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Caesarean section,also known as C-section or caesarean delivery,is the surgical procedure by which one or more babies are delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen. It is often performed because vaginal delivery would put the mother or child at risk. Reasons for the operation include obstructed labor,twin pregnancy,high blood pressure in the mother,breech birth,shoulder presentation,and problems with the placenta or umbilical cord. A caesarean delivery may be performed based upon the shape of the mother's pelvis or history of a previous C-section. A trial of vaginal birth after C-section may be possible. The World Health Organization recommends that caesarean section be performed only when medically necessary.
A multiple birth is the culmination of one multiple pregnancy,where in the mother gives birth to two or more babies. A term most applicable to vertebrate species,multiple births occur in most kinds of mammals,with varying frequencies. Such births are often named according to the number of offspring,as in twins and triplets. In non-humans,the whole group may also be referred to as a litter,and multiple births may be more common than single births. Multiple births in humans are the exception and can be exceptionally rare in the largest mammals.
The hymen is a thin piece of mucosal tissue that surrounds or partially covers the vaginal opening. A small percentage are born with hymens that are imperforate and completely obstruct the vaginal canal. It forms part of the vulva and is similar in structure to the vagina. The term comes straight from the Greek,for 'membrane'.
A doula is a trained professional who provides expert guidance for the service of others and who supports another person through a significant health-related experience,such as childbirth,miscarriage,induced abortion or stillbirth,as well as non-reproductive experiences such as dying. A doula might also provide support to the client's partner,family,and friends.
Teenage pregnancy,also known as adolescent pregnancy,is pregnancy in a female adolescent or young adult under the age of 20. Worldwide,pregnancy complications are the leading cause of death for women and girls 15 to 19 years old. The definition of teenage pregnancy includes those who are legally considered adults in their country. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation,which can happen before the first menstrual period (menarche). In healthy,well-nourished girls,the first period usually takes place between the ages of 12 and 13.
Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to complications related to pregnancy,underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. This can occur either while she is pregnant or within six weeks of resolution of the pregnancy. The CDC definition of pregnancy-related deaths extends the period of consideration to include one year from the resolution of the pregnancy. Pregnancy associated death,as defined by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG),are all deaths occurring within one year of a pregnancy resolution. Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death.
Complications of pregnancy are health problems that are related to,or arise during pregnancy. Complications that occur primarily during childbirth are termed obstetric labor complications,and problems that occur primarily after childbirth are termed puerperal disorders. While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy,some may lead to lasting effects,morbidity,or in the most severe cases,maternal or fetal mortality.
Janice G. Raymond is an American lesbian radical feminist and professor emerita of women's studies and medical ethics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. She is known for her work against violence,sexual exploitation,and medical abuse of women,and for her controversial work denouncing transsexuality.
Adolescent medicine,also known as adolescent and young adult medicine,is a medical subspecialty that focuses on care of patients who are in the adolescent period of development. This period begins at puberty and lasts until growth has stopped,at which time adulthood begins. Typically,patients in this age range will be in the last years of middle school up until college graduation. In developed nations,the psychosocial period of adolescence is extended both by an earlier start,as the onset of puberty begins earlier,and a later end,as patients require more years of education or training before they reach economic independence from their parents.
Uterus didelphys represents a uterine malformation where the uterus is present as a paired organ when the embryogenetic fusion of the Müllerian ducts fails to occur. As a result,there is a double uterus with two separate cervices,and possibly a double vagina as well. Each uterus has a single horn linked to the ipsilateral fallopian tube that faces its ovary.
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals through the vagina. It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide. It is considered the preferred method of delivery,with lower morbidity and mortality than caesarean sections (C-sections).
Birth control,also known as contraception,anticonception,and fertility control,is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times,but effective and safe methods of birth control only became available in the 20th century. Planning,making available,and using human birth control is called family planning. Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally,religiously,or politically undesirable.
