Orpheus with the Awkward Foot

*Orpheus with the Awkward Foot*
	The monument in 2014
	39°15′51″N76°34′56″W / 39.26417°N 76.58222°W
Location	Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
Designer	Charles Henry Niehaus
Type	Statue
Material	Bronze ; Marble
Length	30 feet (9.1 m)
Width	30 feet (9.1 m)
Height	39 feet (12 m)
Beginning date	November 4, 1920
Completion date	June 1, 1922
Dedicated date	June 14, 1922
Dedicated to	100th anniversary of the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner

Last updated August 11, 2023

Orpheus with the Awkward Foot (also simply known as Orpheus or the Francis Scott Key Monument) is a monumental statue located at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. The monument, designed by sculptor Charles Henry Niehaus, was commissioned by the United States Commission of Fine Arts to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner", written by Francis Scott Key during the Battle of Baltimore in 1814. The statue was dedicated in 1922, with U.S. President Warren G. Harding in attendance.

History

1914 marked the centennial anniversary of the writing of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States, which was written by Francis Scott Key while in Baltimore during the War of 1812's Battle of Baltimore.^[1] To commemorate the occasion, the United States Congress allocated US$75,000 for the erection of a monument at Baltimore's Fort McHenry in honor of the national anthem and the battle that took place there.^[2]^[3] On May 28, 1916,^[2] the United States Commission of Fine Arts held a competition for design proposals for this monument, with 34 sculptors entering.^[1] Of the submissions, Charles Henry Niehaus's was selected by the commission.^[2]^[1] Niehaus was at the time working in Grantwood, New Jersey,^[1] but he had previously trained in Rome and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and had established a reputation in the United States as a skilled and highly sought-out sculptor.^[2] Niehaus's monument design consisted of a statue of the Greek mythological musician Orpheus.^[2] The decision to not have Key himself be the subject of the monument proved divisive, with some of Key's descendants and sculptor Hans Schuler (who had also submitted a design proposal during the competition) criticizing Niehaus's choice.^[1] Niehaus stated that the choice to have an allegorical depiction was made because he was unable to satisfactorily create a good portrayal of Key.^[1] Making reference to the odd choice in 2021, historian John R. Vile stated that the statue was perhaps "[t]he oddest monument to Key".^[4]

Despite the design selection, the entry of the United States into World War I delayed construction for several years,^[3] with work on the monument finally beginning on November 4, 1920.^[2] The delay was additionally caused by marble pieces, procured from local masons, being rejected by inspectors.^[1] The construction was completed by June 1, 1922, and a dedication ceremony was scheduled for June 14, 1922 (Flag Day).^[2] U.S. President Warren G. Harding attended the dedication,^[2] giving a speech that was aired on radio nationwide.^[5] This was the first time that a president of the United States had had his voice transmitted via radio.^[6]^[4] In his speech, Harding praised Key, saying among other things, "Key reached the sublime heights and wrote the poetic revelation of an American soul aflame".^[1]

In 1928, Niehaus received compensation from the U.S. Congress for $33,121 in cost overruns from the project.^[2] In 1962,^{[note 1]} the statue was relocated from its original position to another location near the fort.^[2]^[4] That same year, a time capsule buried under the monument was opened.^[2] In a 1987 report issued by the National Park Service (which has administered the fort since 1933),^[3] they suggested possibly relocating the statue away from the fort, citing the monument as one of several "ornamental statuary and markers that have been added to the site over the years" that "do not relate to the interpretive themes of the monument" and "intrude on the historical scene".^[7] In particular, they noted that the size of the Orpheus statue takes visitors' attention away from the fort itself.^[7] Despite the proposals, the monument was not relocated from the fort. In 1992, the monument was surveyed as part of the Save Outdoor Sculpture! project.^[8]

