Politics of Senegal

This article is about recent and past political developments in Senegal. For the Senegal government, see Government of Senegal.

Politics in Senegal takes place within the framework of a presidential democratic republic. The President of Senegal is the head of state and government. Executive power in Senegal is concentrated in the president's hands. ^[1]

While legislative power is technically vested in both the government and the parliament, the parliament rarely introduces legislation or votes down legislation proposed by the government. ^[2] Similarly, although the Judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, the executive branch seems to exert undue control over the judiciary. ^[1]

Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a coup d'état or exceptionally harsh authoritarianism. Léopold Senghor, the first president after independence, resigned in 1981, handing over the office of president to his Prime Minister, Abdou Diouf. The present president, Macky Sall, was elected in competitive democratic elections in March 2012. ^[1] President Sall was re-elected in 2019. ^[3]

Senegal has a reputation for transparency in government operations. The level of economic corruption that has damaged the development of the economies in other parts of the world is very low. Today Senegal has a democratic political culture, being part of one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Senegal a " hybrid regime " in 2022. ^[4]

Introduction

Political system

The President is elected by universal adult suffrage to a 5-year term (before: to a 7-year term). The unicameral National Assembly has 150 members, who are elected separately from the President. The Socialist Party dominated the National Assembly until April 2001, when in free and fair legislative elections, President Wade's coalition won a majority (90 of 150 seats).

The Cour Suprême (Highest Appeals Court, equivalent to the U.S. Supreme Court) and the Constitutional Council, the justices of which are named by the President, are the nation's highest tribunals. Senegal is divided into 11 administrative regions, each headed by a governor appointed by and responsible to the President. The law on decentralization, which came into effect in January 1998, distributed significant central government authority to regional assemblies.

Political culture

Senegal's principal political party was for 40 years the Socialist Party (PS). Its domination of political life came to an end in March 2000, when Abdoulaye Wade, the leader of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and leader of the opposition for more than 25 years, won the presidency. Under the terms of a 2016 amendment to the 2001 constitution, future presidents will serve for 5 years and be limited to two terms. Sall was the last President to be elected to a 7-year term.

President Wade advanced a liberal agenda for Senegal, including privatizations and other market-opening measures. He had a strong interest in raising Senegal's regional and international profile. The country, nevertheless, has limited means with which to implement ambitious ideas. The liberalization of the economy is proceeding, but at a slow pace. Senegal continues to play a significant role in regional and international organizations. President Wade has made excellent relations with the United States a high priority.

There are presently some 72 political parties, most of which are marginal and little more than platforms for their leaders. The principal political parties, however, constitute a true multiparty, democratic political culture, and they have contributed to one of the most successful democratic transitions in Africa, even among all developing countries. A flourishing independent media, largely free from official or informal control, also contributes to the democratic politics of Senegal.

However, the image of Wade as a constitutional democrat has been tarnished by events at the end of his mandate.^{[ according to whom? ]} When faced with internal dissent within his own party his main opponent Idrissa Seck was arrested, accused of treason. Wade refused to go along with holding presidential elections in 2006, arguing that there were economic reasons for wanting to hold the presidential and parliamentary elections simultaneously in 2007. ^[5]

Initially Wade's government had the support of a broad section of groups opposed to the socialist government, but gradually individual parties have disassociated themselves from the government and joined the opposition efforts led by PS. In 2011, Wade attempted to amend the Constitution to allow him to run for another term in office. Large protests by opponents erupted, throughout the Summer of 2011, as well as large counter-protests by government supporters. The crisis has deepened political rifts within the country, which has long been a rare example of stability in the region. ^[5]

After Senegal's Constitutional Court approved Wade's bid to run for a third presidential term, street protests broke out. The top court's decision was controversial as the Senegalese constitutional amendment, which places a two-term limit on the presidential office, was established about a year after Wade came into power in 2000. ^[6]

In March 2012, the incumbent president Abdoulaye Wade lost the presidential election and Macky Sall was elected as the new President of Senegal. In August 2017, the ruling party won a landslide victory in the parliamentary election. President Macky Sall's ruling coalition took 125 seats in the 165-seat National Assembly. In 2019 president Macky Sall easily won re-election in the first round. ^{[7] [8]}

In March 2024, Opposition candidate Bassirou Diomaye Faye won the Senegal’s presidential election over the candidate of the ruling coalition, becoming the youngest president in Senegal’s history. ^[9]

Executive

Main article: Cabinet of Senegal

Political parties and elections

Main articles: List of political parties in Senegal and Elections in Senegal

Presidential elections

Main article: 2019 Senegalese presidential election

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Macky Sall	Alliance for the Republic	2,555,426	58.26
	Idrissa Seck	Rewmi	899,556	20.51
	Ousmane Sonko	PASTEF	687,523	15.67
	Issa Sall  [ fr ]	Party for Unity and Rally	178,613	4.07
	Madické Niang  [ fr ]	Independent	65,021	1.48
Total			4,386,139	100.00
Valid votes			4,386,139	99.04
Invalid/blank votes			42,541	0.96
Total votes			4,428,680	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			6,683,043	66.27
Source: Constitutional Council

