Pichia

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Pichia
Pichia gentiana.jpg
Pichia gentianae young cells
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Saccharomycetes
Order: Saccharomycetales
Family: Pichiaceae
Genus: Pichia
Hansen, 1904
Species

See text

Synonyms [1]
  • AzymohansenulaE.K.Novák & Zsolt
  • HyphopichiaMycoderma
  • Desmazières, 1827Mycokluyveria
  • Ciferri & Redaelli, 1947Petasospora
  • Boidin & Abadie, 1955Zygohansenula
  • J.Lodder, 1932Zygowillia
  • (Klöcker) Kudrjanzev, 1960Zymopichia
  • E.K.Novák & Zsolt, 1961

Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells. Pichia is a teleomorph, and forms hat-shaped, hemispherical, or round ascospores during sexual reproduction. The anamorphs of some Pichia species are Candida species. The asexual reproduction is by multilateral budding.

Contents

The genus name of Pichia is in honour of Pico Pichi (1862–1933), who was an Italian botanist and Professor of natural history and plant pathology at a viticulture school in the town of Conegliano in the Province of Treviso. [2]

The genus was circumscribed by Emil Christian Hansen in Centralbl. Bakteriol., 2. Abt., 12 on pages 533–538 in 1904.

Lactose is neither fermented nor assimilated by these species. The behaviour with regard to other carbohydrates is dependent on the different species. Nitrate is always assimilated.[ citation needed ]

More than 100 species of this genus are known. GBIF lists 155. [1] A number of Pichia species have been reassigned to other genera, see below. As a result, Species Fungorum accepts only 32 species (see below for list). [3]

Taxonomy

A nunber of species have been moved to other genera. These include moves to Wickerhamomyces (W. canadensis, W. ciferri, W. lynferdii, W. salvicola and W. subpelliculosa), [4] to Starmera , to Cyberlindnera , to Ogataea and many others.

Occurrence

Some Pichia (in the broad, pre-split sense) interfere with the fermentation process for alcohol production. In winemaking, some species of Pichia can create potential faults in wines. [5] Most are found in decaying plants; some live in close symbiosis with insects, which live on decaying plants.

Some Pichia (sensu lato) representatives can be found in raw milk and cheese, such as P. anomala (now named Wickerhamomyces anomalus). W. anomalus has been shown to combat the undesirable mold Aspergillus flavus , which contaminates food sources such as tree nuts and corn, and produces aflatoxins. Researchers of the Agricultural Research Service found that when pistachio trees were treated with W. anomalus, the growth of A. flavus was inhibited up to 97%. In addition to inhibiting A. flavus, the yeast may also help protect other agricultural crops from unwanted molds that affect the crop's taste, texture, yield, and safety. [6] In smeared-surface ripened cheese, the most important species is P. membranifaciens that also occurs on cream cheese. The formation of a so-called pellicle is typical.

Another member of the genus, P. pastoris (now Komagataella phaffii), [7] is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology as an expression system. P. angusta (now called Ogataea polymorpha), is a model organism for studying the functions of peroxisomes and their underlying molecular biology.

Some Pichia species (e.g. P. ohmeri , now Kodamaea ohmeri) [8] have recently been clinically proven to be pathogens, better known as so-called opportunistic pathogens [9] in immunocompromised humans.

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [3]

Related Research Articles

<i>Aspergillus</i> Genus of fungi

Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.

<i>Komagataella</i> Genus of fungus used industrially and as model organism

Komagataella is a methylotrophic yeast within the order Saccharomycetales. It was found in the 1960s as Pichia pastoris, with its feature of using methanol as a source of carbon and energy. In 1995, P. pastoris was reassigned into the sole representative of genus Komagataella, becoming Komagataella pastoris. Later studies have further distinguished new species in this genus, resulting in a total of 7 recognized species. It is not uncommon to see the old name still in use in the context of protein production, as of 2023; in less formal use, the yeast may confusingly be referred to as pichia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saccharomycetales</span> Order of fungi

Saccharomycetales belongs to the kingdom of Fungi and the division Ascomycota. It is the only order in the class Saccharomycetes. There are currently 13 families recognized as belonging to Saccharomycetales. GBIF also includes; Alloascoideaceae, Eremotheciaceae (16) Trigonopsidaceae and Wickerhamomycetaceae.

<i>Ogataea polymorpha</i> Species of fungus

Ogataea polymorpha is a methylotrophic yeast with unusual characteristics. It is used as a protein factory for pharmaceuticals.

Lachancea kluyveri is an ascomycetous yeast associated with fruit flies, slime fluxes, soils and foods.

Nakazawaea is a genus of yeast in the order Saccharomycetales. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is not fully unknown.

Phaffomyces is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the Pichiaceae fungi family.

Starmera is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the Phaffomycetaceae family.

