Pacific bluefin tuna

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Pacific bluefin tuna
Pacific bluefin tuna.jpg
At Tokyo Sea Life Park, Japan
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scombriformes
Family: Scombridae
Genus: Thunnus
Subgenus: Thunnus
Species:
T. orientalis
Binomial name
Thunnus orientalis
(Temminck and Schlegel, 1844)
Synonyms [2]
  • Thunnus saliens
    Jordan and Evermann, 1926
  • Thynnus orientalis
    Temminck and Schlegel, 1844
  • Thunnus thynnus orientalis
    (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844)

The Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is a predatory species of tuna found widely in the northern Pacific Ocean, but it is migratory and also recorded as a visitor to the south Pacific. [3] [4]

Contents

In the past it was often included in T. thynnus , the 'combined' species then known as the northern bluefin tuna (when treated as separate, T. thynnus is called the Atlantic bluefin tuna). [5] It may reach as much as 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 450 kg (990 lb) in weight. [6]

Like the closely related Atlantic bluefin and southern bluefin, the Pacific bluefin is a commercially valuable species and several thousand tonnes are caught each year. It is considered overfished, but not subject to overfishing. [3] [7] [8] It is considered near threatened by the IUCN and PEW. [3] [9] Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program have placed all bluefin tunas on the "Avoid" list and they are also placed on the "Red List" by Greenpeace and the Blue Ocean Institute. [10] [11] [12]

Distribution

The Pacific bluefin tuna is primarily found in the North Pacific, ranging from the East Asian coast to the western coast of North America. [3] [6] It is mainly a pelagic species found in temperate oceans, but it also ranges into the tropics and more coastal regions. [3] It typically occurs from the surface to 200 m (660 ft), [6] but has been recorded as deep as 550 m (1,800 ft). [3]

It spawns in the northwestern Philippine Sea (e.g., off Honshu, Okinawa and Taiwan) and in the Sea of Japan. [3] [13] Some of these migrate to the East Pacific and return to the spawning grounds after a few years. [3] It has been recorded more locally as a visitor to the Southern Hemisphere, including off Australia, New Zealand, the Gulf of Papua and French Polynesia. [3] [6]

The species is considered to consist of only one stock. [4]

Physiology

At Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, Japan Thunnus orientalis (Osaka Kaiyukan Aquarium).jpg
At Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, Japan

Thermoregulation

Almost all fish are cold-blooded (ectothermic). [14] However, tuna and mackerel sharks are warm-blooded: they can regulate their body temperature. [15] Warm-blooded fish possess organs near their muscles called retia mirabilia that consist of a series of minute parallel veins and arteries that supply and drain the muscles. As the warmer blood in the veins returns to the gills for fresh oxygen it comes into close contact with cold, newly oxygenated blood in the arteries. The system acts as a counter-current heat exchanger and the heat from the blood in the veins is given up to the colder arterial blood rather than being lost at the gills. The net effect is less heat loss through the gills. Fish from warmer water elevate their temperature a few degrees whereas those from cold water may raise it as much as 20 °C (36 °F) warmer than the surrounding sea.

The tuna's ability to maintain body temperature has several definite advantages over other sea life. It need not limit its range according to water temperature, nor is it dominated by climatic changes. The additional heat supplied to the muscles is also advantageous because of the resulting extra power and speed.

Life cycle

Pacific bluefin tunas reach maturity at about 5 years of age, the generation length is estimated at 7–9 years and based on two separate sources the longevity is 15 years or 26 years. [3] At maturity it is about 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) long and weighs about 60 kg (130 lb). [3] Individuals that are 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long are regularly seen, and the maximum reported is 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 450 kg (990 lb) in weight. [6] Elsewhere, a mass of up to 550 kg (1,210 lb) has been reported for the species. [16] According to the International Game Fish Association, the all-tackle game fish record was a 411.6 kg (907 lb) individual (Donna Pascoe) caught on 19 February 2014 onboard charter boat Gladiator during the National Tournament. [17]

Spawning occurs from April to August, but the exact timing depends on the region: Early in the northwest Philippine Sea (the southern part of its breeding range) and late in the Sea of Japan (the northern part of its breeding range). [3] Large females can carry more eggs than small ones, and between 5 million and 25 million eggs have been reported. [3]

Pacific bluefins eat various small schooling squids and fishes, but have also been recorded taking sessile animals, [6] pelagic red crabs and krill. [13]

Human interaction

Commercial fishery

Pacific bluefin caught near Santa Catalina in 1913 04945-Catalina-1903-Tuna chaught at Catalina with Rod and Reel-Bruck & Sohn Kunstverlag.jpg
Pacific bluefin caught near Santa Catalina in 1913

Pacific bluefin tuna support a large commercial fishery.

