Lycoming O-435

Last updated

O-435
Motore aeronautico - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano D0672.jpg
Type Piston tank and aircraft engine
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Lycoming Engines
First run1939
Major applications Beechcraft Bonanza
Bell 47
Helio Courier
Hiller OH-23 Raven
M22 Locust
Stinson L-5 Sentinel
Produced1942–1975 out of production
Developed from Lycoming O-290

The Lycoming O-435 is an American six-cylinder, horizontally opposed fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter engine made by Lycoming Engines. The engine is a six-cylinder version of the four-cylinder Lycoming O-290.

Contents

Design and development

The powerplant is a horizontally opposed Lycoming six-cylinder design. It is a direct-drive or geared, air-cooled, and normally aspirated engine. The cylinders have steel barrels with aluminum heads, and the valves are operated by hydraulic lifters. The crankshaft is supported in an aluminum-alloy split case by four main bearings and one ball-thrust bearing, and lubricating oil is supplied from a 12 quart wet sump. The camshaft rides in journals that do not employ bearing inserts. The accessory housing supports two magnetos, a starter, a generator, and a dual tach drive. A spare mounting pad is included for a vacuum pump. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Variants

All engines have an additional prefix preceding the 435 to indicate the specific configuration of the engine. There are also numerous engine suffixes, denoting different accessories such as different manufacturers' carburetors, or different magnetos. [1] [2]

O-435 models

O-435
Baseline engine model, producing 175 hp (130 kW) at 2300 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.25:1, a dry weight of 347 lb (157 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4 carburetor. Type certified on February 11, 1942. [1]
O-435-A
Engine model with provisions for automotive type accessories, producing 190 hp (142 kW) at 2550 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.5:1, a dry weight of 348 lb (158 kg) with a -8 magneto and 342 lb (155 kg) with a -20 magneto and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5C carburetor. Type certified on February 11, 1942. [1]
O-435-A2
Engine model with a redesigned improved crankcase, cylinders, valves and valve seats, exhaust valve guides and rocker shaft bushing. It also has provisions for automotive-type accessories. It produced 225 hp (168 kW) at 3000 rpm, with a compression ratio of 7.5:1, a dry weight of 365 lb (166 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 carburetor. Type certified on October 19, 1949 and cancelled on February 25, 1944. [1]
O-435-A3
Type certified on January 5, 1951 and cancelled on February 8, 1955. [1]
O-435-B (military designation O-435-5)
Engine model with provisions for AN type accessories, producing 235 hp (175 kW) at 3000 rpm, with a compression ratio of 7.5:1, a dry weight of 362 lb (164 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 carburetor. Type certified on October 7, 1943 and cancelled on November 2, 1950. [1]
O-435-C (military designation O-435-1)
Engine model with provisions for AN type accessories, producing 175 hp (130 kW) at 2300 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.25:1, a dry weight of 356 lb (161 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4SPA carburetor. Type certified on January 11, 1943. [1]
O-435-C1 (military designation O-435-11)
Engine model, with revised type valves, valve guides, an accessory case with generator and starter drive, producing 175 hp (130 kW) at 2300 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.25:1, a dry weight of 366 lb (166 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4 carburetor. Type certified on January 2, 1948. [1]
O-435-C2 (military designation O-435-13)
Engine model, with provisions for O-435-C accessories carburetor, producing 175 hp (130 kW) at 2300 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.25:1, a dry weight of 368 lb (167 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4SPA carburetor. Type certified on January 2, 1948. [1]
O-435-K
Engine model that incorporates a GO-435-C2 accessory case and crankcase. It produces 240 hp (179 kW) at 3000 rpm, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 405 lb (184 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 carburetor. Type certified on January 24, 1951. [1]
O-435-K1 (military designation O-435-4)
Engine model with increased maximum continuous rating and the generator pad omitted, approved for helicopter installations. It produces 250 hp (186 kW) at 3000 rpm, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 405 lb (184 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 carburetor. Type certified on March 30, 1951. [1]
O-435-2
Military engine model. [4]
O-435-2-M1
Civil modified military engine model, by the Associated Aircraft Modification Company, with Bendix PS-5C carburetor with 380123-1 setting. It produces 235 hp (175 kW) at 3200 rpm, with a compression ratio of 7.5:1, a dry weight of 405 lb (184 kg). Only military O-435-2 engines with serial numbers L00849-11 through L-1117-11 are eligible for this modification. [4]

