kefar Sirkin 19441945–1948 [106] [102] [105]
Kefar Tabor 19441944–1948 [102] [106] [107]
Kefar Vitkin 19361936–1948 [102] [106] [107]
Kefar Yedidya 19441944–1948 [102] [106] [108]
Kefar Yehezkel 19381940–1948 [102] [106] [109]
Kefar Yehoshua 19251944–1948 [110] [102] [111]
Kefar Yona 19441944–1948 [102] [110] [112]
Kfar Ata (Kefar Ata)19421942–1948 [68] [83] [112]
Khan Yunis (Khan Yunus)19221926–1948 [110] [113] [114]
Kinneret (Kinereth)19341934–1948 [110] [113] [115]
Lydda (Ludd Village)19211921–1948 [116] [113] [117]
Lydda Airport 19371937–1948 [118] [113] [119]
Lydda Junction (Ludd, Ludd Junction, Lydda)(1919)1919–1934 [113] [116] [120]
Maaborot (Maabarot)19441944–1948 [113] [118] [121]
Magdiel 19261926–1939 [118] [122] [123]
El Majdal (Majdel, Majdal, Mijdel, Mejdel)19201920–1948 [118] [122] [124]
Maoz Haim (Maoz Haiyim)19441944–1948 [125] [122] [126]
El Masmiya al Kabira (Masmiya al Kabira)19451945–1948 [122] [125] [127]
Meir Shefeya 19451945–1948 [122] [125] [128]
Merhavya 19441944–1948 [122] [125] [128]
Meshek Ayelet Hashshahar (Meshek Ayelet Hashahar)19441944–1948 [122] [125] [129]
Meshek Yajur 19441944–1948 [130] [122] [131]
Metulla (Metullah)19241925–1948 [122] [130] [131]
Migdal 19441944–1948 [122] [130] [132]
Mishmar Haemek 19451945–1948 [122] [130] [133]
Mizra 19451945–1948 [130] [134] [135]
Na'an (Naan, Na an)19441944–1948 [130] [134] [135]
Nablus (1919)1919–1948 [136] [134] [137]
Nahalal 19231923–1948 [134] [136] [138]
Nahalat Yehuda (Nachlat Yehouda)19361936–1948 [134] [136] [139]
Nahariya 19381938–1948 [140] [134] [139]
Nathanya 19331933–1948 [134] [140] [141]
Nazareth 19191919–1948 [134] [140] [142]
Nes Ziyona (Nes Tsiyona)19251927–1948 [134] [140] [143]
Nuseirat 19441944–1945 [144] [145] [146]
Pardess Hanna 19331933–1948 [144] [145] [146]
Petah Tikqva (Petach Tikvah, Petah Tikvah, Pethah Tiqva, Petahtiqva)19201920–1948 [144] [145] [147]
Qalqilya (Qalqilye)19291929–1948 [148] [145] [149]
Qiryat Amal19471947–1948 [145] [148] [149]
Qiryat Anavim 19441944–1948 [145] [148] [150]
Qiryat Haim (Kiryat Haim)19351935–1948 [145] [148] [151]
Qiryat Motzkin 19471947–1948 [148] [152] [153]
Raanana 19311931–1948 [154] [152] [155]
Rafa 19201920–1921 [152] [154] [155]
Er Rama (Errama)19441944–1948 [152] [154] [156]
Ramallah (Ram Allah)(1919)1919–1948 [152] [154] [157]
Ramataim (Ramatayim)19351935–1948 [152] [154] [158]
Ramat Gan 19261927–1948 [159] [152] [160]
Ramat Hakovesh 19451945–1948 [152] [159] [161]
Ramat Hasharon 19351935–1948 [152] [159] [161]
Ramleh (Er Ramle)(1919)1919–1948 [159] [162] [163]
Rehovot (Rehoboth, Rehovoth)19201921–1948 [164] [162] [165]
Rishon Le Zion (Richon Le Zion, Richon-Le-Zion, Rishon, Rishon Le Ziyon, Rishon Le Tsiyon)19211921–1948 [162] [164] [166]
Rosh Pinna (Roch Pina, Rosh Pinah)19211921–1948 [162] [164] [167]
Safed (Safad)(1918)1918–1948 [168] [169] [170]
Salfit 19451945–1948 [171] [169] [172]
Sarafand (Surafend)19221922–1948 [169] [171] [173]
Sarona 19281928–1939 [169] [171] [174]
Sdeh Nahum 19441944–1948 [175] [169] [174]
Sde Yaaqov 19441944–1948 [169] [175] [176]
Semakh (Samakh)19211921–1948 [169] [171] [177]
Shefa Amr 19251932–1948 [169] [175] [176]
Shekhunat Borokhov 19331933–1942 [175] [178] [179]
Tarshiha 19441944–1948 [175] [178] [179]
Tel Aviv 1921–1948 [180] [181] [182]
Tel Aviv, Allenby Road1925–1948 [183] [184] [185]
Tel Aviv, Dizengoff Street1937–1948 [186] [187] [185]
Tel Aviv, Herzl Street1936–1948 [186] [188] [185]
Tel Aviv, Shekhunat Montefiori1937–1943 [189] [190] [185]
Tel Aviv, Tel Nordau1934–1948 [189] [191] [185]
Tel Aviv, Yorkon (Yarkon)1935–1937 [185] [189] [191]
Tel Mond (Tel Mond)19341934–1948 [192] [178] [193]
Tiberias 19191919–1948 [178] [192] [194]
Tirat Tsevi (Tirat Tsevi)19451945–1948 [178] [192] [195]
Tul Karm (Tul Keram, Tulkeram, Tulkarem, Tulkarm)19191919–1948 [196] [178] [197]
Yajur Nesher 19341934–1948 [196] [198] [199]
Yavneel (Yavniel)19241924–1948 [196] [198] [200]
Yokneam 19441944–1948 [196] [198] [201]
Zammarin 19201920–1920 [168] [198]
Zikhron Ya'akov (Zicron, Zicron Jacob, Zikhron Yaaqov)(1921)1921–1948 [168] [198] [202]
Jaffa–Lod–Jerusalem TPO (PAL, LAP, PAJ, JAP, RAK, KAR, KAL, LAK, DAL, LAD, BAR, RAB)1918–1919 [203] [204]
Jaffa–Lod–Jerusalem TPO (Jerusalem Ludd, Jerusalem Jaffa)1920–1934 [205]
Jerusalem–Lydda TPO (Jerusalem Lydda, Jsm Lydda)1935–1938 [206]
Haifa–Kantara TPO (Kantara Haifa, Kantar Haifa)1920–1931 [207] [208] [209]
Haifa–Rafa TPO (Rafa Haifa, Haifa Rafa)1931–1938 [210] [211] [212]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cancellation (mail)</span> Postal marking to deface a stamp and prevent its re-use

