A hand-forged adjustable wrench from the early 1900s
A monkey wrench is a type of smooth-jawed adjustable wrench, a 19th century American refinement of 18th-century English coach wrenches. It was widely used in the 19th and early 20th century. It is of interest as an antique among tool collectors and is still occasionally used in practice.
More broadly, a monkey wrench may be a pipe wrench or any other kind of adjustable wrench.[1]
Etymology and history
Monkey wrench (left) compared to Stillson or pipe wrench (right)
Adjustable coach wrenches for the odd-sized nuts of wagon wheels were manufactured in England and exported to North America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They were set either by sliding a wedge, or later by twisting the handle, which turned a screw, narrowing or widening the jaws. In 1840, Loring Coes, a knife manufacturer in Worcester, Massachusetts, invented a screw-based coach wrench design in which the jaw width was set with a spinning ring fixed under the sliding lower jaw, above the handle. This was patented in 1841[2] and the tools were advertised and sold in the United States as monkey wrenches, a term which was already in use for the English handle-set coach wrenches.[3] Published reports from 1834 and 1840 show the term in use (and indicating by the absence of explanatory glosses that the term was not unfamiliar).[4]:42[5]:211 The origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin (2015)[6] reports that it originated in Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed were baseless.[6] Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the 1860s to the 1910s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there. During that era, a very wide and popular range of monkey wrenches was manufactured by Coes family partnerships, licensees and companies, which filed further wrench patents throughout the 19th century. Some Coes wrenches could be bought with wooden knife handles, recalling the company's earlier knives. In 1909, the Coes Wrench Company advertised a six-foot-long "key" wrench, shaped like a monkey wrench, for use on railroads.[7][8] The Coes wrench designs were acquired by the toolmaker Bemis & Call of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1928. After 1939, its successor companies manufactured monkey wrenches from Coes designs until the mid-1960s, a production run of over 120 years.[3][9][10]
In German Language the wrench is called "Engländer" which means "Englishman". It is thought to be called so because for the less common imperial ("English") screws and nuts in continental Europe when only metric open-end or ring wrenches were available.
Monkey wrenches are still manufactured and are used for some heavy tasks, but they have otherwise been mostly replaced by the shifting adjustable wrench/spanner, which is much lighter and has a smaller head, allowing it to fit more easily into tight spaces, and the tooth-jawed, torque-gripping pipe wrench.
False etymologies
Charles Moncky myth
The following story was widespread from the late 19th and early 20th centuries:
That handy tool, the "monkey-wrench", is not so named because it is a handy thing to monkey with, or for any kindred reason. "Monkey" is not its name at all, Charles Moncky, the inventor of it, sold his patent for $5000, and invested the money in a house in Williamsburg, Kings County, where he now lives.[11][12]
Although this story was refuted by historical and patent research in the late 19th century,[3] it appears to have been inspired by a real person. A Charles Monk (not Moncky) lived in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn in the 1880s where he made and sold moulder's tools, not mechanics' tools like a monkey wrench.[13] He could not have invented or named the monkey wrench because he was born after the term first appeared in print.[13]
Racial slur myth
A story on social media claims that the African-American boxer Jack Johnson invented the wrench while in prison, and the wrench was named "monkey wrench" as a racial slur. However, both the first patent for a monkey wrench and the name predate Johnson's birth. Johnson did, however, receive a patent for improvements to it.[14][15]
Culture
The largely US idiom "to throw a monkey wrench into..." means to sabotage something, equivalent to the British English "to throw a spanner in the works". A "left handed monkey wrench" is sometimes used as ironic humor, as monkey wrenches are ambidextrous.
↑ Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India, Parliament of the United Kingdom (1834), Report From the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India: With the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index. Ordered, by The House of Commons, to be Printed, 14 July 1834, Parliament of the United Kingdom, retrieved 30 April 2023, PACKAGES. Box No. 1. — A tierce, containing 1 pair purchase blocks with snatch blocks and fall, straps, brasses, gibs and cotters for cast cross bars, cotter for bottom of connecting rod, 2 ladles, soft soldering tool, soft solder, brazier's solder, a monkey wrench, hemp for packing, 40 duplicate paddle plates, 4 picks for cleaning boiler, duplicate brass excentric ring, 2 screwed ends with nuts for ditto, 5 calking chisels, 6 steel drifts, 8 stitched packages for valves, 80 hooked paddle bolts. […] Liverpool, 18 July 1832. (signed) Fawcett, Preston & Co.
↑ Whishaw, Francis (1840), "Liverpool and Manchester Railway", The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland, Practically Described and Illustrated, London, England, United Kingdom: Simpkin, Marshall and Company, retrieved 30 April 2023, Every engineman shall have with him at all times in his tender the following tools; and in the event of any of them being lost, he shall immediately get the same replaced, viz.: — A complete set of screw-keys, one large and one small monkey-wrench, three cold chisels and a hand-hammer, one crow-bar, one long chain and two short coupling-chains with hooks, two spare ball-clacks, a quantity of flax, gaskin, and string for packing, &c.; oil-cans, large and small plugs for tubes. N.B. The engineman to be responsible for the above tools.
1 2 Geesin, Ron (2015), The Adjustable Spanner: History, Origins and Development to 1970, Crowood Press, ISBN9781785000362.
↑ "'The Monkey Wrench' mill building at 143 Main St. in Springfield, MA". Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022. Bemis & Call was acquired by a larger tool company in 1939. By the 2000s their old mill building on Main Street in the South End housed a commercial center known as "The Monkey Wrench."
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A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for turning screws.
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Johan Petter Johansson, sometimes known as JP, was a Swedish inventor and industrialist. He invented a modern adjustable spanner. He obtained over 100 patents in total.
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A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
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Coes Wrench Company was a tool manufacturing company based in Worcester, Massachusetts. The company was originally part of the L. and A. G. Coes & Co.
Loring Coes was an American inventor, industrialist and Republican politician who invented the screw type wrench, commonly known as the monkey wrench and who served as a member of the Worcester, Massachusetts City Council and Board of Aldermen, and as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1864–1865.
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