Prices of chemical elements

Last updated

This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison.

Contents

As of 2020, the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars. While the difficulty of obtaining macroscopic samples of synthetic elements in part explains their high value, there has been interest in converting base metals to gold (Chrysopoeia) since ancient times, but only deeper understanding of nuclear physics has allowed the actual production of a tiny amount of gold from other elements for research purposes as demonstrated by Glenn Seaborg. [1] [2] However, both this and other routes of synthesis of precious metals via nuclear reactions is orders of magnitude removed from economic viability.

Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure.

When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero. For elements whose radiological properties are important, individual isotopes and isomers are listed. The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive.

Chart

Z Symbol Name Density [lower-alpha 1] (kg/ L ) Abundance and total mass in Earth's crust [lower-alpha 2] (mg/kg)Price [7] YearSourceNotes
USD/kgUSD/L [lower-alpha 3]
1H Hydrogen 0.000089881400 (3.878×1019 kg)1.390.0001252012DOE Hydrogen [8] Prices of hydrogen produced by distributed steam methane reforming, as predicted by H2A Production Model from United States Department of Energy, [9] assuming price of natural gas of US$3/MMBtu (US$10/MWh; US$0.10/m3). Does not include cost of storage and distribution.
12H (D) Deuterium 0.0001667 [10] 134002.232020CIL [11] 99.8% pure compressed deuterium gas, in lot size of 850 L (142 g). Also sold by same supplier in the form of heavy water at price of 3940 USD per kg deuterium. [12]

In 2016, Iran sold 32 tons of heavy water to United States for 1336 USD per kg deuterium. [13]

