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In phonology and linguistics,a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
Canadian raising is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points. Most commonly,the shift affects or,or both,when they are pronounced before voiceless consonants. In North American English,and usually begin in an open vowel [~],but through raising they shift to (listen),(listen) or (listen). Canadian English often has raising in words with both and,while a number of American English varieties have this feature in but not. It is thought to have originated in Canada in the late 19th century.
The voiced bilabial trill is a type of consonantal sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is ⟨ʙ⟩,a small capital version of the Latin letter b,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B\.
Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics,which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics investigates time domain features such as the mean squared amplitude of a waveform,its duration,its fundamental frequency,or frequency domain features such as the frequency spectrum,or even combined spectrotemporal features and the relationship of these properties to other branches of phonetics,and to abstract linguistic concepts such as phonemes,phrases,or utterances.
The open back rounded vowel,or low back rounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called Latin turned alpha being a rotated version of Latin alpha. It seems a "turned script a",being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a",which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Latin turned alpha a⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left,whereas Latin alpha a⟨ɑ⟩ has its linear stroke on the right.
The close back rounded vowel,or high back rounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨u⟩,and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.
The close-mid front unrounded vowel,or high-mid front unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
The close-mid back unrounded vowel,or high-mid back unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɤ⟩,called "ram's horns." This symbol is distinct from the symbol for the voiced velar fricative,⟨ɣ⟩,which has a descender,but some texts use this symbol for the voiced velar fricative.
The near-open front unrounded vowel,or near-low front unrounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨æ⟩,a lowercase of the ⟨Æ⟩ ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The near-close front rounded vowel,or near-high front rounded vowel,is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages.
Government Phonology (GP) is a theoretical framework of linguistics,and more specifically of phonology. The framework aims to provide a non-arbitrary account for phonological phenomena by replacing the rule component of SPE-type phonology with well-formedness constraints on representations. Thus,it is a non-derivational representation-based framework,and as such,the current representative of Autosegmental Phonology. GP subscribes to the claim that Universal Grammar is composed of a restricted set of universal principles and parameters. As in Noam Chomsky’s principles and parameters approach to syntax,the differences in phonological systems across languages are captured through different combinations of parameter settings.
Jonathan Kaye studied linguistics at Columbia University under Uriel Weinreich and Robert Austelitz,earning his Ph.D. in 1970. He wrote his thesis on Desano,a South American language he studied through a year of field work in the Amazon.
Jan-Olof Svantesson,born 1944,is a professor of Linguistics at Lund University,Sweden.
Junko Itō is a Japanese-born American linguist. She is emerita research professor of linguistics at the University of California,Santa Cruz,where she served as chair of the department from 1999-2006.
Jeroen van de Weijer is a Dutch linguist who teaches phonology,morphology,phonetics,psycholinguistics,historical linguistics and other courses at Shenzhen University,where he is Distinguished Professor of English linguistics at the School of Foreign Languages. Before,he was Full Professor of English Linguistics at Shanghai International Studies University,in the School of English Studies.
Jennifer Sandra Cole is a professor of linguistics and Director of the Prosody and Speech Dynamics Lab at Northwestern University. Her research uses experimental and computational methods to study the sound structure of language. She was the founding General Editor of Laboratory Phonology (2009–2015) and a founding member of the Association for Laboratory Phonology.
The mid front rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound,used in some spoken languages.
Heather Goad is a Canadian linguist. Her research explores areas of phonology and language acquisition,especially investigating the shapes of phonological systems,including contrasts in English,French,Korean,Portuguese,Italian and Nepali,as well as the developmental paths of acquiring speech sounds by first and second language learners.
Harry van der Hulst is Full Professor of linguistics and Director of Undergraduate Studies at the Department of Linguistics of the University of Connecticut. He has been editor-in-chief of the international SSCI peer-reviewed linguistics journal The Linguistic Review since 1990 and he is co-editor of the series ‘Studies in generative grammar’. He is a Life Fellow of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study,and a board member of the European linguistics organization GLOW.
References
- ↑ Stong-Jensen, Margaret (1993). "Review of Conditions on Phonological Government by Monik Charette". Phonology. 10 (2): 347–357. doi:10.1017/S0952675700000129. S2CID 62175508.
- ↑ Scheer, Tobias (2004). A lateral theory of phonology. Vol 1: What is CVCV, and why should it be?. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 137–138.
- ↑ Scheer, Tobias; Kula, Nancy C. (2018). "Government Phonology: Element theory, conceptual issues and introduction". The Routledge Handbook of Phonological Theory: 233.
- ↑ "The phonology of empty categories". Thesis by Paul John at the Université du Québec à Montréal, April 2014
- ↑ Edmund Gussmann, The Phonology of Polish, Oxford University Press 2007, pages 117 and 128
- ↑ Kaye, Jonathan (2001). "Working with licensing constraints". In Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna (ed.). Constraints and Preferences. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 256.
- ↑ Scheer, Tobias; Kula, Nancy C. (2018). "Government Phonology: Element theory, conceptual issues and introduction". The Routledge Handbook of Phonological Theory: 226.
- ↑ Lingua . 1995. p. 28.
- ↑ Szigetvári, Péter (2011). "Skeleton". Blackwell Companion to Phonology: 1273.
- ↑ Ploch, Stefan (2003). Living on the edge: 28 papers in honour of Jonathan Kaye. Berlin; New York: M. de Gruyter. p. v.
- ↑ Goldsmith, John; Riggle, Jason; Yu, Alan C. L. (17 October 2011). The handbook of phonological theory (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405157681.
- ↑ Kula, Nancy C.; Botma, Bert; Nasukawa, Kuniya (2011). Continuum companion to phonology. Continuum International Pub. Group. ISBN 9780826434234.
- ↑ van Oostendorp, Marc; Ewen, Colin; Hume, Elizabeth; Rice, Keren (2011). The Blackwell companion to phonology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405184236.
- ↑ Word . S.F. Vanni; 1999. p. 119.
- ↑ "Review of Conditions on Phonological Government". by Mike Maxwell, in Notes on Linguistics. Issues 56-63. Summer Institute of Linguistics; 1992. p. 62–64.