GO-435 models

GO-435
Baseline geared engine model. It incorporates six 3rd-order crankshaft torsional vibration dampers and reduction gearing. It produced 210 hp (157 kW) at 3000 rpm, with a compression ratio of 6.25:1, a dry weight of 407 lb (185 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 carburetor. Type certified on August 30, 1944 and cancelled on November 2, 1950. [1]
GO-435-A2
Type certified on October 19, 1949 and cancelled on February 8, 1955. [1]
GO-435-C2 (military designation O-435-17)
Geared engine model which incorporates an improved crankcase and cylinder assembly. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 422 lb (191 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on October 19, 1949. [1]
GO-435-C2A
Geared engine model, incorporates S6LN-20 or -21 magnetos, producing 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 438 lb (199 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on January 2, 1951, cancelled on February 8, 1955 and reinstated July 15, 1955. [1]
GO-435-C2A2
Geared engine model, with a dry sump and without provisions for a hydraulic propeller control or governor, producing 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 432 lb (196 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on October 24, 1957. [1]
GO-435-C2B
Geared engine model with provisions for a hydraulic propeller and governor. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 430 lb (195 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on November 6, 1952. [1]
GO-435-C2B1
Geared engine model which incorporates a dual generator and vacuum pump drive. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 430 lb (195 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on February 8, 1955. [1]
GO-435-C2B2
Geared engine model with S6LN-20, or -21 magnetos. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 430 lb (195 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on February 28, 1956. [1]
GO-435-C2C
Geared engine model producing 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 422 lb (191 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on November 24, 1953 and cancelled on July 5, 1956. [1]
GO-435-C2D
Geared engine model producing 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 420 lb (191 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on July 20, 1954 and cancelled on July 5, 1956. [1]
GO-435-C2E
Geared engine model with S6LN-20, or -21 magnetos. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 420 lb (191 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on September 27, 1956. [1]
GO-435-D1
Geared engine model with a dry sump oil system and crosswise accessory drives. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1 and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or PS-5BD carburetor. Type certified on September 25, 1953. [1]

VO-435 models

VO-435
Base model, vertically-mounted engine for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and side-mounted AN type accessory drives. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 396 lb (180 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on October 11, 1954. Was re-designated as VO-435-A1A. [2]
VO-435-A1A (military designation O-435-21)
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and side-mounted AN type accessory drives. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 396 lb (180 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on October 29, 1954. Re-designated from VO-435. [2]
VO-435-A1B (military designation O-435-6)
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and a modified accessory section. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 391 lb (177 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on June 10, 1955. [2]
VO-435-A1C (military designations O-435-23, O-435-23A O-435-23B and O-435-23C)
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system, which incorporates a crankcase and oil sump modification giving increased strength and an oil pump housing which is machined for a hydraulic pump drive. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 399 lb (181 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on July 18, 1954. [2]
VO-435-A1D (military designation O-435-6A)
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system, with crankcase and oil sump modifications for increased strength. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 390 lb (177 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5 or MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on September 27, 1956. [2]
VO-435-A1E
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and 6RN-200 or S6LN-204 magnetos. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 392 lb (178 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on October 15, 1959. [2]
VO-435-A1F
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. It has internal piston cooling oil jets and heavy duty cylinders and may be converted to a model TVO-435-A1A. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3400 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 399 lb (181 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on March 6, 1961. [2]
VO-435-B1A
Vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a redesigned accessory drive section, a wet oil sump and a higher compression ratio. It produces 265 hp (198 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 8.7:1, a dry weight of 419 lb (190 kg) and fitted with a Marvel MA-4-5AA carburetor. Type certified on December 15, 1965. [2]
TVO-435-A1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 468 lb (212 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on May 12, 1961. [3]