Aquaculture

Japan is both the biggest consumer and the leader in tuna farming research. [18] [19] Kinki University of Japan first successfully farmed already-hatched bluefin tuna in 1979. In 2002, they succeeded in breeding them, and in 2007, the process was repeated for a third generation. [20] [21] [22] This farm-raised tuna is now known as Kindai tuna. Kindai is a contraction of Kinki University (Kinki daigaku). [23]

Conservation

Unlike the other bluefins (Atlantic and southern), [24] [25] the Pacific bluefin tuna was not considered threatened initially, resulting in a Least Concern rating in 2011. In 2014, it was found to be threatened and the status was changed to Vulnerable. [3] [26] The current status is listed as Near threatened. Based on a 2022 stock assessment, it was considered overfished, but not subject to overfishing. [7]

According to the 2022 stock assessments by the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC), the population has increased from a low point of about 2 percent of historic levels in 2010 to about 10 percent in 2020. [8] This has coincided with a reduction in fishing mortality.

Catches have ranged between about 8,000 and 40,000 tonnes since 1952. [8]

Its wide range and migratory behavior lead to some problems, since fisheries in the species are managed by several different Regional Fisheries Management Organisations that sometimes give conflicting advice. The IUCN have recommended that the responsibility be moved to a single organisation. [3] Other recommendations include a substantial reduction of fishing of this species, especially juveniles. [3] As much as 90% of the caught Pacific bluefins are juveniles. [27]

Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch program have placed all bluefin tunas on the "Avoid" list, [10] and they are also placed on the "Red List" by both Greenpeace and the Blue Ocean Institute. [11] [12]

Mercury levels

Pacific bluefin flesh may contain levels of mercury or PCBs that are harmful to humans who consume it. [12] A similar problem exists in other tuna species.

Cuisine

About 80% of the Pacific and Atlantic bluefin tunas are consumed in Japan, and tunas that are particularly suited for sashimi and sushi can fetch very high prices. In Japan, some foods made available for the first time of the year are considered good luck, especially bluefin tuna. Winning these new year auctions is often used as a way to get publicity, which raises the prices considerably higher than their usual market value: on 5 January 2013, a 489-pound (222 kg) Pacific bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan was sold in the first auction of the year at the Tsukiji fish market in Tokyo for a record 155.4 million yen (US$1.76 million) – leading to record unit prices of US$3,603 per pound, or ¥703,167 per kilogram. [28] A 618-pound (280 kg) pacific bluefin tuna sold for 333.6 million yen (US$3.1 million) at a Tokyo fish market on 5 January 2019. The price equates to roughly $5,000 a pound, close to double the previous record. The fish was caught off Oma in northern Japan. [29]

Related Research Articles

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A tuna is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family. The Thunnini comprise 15 species across five genera, the sizes of which vary greatly, ranging from the bullet tuna up to the Atlantic bluefin tuna, which averages 2 m (6.6 ft) and is believed to live up to 50 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mackerel</span> Pelagic fish

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Albacore</span> Species of tuna

The albacore, known also as the longfin tuna, is a species of tuna of the order Scombriformes. It is found in temperate and tropical waters across the globe in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones. There are six distinct stocks known globally in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. The albacore has an elongate, fusiform body with a conical snout, large eyes, and remarkably long pectoral fins. Its body is a deep blue dorsally and shades of silvery white ventrally. Individuals can reach up to 1.4 m in length.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Overfishing</span> Removal of a species of fish from water at a rate that the species cannot replenish

Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally, resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area. Overfishing can occur in water bodies of any sizes, such as ponds, wetlands, rivers, lakes or oceans, and can result in resource depletion, reduced biological growth rates and low biomass levels. Sustained overfishing can lead to critical depensation, where the fish population is no longer able to sustain itself. Some forms of overfishing, such as the overfishing of sharks, has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. Types of overfishing include growth overfishing, recruitment overfishing, and ecosystem overfishing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic bluefin tuna</span> Species of fish

