Mark Stoneking

Last updated
Mark Stoneking
Born (1956-08-01) 1 August 1956 (age 67)
NationalityAmerican
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma mater University of California, Berkeley
Known for Mitochondrial Eve
Out of Africa Theory
AwardsSee text
Scientific career
Fields Anthropology, population genetics
Institutions Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Doctoral advisor Allan Wilson

Mark Stoneking (born 1 August 1956) is a geneticist currently working as the Group Leader of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, of Max Planck Gesellschaft at Leipzig, and Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. He works in the field of human evolution, especially the genetic evolution, origin and dispersal of modern humans. He, along with his doctoral advisor Allan Wilson and a fellow researcher Rebecca L. Cann, contributed to the "Out of Africa" theory in 1987 by introducing the concept of Mitochondrial Eve, a hypothetical common mother of all living humans based on mitochondrial DNA.

Contents

Education

Stoneking studied an undergraduate course in anthropology from 1974 at the University of Oregon, United States, from where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in 1977. He shifted to the Pennsylvania State University to obtain MS in genetics in 1979, and subsequently a similar master's degree from University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1981. His master's degree was on evolutionary genetics of salmonid fish. Captivated by the emerging research on mitochondrial DNA, in 1981 he joined Allan Wilson, a renowned biochemist at the Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, under whose supervision he got a PhD in 1986. His research was on human mtDNA variation, a follow-up of the work of Rebecca Cann, who was just completing her doctoral thesis from the same supervisor. He continued as Postdoctoral Fellow in 1986 at Berkeley and completed it in 1988. [1] [2]

Professional career and contributions

In 1989, he joined the Human Genome Center at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, as a Staff Scientist. Then he worked as an Associate Research Scientist at the Department of Human Genetics, Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, California for a year. In 1990, he entered the faculty of Assistant Professor the Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University as assistant professor. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1994 and a full professor in 1998. During 1996-1997 he served as a visiting professor at the Zoology Institute, University of Munich, Germany. In 1999, he got an appointment in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, as the Group Leader. He concurrently serves as an Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig.

He has been an Associate Editor of the Journal of Human Evolution (from 1990 to 1993), Human Biology (1993–1997), BioEssays (2004 to present), Anthropological Science, (2004 to present), Evolutionary Biology (Springer Nature, 2007 to present), BMC Genetics (2008 to present), Gene (2009–2010), Investigative Genetics (2009 to present), EMBO Reports (2010 to present), and Language Dynamics and Change (2010 to present). He is also Senior Editor of the Annals of Human Genetics from 2008 to present. He has been in the Technical Working Group, DNA Analysis Methods of FBI between 1993 and 1998, Defense Science Board Task Force on DNA Technology for Identification of Ancient Remains (1994–1995), Wellcome Trust Bioarchaeology Panel (2001–2005), Steering Committee for National Energy Research Council (NERC) Program on Environmental Factors and the Chronology of Human Evolution and Dispersal (EFCHED) (2001–2006). He is also a member of the Advisory Committee, The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences since 2008; Advisory Board, US National Evolutionary Synthesis Center since 2011; and chair, Scientific Advisory Committee of the Program on Forensics and Ethnicity, Philippine Genome Center, since 2011. [2]

Legacy

Mitochondrial Eve

Stoneking came to prominence both in the academic and media circles with his work on mitochondrial DNA variation among different human populations. He started under the supervision of Allan Wilson and following the pioneering work of his senior graduate student, Rebecca Cann. Cann had collected data from different human populations, including those of Asians, Africans, and Europeans. Then Stoneking added data from aboriginal Australians and New Guineans. In 1987, after a year of pending, their paper was published in Nature in which their findings indicated that all living humans were descended through a single mother, who lived ~200,000 years ago in Africa. [3] The common hypothetical mother is dubbed Mitochondrial Eve, and the concept directly implies recent African origin of modern humans, hence, the underpinning of the so-called "Recent Out of Africa" theory. [4] In spite of criticisms, and religious antagonisms, even after two decades he still holds this view to be as valid as any scientific theory since a number independent research also corroborates their original human mtDNA phylogenetic tree. [5]

Other aspects of human evolution

Origin of clothing and lice. Stoneking and his team announced an interesting discovery in 2003 on the evolution of lice, and its relation to the origin of wearing cloth. [6] Their comparison of two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA from human head lice and body lice, along with a chimpanzee louse revealed that human started to wear clothes some 72,000 years ago (give or take 42,000 years). This could be inferred because the age is when the body lice evolved from the head lice according to the molecular clock. [7]
Human hair. Stoneking has also pioneered the genetic basis of different hair colours and baldness in men. His team had found that human androgen receptor gene is the major factor associated with baldness in men. [8] They also identified tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) as a major determinant of blond hair among the Melanesians of Solomon Islands. [9]
Culture as a factor of human evolution. Stoneking believes that culture has a massive influence on human evolution, and may actually increase the rate of human evolution. He argues that cultural differences are a major signal of selection in genomes, which have been accumulating recently and indicate that humans continue to evolve. [10] [11]

Awards and honours

Filmography

Stoneking has appeared in [12]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitochondrial Eve</span> Matrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans

In human genetics, the Mitochondrial Eve is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all living humans. In other words, she is defined as the most recent woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line purely through their mothers and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all lines converge on one woman.

Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources. This form of genetic analysis can be applied to human, animal, and plant specimens. Ancient DNA can be extracted from various fossilized specimens including bones, eggshells, and artificially preserved tissues in human and animal specimens. In plants, ancient DNA can be extracted from seeds and tissue. Archaeogenetics provides us with genetic evidence of ancient population group migrations, domestication events, and plant and animal evolution. The ancient DNA cross referenced with the DNA of relative modern genetic populations allows researchers to run comparison studies that provide a more complete analysis when ancient DNA is compromised.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allan Wilson (biologist)</span> New Zealand biologist

Allan Charles Wilson FRS AAA&S was a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution. He was one of the most significant figures in post-war biology; his work attracted a great deal of attention both from within and outside the academic world. He is the only New Zealander to have won the MacArthur Fellowship.