TVO-435 models

TVO-435-A1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 468 lb (212 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on May 12, 1961. [3]
TVO-435-B1A (military designation O-435-25A)
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model with internal piston cooling oil jets, for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and cylinder assemblies machined for long-reach spark plugs. It produces 270 hp (201 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 478 lb (217 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on November 21, 1962. [3]
TVO-435-B1B
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and TCM (formerly Bendix) S6RN-1208 and S6LN-1209 magnetos. It produces 270 hp (201 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 479 lb (217 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on June 20, 1966. [3]
TVO-435-C1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and a T-1112 turbosupercharger. It produces 380 hp (283 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 478 lb (217 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on November 21, 1962. [3]
TVO-435-D1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. It has a TK-0659 turbocharger and TCM (formerly Bendix) S6RN-1208 (retarded breaker) and S6LN-1209 magnetos. It produces 270 hp (201 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 465 lb (211 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on March 10, 1966. [3]
TVO-435-D1B
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. It has TCM (formerly Bendix) S-200 series magnetos. It produces 270 hp (201 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 464 lb (210 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on February 23, 1967. [3]
TVO-435-E1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and a Kelly Aerospace (formerly AiResearch) TK-0659 turbocharger. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 490 lb (222 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on March 7, 1967. [3]
TVO-435-F1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a wet sump oil system, different accessory section and a higher power rating. It produces 280 hp (209 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 490 lb (222 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on January 22, 1968. [3]
TVO-435-G1A
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and a different automatic waste gate control setting for a higher power rating. It produces 280 hp (209 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 465 lb (211 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on January 11, 1968. [3]
TVO-435-G1B
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system and different magnetos. It produces 280 hp (209 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 464 lb (210 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on November 25, 1968. [3]
TVO-435-25
Turbocharged, vertically-mounted military engine model for helicopters, with a dry sump oil system. This military model is similar to the -A1A, except it has cylinder assemblies from the -B1A. It produces 260 hp (194 kW) at 3200 rpm for takeoff, with a compression ratio of 7.3:1, a dry weight of 493 lb (224 kg) and fitted with a Marvel-Schebler MA-6AA carburetor. Type certified on June 10, 1963. [3]

Applications

A Lycoming TVO-435 installed in a Bell 47G Bell 47G BW Detail Motor.jpg
A Lycoming TVO-435 installed in a Bell 47G
Lycoming O-435 on display at the Museum of Aviation Lycoming O-435 aircraft engine.jpg
Lycoming O-435 on display at the Museum of Aviation
Aircraft
Other

Specifications (O-435-D)

Data fromJane's. [6]

General characteristics

Components

Performance

See also

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycoming O-320</span> American aircraft engine

The Lycoming O-320 is a large family of naturally aspirated, air-cooled, four-cylinder, direct-drive engines produced by Lycoming Engines. They are commonly used on light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee. Different variants are rated for 150 or 160 horsepower. As implied by the engine's name, its cylinders are arranged in horizontally opposed configuration and a displacement of 320 cubic inches (5.24 L).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warner Scarab</span> American aircraft engine

The Warner Scarab is an American seven-cylinder radial aircraft engine, that was manufactured by the Warner Aircraft Corporation of Detroit, Michigan in 1928 through to the early 1940s. In military service the engine was designated R-420.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental R-670</span> Seven-cylinder four-cycle radial aircraft engine

The Continental R-670 was a seven-cylinder four-cycle radial aircraft engine produced by Continental displacing 668 cubic inches and a dry weight of 465 lb (211 kg). Horsepower varied from 210 to 240 at 2,200 rpm. The engine was the successor to Continental's first radial engine, the 170 hp Continental A-70. This engine was used on many aircraft in the 1930s and 1940s. The R-670 was widely used in the PT-17 Stearman primary training aircraft of the U.S. military.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklin O-335</span> Aircraft piston engine

The Franklin O-335 was an American air-cooled aircraft engine of the 1940s. The engine was of six-cylinder, horizontally-opposed layout and displaced 335 cu in (5.5 L). The power output of later variants was 225 hp (168 kW).

The Franklin O-175 was an American air-cooled aircraft engine of the 1940s. The engine was of horizontally-opposed four-cylinder and displaced 175 cu in (2.9 L). The power output was nominally 80 hp (60 kW). A later variant was designated O-180, despite sharing the same displacement.