Design

The monument consists of a 24-foot (7.3 m) bronze statue of Orpheus atop a 15-foot (4.6 m) round marble base.^[2]^[1] Orpheus is nude, save for a headband and a fig leaf,^[4] and he is playing a five-stringed tortoise shell lyre.^[2] Orpheus's design is an example of the neoclassical sculpture designs that were popular during the time of its creation.^[1] On the base of the monument, which has a diameter of 30 feet (9.1 m),^[8] is a medallion honoring Key,^[2]^[5] who is depicted in profile.^[1] This medallion is supported on either side by a soldier and a sailor in low relief, while the rest of the base depicts the Muses celebrating the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy.^[1] Along the base, an inscription reads: "To Francis Scott Key - Author of the Star Spangled Banner and to the soldiers and sailors who took part in the Battle of North Point and the defense of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812."^[2]

The statue itself is speculated to be the largest bronze statue cast at that point in time,^[1] with a contemporary publication claiming it as such.^[9]

Originally, the monument was located in a traffic circle in the middle of an entry road leading to the fort.^[2] However, in 1962,^[8] the statue was relocated to a less prominent position in the park,^[4] near the front gate.^[10] As part of the move, the monument lost its exedra, which had contained benches, cannonballs, and cannons.^[1]

Notes

↑ Given as 1966 in one source.^[5]

Related Research Articles

Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet from Frederick, Maryland, best known as the author of the text of the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner". Key observed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry in 1814 during the War of 1812. He was inspired upon seeing the American flag still flying over the fort at dawn and wrote the poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry"; it was published within a week with the suggested tune of the popular song "To Anacreon in Heaven". The song with Key's lyrics became known as "The Star-Spangled Banner" and slowly gained in popularity as an unofficial anthem, finally achieving official status more than a century later under President Herbert Hoover as the national anthem.

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References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kelly, Cindy (2011). Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City. Photographs by Edwin Harlan Remsberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-8018-9722-1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Orpheus". National Park Service . October 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
1 2 3 Gelles, Auni (December 16, 2016). "Orpheus with the Awkward Foot". Baltimore Heritage . Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
1 2 3 4 5 Vile, John R. (2021). America's National Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" in U.S. History, Culture, and Law. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-4408-7319-5.
1 2 3 Eshelman, Ralph E. (2011). A Travel Guide to the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake: Eighteen Tours in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8018-9837-2.
↑ "Warren G. Harding becomes the first president to be heard on the radio". History . November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
1 2 Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Maryland: Concept for Facility Development and Landscape Treatment. National Park Service. 1987.
1 2 3 "Francis Scott Key Monument, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System . Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
↑ "Books and Things". The New Republic . Vol. XXVI, no. 395. June 28, 1922. p. 138.
↑ "Francis Scott Key 'Orpheus' Monument, Baltimore, Maryland". American Legion . December 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

External links

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[7] Given as 1966 in one source.^[5]

[:2-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kelly, Cindy (2011). Outdoor Sculpture in Baltimore: A Historical Guide to Public Art in the Monumental City. Photographs by Edwin Harlan Remsberg. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-8018-9722-1.

[:0-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Orpheus". National Park Service . October 23, 2020. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

[:1-3] 1 2 3 Gelles, Auni (December 16, 2016). "Orpheus with the Awkward Foot". Baltimore Heritage . Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

[:3-4] 1 2 3 4 5 Vile, John R. (2021). America's National Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" in U.S. History, Culture, and Law. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. pp. 126–127. ISBN 978-1-4408-7319-5.

[:4-5] 1 2 3 Eshelman, Ralph E. (2011). A Travel Guide to the War of 1812 in the Chesapeake: Eighteen Tours in Maryland, Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-8018-9837-2.

[6] "Warren G. Harding becomes the first president to be heard on the radio". History . November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

[:5-8] 1 2 Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Maryland: Concept for Facility Development and Landscape Treatment. National Park Service. 1987.

[:6-9] 1 2 3 "Francis Scott Key Monument, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Research Information System . Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.

[10] "Books and Things". The New Republic . Vol. XXVI, no. 395. June 28, 1922. p. 138.

[11] "Francis Scott Key 'Orpheus' Monument, Baltimore, Maryland". American Legion . December 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 27, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

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