Starmerella is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the order is unknown, and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any family. Although, the GBIF list the family as Phaffomycetaceae. Several members of the Starmerella clade are associated with flowers and flower-visiting insects like bees and bumblebees; these yeasts cope well with high sugar niches. Many strains (species) of the Starmerella clade, including Starmerella bombicola and Candida apicola are known to produce sophorolipids which are carbohydrate-based, amphiphilic biosurfactants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herman Phaff</span> Dutch-born American yeast researcher (1913–2001)


Herman Jan Phaff was a scientist who specialised in yeast ecology. He was born in the Netherlands before moving to California at age of 26. He was active in Californian universities until his death. During his career he accumulated thousands of strains of yeast from the wild, and described 60 new taxa of yeast.

Pichia heedii is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. Described in 1978, it was found growing on a dead senita cactus plant in the Sonoran Desert of Baja California, Mexico. The species was named to honor William B. Heed and his contributions to the study of desert-adapted yeasts.

Kodamaea kakaduensis is an ascomycetous yeast species first isolated from Australian Hibiscus flowers. It is heterothallic, haploid, similar to other Kodamaea species and to Candida restingae. Its buds are often produced on short protuberances, and a true mycelium is formed. It differs from other species by the assimilation of trehalose, melezitose, and xylitol, and is reproductively isolated. Its type strain is UWO (PS) 98–119.2.

Wickerhamomyces anomalus is a species of ascomycete and teleomorphic fungi of the genus Wickerhamomyces. It is used as a preventive for undesirable fungi or mold, nevertheless it may spoil food in large quantities. It is used in wine making, airtight stored grain, apples, and grapevines. P. anomala has been reclassified as Wickerhamomyces anomalus.

Aspergillus nomius is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Flavi section. The species was first described in 1987. It has been reported to produce aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, aspergillic acid, kojic acid, nominine, paspaline, pseurotin, and tenuazonic acid. A. nomius has been identified as the cause of human infections.

<i>Ogataea</i> Genus of fungi

Ogataea is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It was separated from the former genus Hansenula via an examination of their 18S and 26S rRNA partial base sequencings by Yamada et al. 1994.

The Phaffomycetaceae are a family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales that reproduce by budding. Species in the family have a widespread distribution.

The Wickerhamomycetaceae are a family of yeasts in the order Saccharomycetales that reproduce by budding. Species in the family have a widespread distribution.

Wickerhamomyces is a genus of fungi within the Saccharomycetales order. It is placed within the family of Phaffomycetaceae.

Hanseniaspora osmophila is a species of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae. It is found in soil and among the bark, leaves, and fruits of plants, as well as fermented foods and beverages made from fruit.

<i>Cyberlindnera</i> Genus of yeasts

Cyberlindnera is a genus of yeasts in the Phaffomycetaceae family. Its name is derived from the Latin word “Ciber,” which originates from “Cibus,” meaning “food” and "sustenance". Early German mycologist Paul Lindner, honored for his contributions to descriptions of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomycopsis (Endomyces) fibuligera and other notable species of Saccharomyces and Pichia, is the source of the "-lindnera" portion of the name. The genus has gone through many trials, reevaluations, and verifications to become the organized assortment of species it is today. Species under this genus interact with other organisms in a wide variety of ways and can be found across the globe. They are used by humans for their toxicity, fermentation abilities, and capacity to assimilate many organic compounds.

References

  1. 1 2 "Pichia E.C.Hansen, 1904". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  2. ↑ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names](pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN   978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID   246307410 . Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Pichia – Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  4. ↑ Sérgio Luiz Alves Júnior, Helen Treichel, Thiago Olitta Basso and Boris Ugarte Stambuk (Editors) Yeasts: From Nature to Bioprocesses (2022) , p. 170, at Google Books
  5. ↑ Fugelsang, Kenneth C.; Edwards, Charles G., eds. (2010). "Yeasts". Wine Microbiology (Second ed.). Boston, MA: Springer. pp.  3-28. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-33349-6_1. ISBN   978-0-387-33349-6.
  6. ↑ Wood, Marcia (27 January 2010). "Helpful Yeast Battles Food-Contaminating Aflatoxin" . Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  7. ↑ Heistinger, Lina; Gasser, Brigitte; Mattanovich, Diethard (1 July 2020). "Microbe Profile: Komagataella phaffii: a methanol devouring biotech yeast formerly known as Pichia pastoris". Microbiology. 166 (7): 614–616. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000958 . ISSN   1350-0872. PMID   32720891.
  8. ↑ Zhou, M; Li, Y; Kudinha, T; Xu, Y; Liu, Z (2021). "Kodamaea ohmeri as an Emerging Human Pathogen: A Review and Update". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 736582. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736582 . PMC   8461310 . PMID   34566940.
  9. ↑ Pichia Species Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Doctor Fungus, url accessed 27 February 2014
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