Parliamentary elections

Main article: 2017 Senegalese parliamentary election

Party		Votes	%	Seats
				Constituency	National	Total
	United in Hope	1,637,761	49.47	95	30	125
	Manko Wattu Sénégal Coalition	552,095	16.68	9	10	19
	Manko Taxawu Sénégal Coalition	388,188	11.73	0	7	7
	Party for Unity and Rally	155,407	4.69	0	3	3
	Kaddu Askan Wi Coalition	65,235	1.97	1	1	2
	Ndawi Askan Wi	37,535	1.13	0	1	1
	Manko Yeesal Sénégal Coalition	33,130	1.00	0	1	1
	Patriotic Convergence for Justice and Equity	29,596	0.89	0	1	1
	Oser l'avenir Coalition	24,342	0.74	0	1	1
	National Alliance for Democracy – And Saxal Liggeey	23,142	0.70	0	1	1
	Party for Truth and Development	22,769	0.69	0	1	1
	Alternative Pole Third Voice	19,675	0.59	0	1	1
	Initiative for a Policy of Development	19,211	0.58	0	1	1
	Bunt Bi	18,268	0.55	0	1	1
	Union for Federalism and Democracy	17,636	0.53	0	0	0
	Senegal Can Kanam Coalition	16,142	0.49	0	0	0
	Manko Wattu Senegal coalition	14,681	0.44	0	0	0
	Movement for Republican Renewal	14,255	0.43	0	0	0
	Joyyanti Coalition	14,231	0.43	0	0	0
	Défar Senegal	14,179	0.43	0	0	0
	And Défar Sénégal/Group of Support and Renewal of Public Action	13,145	0.40	0	0	0
	And Suxali Senegal Coalition	12,541	0.38	0	0	0
	Rally for Dignity and Prosperity	11,415	0.34	0	0	0
	Democratic Federation of Ecologists of Senegal	10,957	0.33	0	0	0
	Leeral Coalition	9,689	0.29	0	0	0
	Party of Peace	8,850	0.27	0	0	0
	Convergence of the Initiatives for Senegal	8,776	0.27	0	0	0
	Neneen Citizen Convention	8,727	0.26	0	0	0
	Mbollo Wade	8,093	0.24	0	0	0
	Sunu Party for Solidarity and the Development of Senegal	7,758	0.23	0	0	0
	Alternative Visions for Senegal	7,590	0.23	0	0	0
	Fal Askan Wi Coalition	7,474	0.23	0	0	0
	Framework of Reflection for Integral Development	7,295	0.22	0	0	0
	Soppali Coalition	7,268	0.22	0	0	0
	The Third Policy Coalition	7,033	0.21	0	0	0
	National Front	6,605	0.20	0	0	0
	Party for Citizen Action	6,551	0.20	0	0	0
	Senegal-Vein Environment	6,398	0.19	0	0	0
	Senegalese Democratic Rally	6,099	0.18	0	0	0
	Alliance for Reform and Development	5,664	0.17	0	0	0
	Citizens for Ethics and Transparency	4,980	0.15	0	0	0
	Dental Senegal/Patriotic Action	4,300	0.13	0	0	0
	Movement for Renewal, Freedom and Development	4,193	0.13	0	0	0
	Patriotic Liberal Convergence	3,301	0.10	0	0	0
	Republican Patriotic Front	3,156	0.10	0	0	0
	Bi Nu Begg Assembly Coalition	2,951	0.09	0	0	0
	Rally for Ethics and Emerging Values	2,148	0.06	0	0	0
Total		3,310,435	100.00	105	60	165
Valid votes		3,310,435	99.19
Invalid/blank votes		27,059	0.81
Total votes		3,337,494	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		6,219,446	53.66
Source: Senego

Judicial branch

The nation's highest courts that deal with business issues are the constitutional council, and the Court of Cassation, members of which are named by the president.

Administrative divisions

Further information: Administrative divisions of Senegal

Senegal is subdivided into 13 regions (régions, singular – région):

Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kédougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sédhiou, Tambacounda, Thiès, Ziguinchor. Local administrators are all appointed by and responsible to the President.

See also

• Africa portal
• Politics portal

• Government of Senegal
• Roger Roche, founder of a cell of the French Communist Party in Rufisque in 1925.

References

1. Freedom House. "Freedom in the World – Senegal" . Retrieved 12 November 2011.
2. Thomas and Sissokho (2005.) "Liaison legislature: the role of the National Assembly in Senegal" Journal of Modern African Studies 43 (1). p. 106
3. "Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term". BBC News. 28 February 2019.
4. "Democracy Index 2022: Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine" (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit . 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
5. "Succession debate threatens security in Senegal". Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
6. Reuters in Dakar (28 January 2012). "Senegal (News),Africa (News),World news". The Guardian. London.{{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
7. "Senegal's President Macky Sall easily wins re-election, opposition will not contest vote". 28 February 2019.
8. "Senegal ruling party wins large parliamentary majority". Reuters. 5 August 2017.
9. "Senegal opposition candidate Faye won 54 percent in presidential vote". Al Jazeera.