A cancellation is a postal marking applied on a postage stamp or postal stationery to deface the stamp and to prevent its reuse. Cancellations come in a huge variety of designs, shapes, sizes, and colors. Modern cancellations commonly include the date and post office location where the stamps were mailed, in addition to lines or bars designed to cover the stamp itself. The term "postmark" refers specifically to the part that contains the date and posting location, but the term is often used interchangeably with "cancellation" as it may serve that purpose. The portion of a cancellation that is designed to deface the stamp and does not contain writing is also called the "obliteration" or killer. Some stamps are issued pre-cancelled with a printed or stamped cancellation and do not need to have a cancellation added. Cancellations can affect the value of stamps to collectors, positively or negatively. Cancellations of some countries have been extensively studied by philatelists, and many stamp collectors and postal history collectors collect cancellations in addition to the stamps themselves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postal history</span> Study of postal systems

Postal history is the study of postal systems and how they operate and, or, the study of the use of postage stamps and covers and associated postal artifacts illustrating historical episodes in the development of postal systems. The term is attributed to Robson Lowe, a professional philatelist, stamp dealer and stamp auctioneer, who made the first organised study of the subject in the 1930s and described philatelists as "students of science", but postal historians as "students of humanity". More precisely, philatelists describe postal history as the study of rates, routes, markings, and means.

