Related Research Articles
The European Court of Justice,formally just the Court of Justice,is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union,it is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application across all EU member states under Article 263 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
The 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002 in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people. A further 209 people were injured.
The Constitutional Court of South Africa is a supreme constitutional court established by the Constitution of South Africa,and is the apex court in the South African judicial system,with general jurisdiction.
The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court in the U.S. state of Florida. It consists of seven members:the chief justice and six justices. Five members are chosen from five districts around the state to foster geographic diversity,and two are selected at large.
The Bali Nine were nine Australians convicted for attempting to smuggle 8.3 kg (18 lb) of heroin out of Indonesia in April 2005. The heroin was valued at around A$4 million and was bound for Australia. Ringleaders Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were sentenced to death and executed on 29 April 2015. Six other members,Si Yi Chen,Michael Czugaj,Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen,Matthew Norman,Scott Rush and Martin Stephens,were sentenced to life imprisonment and another,Renae Lawrence,to a 20-year sentence but was released after the sentence was commuted in November 2018. The Indonesian authorities reported on 5 June 2018 that Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen had died of stomach cancer.
The Connecticut Supreme Court,formerly known as the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors,is the highest court in the U.S. state of Connecticut. It consists of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. The seven justices sit in Hartford,across the street from the Connecticut State Capitol. The court generally holds eight sessions of two to three weeks per year,with one session each September through November and January through May. Justices are appointed by the governor and then approved by the Connecticut General Assembly.
Matthew James Norman is an Australian man who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Norman was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Norman was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court,following a full confession by Norman to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia,resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
Myuran Sukumaran was an Australian who was convicted in Indonesia of drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Sukumaran was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta with eight others. Police found 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. According to court testimonies of convicted drug mules,Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were the co-ringleaders of the heroin-smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial,Sukumaran was sentenced on 14 February 2006 by the Denpasar District Court to execution by firing squad.
Scott Anthony Rush is an Australian former labourer,who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,on his first trip to Bali,Rush was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar with 1.3 kg (2.9 lb) of heroin concealed on his body. After a criminal trial,on 13 February 2006,Rush was sentenced to life imprisonment. After appealing against the severity of the sentence,in a surprise outcome handed down by the Bali High Court on 6 September 2006,Rush's sentence was changed to the death penalty. On 10 May 2011,Rush's death sentence was reduced to life imprisonment on appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court.
Andrew Chan (Chinese:陳子維;Jyutping:Can4 Zi2 Wai4;12 January 1984 –29 April 2015) was an Australian man who was convicted and executed in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Chan was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar. According to court testimonies of convicted drug mules,Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were the co-ringleaders of the heroin smuggling operation from Indonesia to Australia. After a criminal trial on February 14,2006,Chan was sentenced to execution by firing squad by the Denpasar District Court.
Michael William Czugaj an Australian former glazier from Oxley,a suburb of Brisbane,Queensland,was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Czugaj was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar with 1.75 kg (3.9 lb) of heroin concealed on his body. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006 Czugaj was sentenced to life imprisonment. His life sentence was reduced to a term of 20 years on appeal on 26 April 2006,but reinstated five months later.
Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen was a Vietnamese–Australian citizen. He was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Nguyen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Nguyen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006.
Si Yi Chen is a Chinese–Australian criminal who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005,Chen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered 334 g (11.8 oz) of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial,on 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court,following a full confession by Chen to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia,resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort,apex court,and highcourt of appeal. Broadly speaking,the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts,hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts,or from intermediate-level appellate courts.
The Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand is an independent Thai court created by the 1997 Constitution with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts,royal decrees,draft legislation,as well as the appointment and removal of public officials and issues regarding political parties. The current court is part of the judicial branch of the Thai national government.
Boyce Ficklen Martin Jr. was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1979,Martin served as chief judge of the circuit from 1996 to 2003 and wrote more than 1,100 opinions during his 34-year tenure. Martin lived in Louisville,Kentucky.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia is one of the apex courts in Indonesia along with the Indonesian Supreme Court. Its primary role is reviewing the constitutionality of statutes (undang-undang). It also has other functions,including resolving disputes over the powers of state institutions,settling disputes over the results of general elections,deciding on the dissolution of political parties,and supervising impeachment. The last two functions have never been exercised by the Court.
The Judicial Commission of Indonesia was established as a consequence of the third amendment to the Constitution of Indonesia ratified by the Indonesian People's Consultative Assembly on 9 November 2001. The Commission's duty is to monitor the performance of judges,advise the House of Representatives on judicial appointments and review community complaints about the behavior and fairness of presiding judges.
Lindsay June Sandiford is a former legal secretary and convicted drug smuggler from Redcar,Teesside in North Yorkshire,England who was sentenced to death in January 2013 by a court in Indonesia after being found guilty of smuggling cocaine into Bali. Although death is the maximum punishment for drugs-related offences under Indonesian law,the severity of the sentence was greeted with shock because prosecutors had not recommended the death penalty for Sandiford. The ruling was also condemned by the British government and anti-death penalty campaigners.
Wahiduddin Adams is currently a justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. He and Aswanto were appointed to the court by the People's Representative Council in March 2014. Adams formerly served as Director General of Legislation at the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.
References
- 1 2 Agus Sahbani and Andin Aditya Rahman, Former Constitutional Judge Supports Judicial Review on Cigarette Double Taxation, Hukumonline English, 4 September 2013. Accessed 8 September 2016.
- 1 2 Cindy Wockner and Komang Erviani, Indonesian judge says Bali Nine duo shouldn’t be shot because the death penalty doesn’t work, News.com.au, 3 February 2015. Accessed 8 September 2016.
- ↑ Margareth S. Aritonang and Ina Parlina, After escaping death, convicts fight for clemency, Jakarta Post, 3 August 2016. Accessed 8 September 2016.