The Atlantic bluefin tuna is a species of tuna in the family Scombridae. It is variously known as the northern bluefin tuna, giant bluefin tuna [for individuals exceeding 150 kg (330 lb)], and formerly as the tunny.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern bluefin tuna</span> Species of fish

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References

  1. ↑ Collette, Boustany. "Thunnus orientalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T170341A170087840". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved September 5, 2021.
  2. ↑ "Thunnus orientalis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 9 December 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Collette, B.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Nelson, R.; Pollard, D.; Suzuki, N. & Teo, S. (2014). "Thunnus orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T170341A65166749. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170341A65166749.en .
  4. 1 2 AsiaPacific-FishWatch (2017). "AsiaPacific-FishWatch, Thunnus orientalis species profile, Biology". AsiaPacific-FishWatch.
  5. ↑ Collette, B.B. (1999). Mackerels, molecules, and morphology. In: Proceedings of the 5th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference, Noumea. pp. 149-164
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2011). "Thunnus orientalis" in FishBase . December 2011 version.
  7. 1 2 Fisheries, NOAA (2024-02-21). "Pacific Bluefin Tuna | NOAA Fisheries". NOAA. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  8. 1 2 3 ISC (2022). "Annex 13: Stock Assessment of Pacific Bluefin Tuna in the Pacific Ocean in 2022" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  9. ↑ The Pew Charitable Trusts: Global Tuna Conservation. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  10. 1 2 "Sustainable tuna guide". www.seafoodwatch.org. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  11. 1 2 "Red List Fish - Greenpeace USA". 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
  12. 1 2 3 "Tuna, Bluefin (Hon Maguro)". Blue Ocean Institute. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Pacific bluefin tuna". www.montereybayaquarium.org. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  14. ↑ Purves, William; Sadava, David; Orians, Gordon; Heller, H. Craig (December 15, 2000). Life: The Science of Biology (Sixth ed.). W. H. Freeman. p.  704. ISBN   978-0-7167-3873-2.
  15. ↑ Carey, Francis G.; Teal, John M. (1969). "Regulation of body temperature by the bluefin tuna". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 28 (1): 205–213. doi:10.1016/0010-406x(69)91336-x. ISSN   0010-406X.
  16. ↑ TAG Bluefin Science in the Pacific. Tag-A-Giant Foundation
  17. ↑ "Fishingpro.co.nz".
  18. ↑ "Breeding the Overfished Bluefin Tuna". LiveScience. 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
  19. ↑ Ito, Masami, "Does Japan's affair with tuna mean loving it to extinction?", Japan Times , August 31, 2010, p. 3.
  20. ↑ "The holy grail of fish breeding". taipeitimes.com. September 30, 2006.
  21. ↑ "Cultivation, seedling production, and selective breeding of bluefin tuna and other fish at the Kinki University Fisheries Laboratory". Flku.jp. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
  22. ↑ Jung, Carolyn (2008-05-21). "The rarest tuna of all - Japan's farmed Kindai". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  23. ↑ Raisfeld, Robin (2008-05-04). "Can a Farmed Bluefin Tuna Save the Planet? - New York Magazine". Nymag.com. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
  24. ↑ Collette, B.; Amorim, A.F.; Boustany, A.; Carpenter, K.E.; de Oliveira Leite Jr., N.; Di Natale, A.; Die, D.; Fox, W.; Fredou, F.L.; Graves, J.; et al. (2011). "Thunnus thynnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T21860A9331546. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21860A9331546.en .
  25. ↑ Collette, B.; Chang, S.-K.; Di Natale, A.; Fox, W.; Juan Jorda, M.; Miyabe, N.; Nelson, R.; Uozumi, Y. & Wang, S. (2011). "Thunnus maccoyii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011: e.T21858A9328286. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T21858A9328286.en .
  26. ↑ Casey, M. (17 November 2014). Sushi eaters pushing Pacific bluefin tuna to brink of extinction. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  27. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (9 January 2013). "Overfishing causes Pacific bluefin tuna numbers to drop 96%". The Guardian . London: GMG. ISSN   0261-3077. OCLC   60623878 . Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  28. ↑ "A bluefin tuna sells for record $1.76M in Tokyo". USA Today. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  29. ↑ "World's Most-Prized Fish Sold for $3.1 Million at Tokyo Auction". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
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