Toomas Kivisild is an Estonian population geneticist. He graduated as a biologist and received his PhD in Genetics, from University of Tartu, Estonia, in 2000. Since then he has worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in the School of Medicine, at Stanford University (2002-3), Estonian Biocentre, as the Professor of Evolutionary Biology, University of Tartu (2005-6), and as a Lecturer and Reader in Human Evolutionary Genetics in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Cambridge (2006-2018). From 2018 he is a professor in the Department of Human Genetics at KU Leuven and a senior researcher at the Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu.

Molecular anthropology, also known as genetic anthropology, is the study of how molecular biology has contributed to the understanding of human evolution. This field of anthropology examines evolutionary links between ancient and modern human populations, as well as between contemporary species. Generally, comparisons are made between sequences, either DNA or protein sequences; however, early studies used comparative serology.

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated around 25,100 years ago in the Near East.

Haplogroup I is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is believed to have originated about 21,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) period in West Asia. The haplogroup is unusual in that it is now widely distributed geographically, but is common in only a few small areas of East Africa, West Asia and Europe. It is especially common among the El Molo and Rendille peoples of Kenya, various regions of Iran, the Lemko people of Slovakia, Poland and Ukraine, the island of Krk in Croatia, the department of Finistère in France and some parts of Scotland and Ireland.

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup typical for the Malay Archipelago. It is a subgroup of haplogroup M9.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup Y</span> Human mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics:

The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups.

The human mitochondrial molecular clock is the rate at which mutations have been accumulating in the mitochondrial genome of hominids during the course of human evolution. The archeological record of human activity from early periods in human prehistory is relatively limited and its interpretation has been controversial. Because of the uncertainties from the archeological record, scientists have turned to molecular dating techniques in order to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial molecular clock which could then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recent African origin of modern humans</span> "Out of Africa" theory of the early migration of humans

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans. It follows the early expansions of hominins out of Africa, accomplished by Homo erectus and then Homo neanderthalensis.

The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia</span>

The tables below provide statistics on the human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups most commonly found among ethnolinguistic groups and populations from East and South-East Asia.

Listed here are notable ethnic groups and native populations from the Oceania and East Indonesia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies.

Rebecca L. Cann is a geneticist who made a scientific breakthrough on mitochondrial DNA variation and evolution in humans, popularly called Mitochondrial Eve. Her discovery that all living humans are genetically descended from a single African mother who lived <200,000 years ago became the foundation of the Out of Africa theory, the most widely accepted explanation of the origin of all modern humans. She is currently Professor in the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</span> Award

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo "for his research in the field of genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution". It was announced by Thomas Perlmann, secretary of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, on 3 October 2022.

Brigitte Pakendorf is a South African linguist and geneticist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).

References

  1. ↑ Wilkins A (27 January 2012). "The scientists behind Mitochondrial Eve tell us about the "lucky mother" who changed human evolution forever". On the Human. Gawker Media 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  2. 1 2 "Mark Stoneking: Curriculum Viate". Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Max Planck Gesellschaft. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  3. ↑ Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC (1987). "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution". Nature. 325 (6099): 31–36. Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C. doi:10.1038/325031a0. PMID   3025745. S2CID   4285418.
  4. ↑ Vigilant L, Stoneking M, Harpending H, Hawkes K, Wilson AC (September 1991). "African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA". Science. 253 (5027): 1503–1507. Bibcode:1991Sci...253.1503V. doi:10.1126/science.1840702. PMID   1840702.
  5. ↑ Stoneking M (2009). "Human origins. The molecular perspective". EMBO Reports. 9 (Suppl): S46–S50. doi:10.1038/embor.2008.64. PMC   3327540 . PMID   18578025.
  6. ↑ Whitfield J (20 August 2003). "Lice genes date first human clothes". Nature News. Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/news030818-7 . Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  7. ↑ Kittler R, Kayser M, Stoneking M (2003). "Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing". Current Biology. 13 (16): 1414–1417. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4 . PMID   12932325.
  8. ↑ Hillmer AM, Freudenberg J, Myles S, Herms S, Tang K, Hughes DA, Brockschmidt FF, Ruan Y, Stoneking M, Nöthen MM (2009). "Recent positive selection of a human androgen receptor/ectodysplasin A2 receptor haplotype and its relationship to male pattern baldness". Human Genetics. 126 (2): 255–264. doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0668-z. PMC   3774421 . PMID   19373488.
  9. ↑ Kenny EE, Timpson NJ, Sikora M, Yee MC, Moreno-Estrada A, Eng C, Huntsman S, Burchard EG, Stoneking M, Bustamante CD, Myles S (2012). "Melanesian blond hair is caused by an amino acid change in TYRP1". Science. 336 (6081): 554. Bibcode:2012Sci...336..554K. doi:10.1126/science.1217849. PMC   3481182 . PMID   22556244.
  10. ↑ Stoneking M (21 December 2009). "Does Culture Prevent or Drive Human Evolution?". On the Human. National Humanities Centre. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
  11. ↑ Nasidze I, Quinque D, Rahmani M, Alemohamad SA, Stoneking M (2006). "Concomitant replacement of language and mtDNA in South Caspian populations of Iran". Current Biology. 16 (7): 668–673. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021 . PMID   16581511.
  12. ↑ IMDb (2013). "Mark Stoneking: Filmography". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 2013-04-30.
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