The Agusta GA.140/V is a 4-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed engine mounted vertically, developed in Italy for helicopter use and produced from 1962 to 1969.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycoming O-290</span>

The Lycoming O-290 is a dual ignition, four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed aircraft engine. It was first run in 1939, and entered production three years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gnome-Rhône 14M</span> 1930s French piston aircraft engine

The Gnome-Rhône 14M was a small 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial engine that was used on several French and German aircraft of World War II. While having the same appearance, number of pistons (14) and two-row layout typical of Gnome-Rhône radial engines, the 14M was built to a smaller frame intended to power a lighter class of aircraft. It was designed with lower displacement and power, smaller in size and with less weight compared to the larger, heavier Gnome-Rhône 14N and its well-known predecessor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental O-240</span> 1970s American aircraft piston engine

The Continental O-240 engine is a four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled aircraft engine that was developed in the late 1960s for use in light aircraft by Continental Motors, Inc. The first O-240 was certified on 7 July 1971.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental O-470</span> 6-cylinder air-cooled aircraft engine

The Continental O-470 engine is a family of carbureted and fuel-injected six-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled aircraft engines that was developed especially for use in light aircraft by Continental Motors. Engines designated "IO" are fuel-injected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental IO-550</span> American piston aircraft engine

The Continental IO-550 engine is a large family of 9 liter fuel injected six-cylinder, horizontally opposed, air-cooled aircraft engines that were developed for use in light aircraft by Teledyne Continental Motors. The first IO-550 was delivered in 1983 and the type remains in production.

The Lycoming GSO-580 is a family of eight-cylinder horizontally opposed, supercharged, carburetor-equipped aircraft engines for both airplanes and helicopters, manufactured by Lycoming Engines in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lycoming IO-233</span>

The Lycoming IO-233 is a non-certified four-cylinder, air-cooled, horizontally opposed piston aircraft engine that produces between 100 hp (75 kW) and 116 hp (87 kW).

The Lycoming O-340 is a family of four-cylinder horizontally opposed, carburetor-equipped aircraft engines, that was manufactured by Lycoming Engines in the mid-1950s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HKS 700E</span>

The HKS 700E is a twin-cylinder, horizontally opposed, four stroke, carburetted aircraft engine, designed for use on ultralight aircraft, powered parachutes and ultralight trikes. The engine is manufactured by HKS, a Japanese company noted for its automotive racing engines.

The KFM 112M is a four-cylinder, four-stroke, dual ignition, horizontally opposed aircraft engine designed for ultralight aircraft and motor gliders.

The Nelson H-63, known in the US military designation system as the YO-65, is an American dual ignition, four-cylinder, horizontally opposed, two-stroke aircraft engine that was developed by the Nelson Engine Company for use in helicopters and light aircraft. The engine designation means horizontally opposed 63 cubic inch displacement.

The Franklin O-500 was an American air-cooled aircraft engine that first ran in the mid-1940s. The engine was of six-cylinder, horizontally-opposed layout and displaced 500 cu in (8 L). The power output was 215 hp (160 kW).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superior Air Parts Vantage</span> American/Chinese aircraft engine

The Superior Air Parts Vantage is a type certified piston aircraft engine developed by Superior Air Parts of Coppell, Texas, United States and based upon the non-certified Superior Air Parts XP-360. The design is officially designated the Superior Air Parts O-360 and IO-360. Vantage is a marketing name.

The Hirth HM 501 was a 6-cylinder air-cooled inverted in-line engine that was developed by Hirth Motoren GmbH in the late 1930s, from the 4-cylinder HM 500 and used principally on the submarine-born Arado Ar 231.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Federal Aviation Administration (June 23, 2010). "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-228 Revision 17" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Federal Aviation Administration (November 4, 2010). "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. E-279 Revision 10" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Federal Aviation Administration (November 4, 2010). "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 1E13 Revision 8" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Federal Aviation Administration. "Type Certificate Data Sheet No. 5E-12" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  5. 1 2 Federal Aviation Administration (September 26, 1950). "Helicopter Specification No. 1H1" (PDF). faa.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2022.
  6. Bridgman 1994, p. 78d.

Bibliography

  • Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1945-46. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollinsPublishers (1994 reprint). ISBN   000 470831-8