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Iraq. It includes special uses under the Ottoman Empire as well as occupation issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James A. Mackay</span>

James Alexander Mackay was a prolific Scottish writer and philatelist whose output of philatelic works was rivalled only by Fred Melville. He was described by John Holman, editor of the British Philatelic Bulletin, as a "philatelic writer without equal" but his reputation was damaged by a conviction for theft from the British Museum early in his career, which cost him his job there, and multiple accusations of plagiarism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forerunner (stamp)</span>

In philately, a forerunner is a postage stamp used before a region or territory issued stamps of its own. The term also includes stamps of the political predecessors of a country. For instance stamps of the state of Western Australia are forerunners of Australia today and stamps of the British Mandate for Palestine are forerunners of modern Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of Aden</span>

Aden is a city in southern Yemen. Aden's location made it a popular exchange port for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. When Captain S. B. Haines of the Indian Marine, the East India Company's navy, occupied Aden on 19 January 1839, mail services were immediately established in the settlement with a complement of two postal clerks and four letter carriers. An interim postmaster was appointed as early as June 1839. Mail is known to exist from 15 June 1839 although a regular postmaster was not appointed until 1857; one of the officials of the Political Agent or the civil surgeon performed the duties of postmaster for a small salary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of Israel</span>

The postage stamps and postal history of Israel is a survey of the postage stamps issued by the state of Israel, and its postal history, since independence was proclaimed on May 14, 1948. The first postage stamps were issued two days later on May 16, 1948. Pre-1948 postal history is discussed in postage stamps and postal history of Palestine.

The postage stamps and postal history of Palestine emerges from its geographic location as a crossroads amidst the empires of the ancient Near East, the Levant and the Middle East. Postal services in the region were first established in the Bronze Age, during the rule of Sargon of Akkad, and successive empires have established and operated a number of different postal systems over the millennia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of the Palestinian National Authority</span>

The Palestinian National Authority began in 1994 to issue stamps and operate postal services as authorized by the Oslo Accords.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile post office</span> Type of postal service infrastructure

Mobile post offices deliver mail and other postal services through specially equipped vehicles, such as trucks and trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ted Proud</span>

Edward Wilfrid Baxby (Ted) Proud was a British postal historian, philatelic writer, and philatelic dealer who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of Jordan</span>

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Jordan, formerly Transjordan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of Crete</span>

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Crete.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Postage stamps and postal history of the Niger Territories</span>

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Niger Territories, an area between the Forcados and Brasse Rivers, once administered by the Royal Niger Company but now part of modern Nigeria.

Harry Sacher was a British businessman, journalist, and Zionist leader. He was appointed director of Marks & Spencer in 1932.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coded postal obliterators</span>

Coded postal obliterators are a type of postmarks that had an obliterator encoded with a number, letter or letters, or a combination of these, to identify the post office of origin. They were introduced in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1843, three years after the first stamp was issued. They became common throughout the nineteenth century but very few remained in use until the twentieth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manfred Dobin</span>

Manfred Dobin (1925-2015) of St. Petersburg, was a stamp dealer and auctioneer, and philatelic expert on Imperial postmarks, 1750-1858 of Russia. Dobin became a member of the Association Internationale des Experts en Philatéle, AIEP in 1995. He was also a member of the Expert Council on Russian Philately from 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael M. Sacher</span>

Michael Moses Sacher FRPSL was an executive with British retailers Marks & Spencer including holding the positions of joint managing director and joint vice-chairman. He was closely associated with Jewish causes throughout his life and in his spare time was a noted postal historian of Palestine and a fellow of the Royal Philatelic Society London.