Reproductive coercion is a collection of behaviors that interfere with decision-making related to reproductive health. These behaviors are meant to maintain power and control related to reproductive health by a current,former,or hopeful intimate or romantic partner,but they can also be perpetrated by parents or in-laws. Coercive behaviors infringe on individuals' reproductive rights and reduce their reproductive autonomy.
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References
- ↑ "Melissa L. Gilliam to lead Boston University". Melissa L. Gilliam to lead Boston University. Retrieved 2024-01-20.
- ↑ Schoenberg, Nara (March 31, 2013). "Remarkable Woman: Melissa Gilliam". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ↑ Orozco, Jessica (May 28, 2021). "New provost looks to make lasting impact at Ohio State, promote a more inclusive environment". The Lantern. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- ↑ Kyaw, Arrman (May 27, 2021). "Dr. Melissa L. Gilliam Named Ohio State University's First Woman of Color Provost". Diverse. Retrieved September 22, 2021.
- 1 2 "UChicago faculty members receive named, distinguished service professorships". University of Chicago. February 17, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ Springen, Karen (January 11, 2011). "U of C Doc Melissa Gilliam Fights Teen Pregnancies". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Melissa L. Gilliam | The Ohio State University". trustees.osu.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ↑ "Melissa Gilliam, MD, MPH 2013–2014 SENIOR FACULTY SCHOLAR". Bucksbaum Institute for Clinical Excellence. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "VICE PROVOST, FACULTY, PHYSICIAN, REASEARCHER". The Chicago News. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ O'Neill, Brook (May 17, 2016). "Changing the game on teen health: Melissa Gilliam gives young people a voice". University of Chicago. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ Feldheim, Ben (June 9, 2015). "Gaming Against Sexual Violence". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ Easton, John (October 19, 2015). "Profs. Melissa Gilliam and David Meltzer elected to National Academy of Medicine". University of Chicago. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Beilock, Gilliam and Hale appointed to leadership roles in Office of the Provost". University of Chicago. May 19, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Twenty-three UChicago faculty receive named, distinguished service professorships". University of Chicago. December 22, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Melissa Gilliam, MD, MPH | Ohio State College of Medicine". medicine.osu.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ↑ Szilagy, Alissa Widman Neese and Sarah. "Ohio State University chooses Dr. Melissa L. Gilliam to be its new provost". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ↑ "Melissa L. Gilliam, MD, named Ohio State provost". Ohio State University. May 27, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Talis Appoints Melissa L. Gilliam, M.D., M.P.H., to Board of Directors". BioSpace. January 27, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
- 1 2 Most, Doug (6 October 2023). "Boston University Names Melissa L. Gilliam 11th President". Boston University School of Public Health . Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "Boston University Names Melissa Gilliam 11th President". Boston University. 2023-10-04. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
- ↑ Callahan, Molly (4 October 2023). "Melissa L. Gilliam, BU's New President, Brings Robust Research Background in Well-Being of Young People". BU Today. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ Gilliam, Melissa; Rosenberg, Deborah; Davis, Faith (2002-06-01). "The likelihood of placenta previa with greater number of cesarean deliveries and higher parity". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 99 (6): 976–980. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)02002-1. ISSN 0029-7844.
- ↑ Gilliam, Melissa (2006-10-01). "Cesarean Delivery on Request: Reproductive Consequences". Seminars in Perinatology. Cesarean Delivery on Maternal Request. 30 (5): 257–260. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2006.07.005. ISSN 0146-0005. PMID 17011396.
- ↑ Guse, Kylene; Levine, Deb; Martins, Summer; Lira, Andrea; Gaarde, Jenna; Westmorland, Whitney; Gilliam, Melissa (2012-12-01). "Interventions Using New Digital Media to Improve Adolescent Sexual Health: A Systematic Review". Journal of Adolescent Health. 51 (6): 535–543. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.03.014. ISSN 1054-139X.
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