References

Header Notes
  1. Name of the town or village, as postally used at the time, plus alternative spellings.
  2. Official establishment of a postal facility: Post Office, Postal Agency, Branch Office, Town Agency, Travelling Post Office.
  3. Dates of actual use of postmarks, as recorded by philatelists.
Notes
  1. Proud, 2006, p. 14.
  2. Baker, 1992, p. 187.
  3. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 475.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dorfman, 1985, p. 36.
  5. Proud, 2006, p. 135–136.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 476.
  7. Proud, 2006, p. 139.
  8. Proud, 2006, p. 137–138.
  9. Proud, 2006, p. 142.
  10. Proud, 2006, p. 143.
  11. Proud, 2006, p. 143–144.
  12. Proud, 2006, p. 158.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 477.
  14. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 144.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dorfman, 1985, p. 41.
  16. Proud, 2006, p. 145–146.
  17. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 147.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 480.
  19. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 478.
  20. Proud, 2006, p. 148.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 479.
  22. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 149.
  23. Proud, 2006, p. 150.
  24. Proud, 2006, p. 150–151.
  25. Proud, 2006, p. 151.
  26. Proud, 2006, p. 153.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dorfman, 1985, p. 47.
  28. Proud, 2006, p. 153–154.
  29. Proud, 2006, p. 155.
  30. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 156.
  31. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 481.
  32. Dorfman, 1985, p. 47, 72.
  33. Proud, 2006, p. 239.
  34. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 157.
  35. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 482.
  36. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 164.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dorfman, 1985, p. 52.
  38. Proud, 2006, p. 165–166.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 483.
  40. Proud, 2006, p. 166–167.
  41. Proud, 2006, p. 167.
  42. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 168.
  43. Proud, 2006, p. 169.
  44. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 484.
  45. Proud, 2006, p. 169–171.
  46. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 159.
  47. 1 2 Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 4.
  48. Sacher, 1995, p. 160–170, 177.
  49. Proud, 2006, p. 173–185.
  50. Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 5–15.
  51. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 179.
  52. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 187.
  53. 1 2 3 Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 13.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 14.
  55. Proud, 2006, p. 188.
  56. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 180.
  57. Proud, 2006, p. 189.
  58. Proud, 2006, p. 189–190.
  59. Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 11–12.
  60. Proud, 2006, p. 190.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 181.
  62. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 191.
  63. Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 12.
  64. Proud, 2006, p. 193.
  65. Proud, 2006, p. 194.
  66. Proud, 2006, p. 195.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 485.
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dorfman, 1985, p. 57.
  69. Proud, 2006, p. 144, 197.
  70. Proud, 2006, p. 197–198.
  71. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 199.
  72. Sacher, 1995, p. 210.
  73. Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 40.
  74. Sacher, 1995, p. 210–218.
  75. Proud, 2006, p. 201–208.
  76. Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 40–45.
  77. Sacher, 1995, p. 218.
  78. Proud, 2006, p. 211.
  79. 1 2 Goldstein & Dickstein, 1983, p. 44.
  80. Sacher, 1995, p. 224.
  81. Proud, 2006, p. 283, 287.
  82. Groten, 1988, p. 6.
  83. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 486.
  84. Proud, 2006, p. 111.
  85. Proud, 2006, p. 213.
  86. Sacher, 1995, p. 64–65.
  87. Sacher, 1995, p. 65–99.
  88. Dorfman, 1985, p. 117–134.
  89. Proud, 2006, p. 107–126.
  90. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 104.
  91. Proud, 2006, p. 214.
  92. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 103.
  93. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 215.
  94. Proud, 2006, p. 216.
  95. Sacher, 1995, p. 102.
  96. Proud, 2006, p. 216–217.
  97. Proud, 2006, p. 217–218.
  98. Sacher, 1995, p. 105.
  99. Proud, 2006, p. 218.
  100. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 220.
  101. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 487.
  102. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dorfman, 1985, p. 64.
  103. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 221.
  104. Proud, 2006, p. 222.
  105. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 223.
  106. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 488.
  107. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 224.
  108. Proud, 2006, p. 225.
  109. Proud, 2006, p. 225–226.
  110. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 489.
  111. Proud, 2006, p. 226.
  112. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 227.
  113. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dorfman, 1985, p. 68.
  114. Proud, 2006, p. 228.
  115. Proud, 2006, p. 229.
  116. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 490.
  117. Proud, 2006, p. 229–230.
  118. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 491.
  119. Proud, 2006, p. 230–232.
  120. Proud, 2006, p. 233–234.
  121. Proud, 2006, p. 234.
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dorfman, 1985, p. 72.
  123. Proud, 2006, p. 235.
  124. Proud, 2006, p. 158–159.
  125. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 492.
  126. Proud, 2006, p. 236.
  127. Proud, 2006, p. 159.
  128. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 237.
  129. Proud, 2006, p. 238.
  130. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sacher, 1995, p. 493.
  131. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 241.
  132. Proud, 2006, p. 242.
  133. Proud, 2006, p. 243.
  134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dorfman, 1985, p. 79.
  135. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 244.
  136. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 494.
  137. Proud, 2006, p. 245.
  138. Proud, 2006, p. 247.
  139. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 248.
  140. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 495.
  141. Proud, 2006, p. 249–250.
  142. Proud, 2006, p. 251.
  143. Proud, 2006, p. 255.
  144. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 496.
  145. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dorfman, 1985, p. 84.
  146. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 256.
  147. Proud, 2006, p. 257–259.
  148. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 497.
  149. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 260.
  150. Proud, 2006, p. 261.
  151. Proud, 2006, p. 261–262.
  152. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Dorfman, 1985, p. 89.
  153. Proud, 2006, p. 262.
  154. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 498.
  155. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 263.
  156. Proud, 2006, p. 161.
  157. Proud, 2006, p. 264.
  158. Proud, 2006, p. 265.
  159. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 499.
  160. Proud, 2006, p. 266.
  161. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 267.
  162. 1 2 3 4 Dorfman, 1985, p. 95.
  163. Proud, 2006, p. 161–163.
  164. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 500.
  165. Proud, 2006, p. 268–269.
  166. Proud, 2006, p. 269–271.
  167. Proud, 2006, p. 273.
  168. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 505.
  169. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dorfman, 1985, p. 101.
  170. Proud, 2006, p. 273–276.
  171. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 501.
  172. Proud, 2006, p. 277.
  173. Proud, 2006, p. 278.
  174. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 279.
  175. 1 2 3 4 5 Sacher, 1995, p. 502.
  176. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 280.
  177. Proud, 2006, p. 277–278.
  178. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dorfman, 1985, p. 102.
  179. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 281.
  180. Sacher, 1995, p. 215–216, 225, 230–233, 250.
  181. Proud, 2006, p. 283–297, 303, 305, 307.
  182. Groten, 1988, p. 6–19, 27.
  183. Sacher, 1995, p. 252.
  184. Proud, 2006, p. 301.
  185. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Groten, 1988, p. 27.
  186. 1 2 Sacher, 1995, p. 253.
  187. Proud, 2006, p. 303.
  188. Proud, 2006, p. 303–304.
  189. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 254.
  190. Proud, 2006, p. 307.
  191. 1 2 Proud, 2006, p. 309.
  192. 1 2 3 Sacher, 1995, p. 503.
  193. Proud, 2006, p. 309–310.
  194. Proud, 2006, p. 311–313.
  195. Proud, 2006, p. 314.
  196. 1 2 3 4 Sacher, 1995, p. 504.
  197. Proud, 2006, p. 314–315.
  198. 1 2 3 4 5 Dorfman, 1985, p. 107.
  199. Proud, 2006, p. 315–316.
  200. Proud, 2006, p. 316.
  201. Proud, 2006, p. 317.
  202. Proud, 2006, p. 317–319.
  203. Sacher, 1995, p. 126.
  204. Firebrace, 1991, p. 193–199.
  205. Sacher, 1995, p. 127.
  206. Sacher, 1995, p. 128.
  207. Sacher, 1995, p. 510–511.
  208. Dorfman, 1985, p. 29, 31.
  209. Proud, 2006, p. 323–326.
  210. Sacher, 1995, p. 511.
  211. Dorfman, 1985, p. 30–31.
  212. Proud, 2006, p. 326–327.

Sources