2He Helium 0.00017850.008 (2.216×1014 kg)24.00.004292018USGS MCS [14] Crude helium sold to non-government users in United States in 2018. In the same year, stockpiles of US government helium were sold on auctions for average price of US$0.00989/L. [15]
3Li Lithium 0.53420 (5.54×1017 kg)81.4–85.643.4–45.72020SMM [16] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99% pure.
4Be Beryllium 1.852.8 (7.756×1016 kg)85715902020ISE 2020 [17] [lower-alpha 5] Min. 99% pure.
5B Boron 2.3410 (2.77×1017 kg)3.688.622019CEIC Data [18] [lower-alpha 6] In the form of boric acid, price per boron contained. Min. 99% pure.
6C Carbon 2.267200 (5.54×1018 kg)0.1220.282018EIA Coal [19] In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content. There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around US$0.038/kg carbon. [19] Graphite flakes can cost around US$0.9/kg carbon. [20] Price of synthetic industrial diamond for grinding and polishing can range from 1200 to 13300 USD/kg, while cost per weight of large synthetic diamonds for industrial applications can be on the order of million dollars per kilogram. [21]
7N Nitrogen 0.001250619 (5.263×1017 kg)0.1400.0001752001Hypertextbook [24] As liquid nitrogen.
8O Oxygen 0.001429461000 (1.277×1022 kg)0.1540.0002202001Hypertextbook [24] As liquid oxygen.
9F Fluorine 0.001696585 (1.62×1019 kg)1.84–2.160.00311 – 0.003652017Echemi [25] In the form of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, price per fluorine contained. Range of prices on Chinese market, week of 1–7 December 2017.
10Ne Neon 0.00089990.005 (1.385×1014 kg)2400.211999Ullmann [26] Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
11Na Sodium 0.97123600 (6.537×1020 kg)2.57–3.432.49–3.332020SMM [27] [lower-alpha 4] Min 99.7% pure industrial grade sodium.
12Mg Magnesium 1.73823300 (6.454×1020 kg)2.324.032019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min 99.9% pure.
13Al Aluminium 2.69882300 (2.28×1021 kg)1.794.842019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] High-grade primary aluminium, at London Metal Exchange warehouse.
14Si Silicon 2.3296282000 (7.811×1021 kg)1.703.972019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.1% pure, max. 0.4% iron, 0.4% aluminium, 0.1% calcium. [28] 10–100 mm.
15P Phosphorus 1.821050 (2.909×1019 kg)2.694.902019CEIC Data [18] [lower-alpha 6] Min. 99.9% pure yellow phosphorus.
16S Sulfur 2.067350 (9.695×1018 kg)0.09260.1912019CEIC Data [18] [lower-alpha 6]
17Cl Chlorine 0.003214145 (4.075×1018 kg)0.0820.000262013CnAgri [29] As chlorine is manufactured together with sodium hydroxide in chloralkali process, relative demand for one product changes the price for the other. When demand for sodium hydroxide is relatively high, chlorine price can fall to arbitrarily low levels, even to zero. [30]
18Ar Argon 0.00178373.5 (9.695×1016 kg)0.9310.001662019UNLV [31] Liquid argon supply contract for University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
19K Potassium 0.86220900 (5.789×1020 kg)12.1–13.610.5–11.72020SMM [32] [lower-alpha 4] Min 98.5% pure industrial grade potassium.
20Ca Calcium 1.5441500 (1.15×1021 kg)2.21–2.353.41–3.632020SMM [33] [lower-alpha 4] Blocks of 98.5% pure calcium obtained by reduction process.
21Sc Scandium 2.98922 (6.094×1017 kg)3460103002020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.99% pure.
22Ti Titanium 4.545650 (1.565×1020 kg)11.1–11.750.5–53.12020SMM [35] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99.6% pure titanium sponge.
23V Vanadium 6.11120 (3.324×1018 kg)357–3852180–23502020SMM [36] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99.5% pure.
24Cr Chromium 7.15102 (2.825×1018 kg)9.4067.22019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.2% pure.
25Mn Manganese 7.44950 (2.632×1019 kg)1.8213.62019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Electrolytic manganese, min. 99.7% pure.
26Fe Iron 7.87456300 (1.565×1021 kg)0.4243.342020SMM [37] [lower-alpha 4] L8-10 pig iron. At Tangshan, China.
27Co Cobalt 8.8625 (6.925×1017 kg)32.82912019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
28Ni Nickel 8.91284 (2.327×1018 kg)13.91242019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Primary nickel. Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
29Cu Copper 8.9660 (1.662×1018 kg)6.0053.82019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Spot price. Grade A. [38] At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
30Zn Zinc 7.13470 (1.939×1018 kg)2.5518.22019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.995% pure special high grade zinc metal. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
31Ga Gallium 5.90719 (5.263×1017 kg)1488722019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.99% pure. Free on Board China.
32Ge Germanium 5.3231.5 (4.155×1016 kg)914–10104860–53902020SMM [39] [lower-alpha 4] Ingot. 50 Ω/cm.
33As Arsenic 5.7761.8 (4.986×1016 kg)0.999–1.315.77–7.582020SMM [40] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99.5% pure.
34Se Selenium 4.8090.05 (1.385×1015 kg)21.41032019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Selenium powder, min. 99.9% pure.
35Br Bromine 3.1222.4 (6.648×1016 kg)4.3913.72019CEIC Data [18] [lower-alpha 6]
36Kr Krypton 0.0037331×10−4 (2.77×1012 kg)2901.11999Ullmann [26] Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
37Rb Rubidium 1.53290 (2.493×1018 kg)15500237002018USGS MCS [14] 100 g ampoules of 99.75% pure rubidium metal.
38Sr Strontium 2.64370 (1.025×1019 kg)6.53–6.6817.2–17.62019ISE 2019 [41] Min. 99% pure, Ex Works China.
39Y Yttrium 4.46933 (9.141×1017 kg)31.01392019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
40Zr Zirconium 6.506165 (4.571×1018 kg)35.7–37.1232–2412020SMM [42] [lower-alpha 4] Zirconium sponge, min. 99% pure.
41Nb Niobium 8.5720 (5.54×1017 kg)61.4–85.6526–7342020SMM [43] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99.9% pure.
42Mo Molybdenum 10.221.2 (3.324×1016 kg)40.14102019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.95% pure.
43Tc Technetium 11.5~ 3×10−9 [lower-alpha 9] (8.31×107 kg)10000012000002004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook [lower-alpha 11]
4399mTc Technetium-99m 11.51.9×101222×10122008NRC [46] In the form of medical doses of sodium pertechnetate made on-site in technetium-99m generators. Price per technetium contained. Range of prices for medical doses available in the United States. Technetium-99m has half-life of 6 hours, which limits its ability to be directly traded.
44Ru Ruthenium 12.370.001 (2.77×1013 kg)10400 – 10600129000 – 1310002020SMM [47] [lower-alpha 4] 99.95% pure.
45Rh Rhodium 12.410.001 (2.77×1013 kg)14700018200002019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] 99.95% pure.
46Pd Palladium 12.020.015 (4.155×1014 kg)495005950002019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] 99.95% pure. London bullion market afternoon fix. In warehouse.
47Ag Silver 10.5010.075 (2.0775×1015 kg)52154702019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] 99.5% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
48Cd Cadmium 8.690.159 (4.4043×1015 kg)2.7323.82019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Ingot, min. 99.99% pure.
49In Indium 7.310.25 (6.925×1015 kg)16712202019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.99% pure.
50Sn Tin 7.2872.3 (6.371×1016 kg)18.71362019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.85% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
51Sb Antimony 6.6850.2 (5.54×1015 kg)5.7938.72019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Ingot, min. 99.65% pure.
52Te Tellurium 6.2320.001 (2.77×1013 kg)63.53962019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.99% pure. Europe.
53I Iodine 4.930.45 (1.2465×1016 kg)351732019Industrial Minerals [48] Min 99.5% pure. Spot market price on 2 August 2019.
54Xe Xenon 0.0058873×10−5 (8.31×1011 kg)1800111999Ullmann [26] Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
55Cs Caesium 1.8733 (8.31×1016 kg)618001160002018USGS MCS [14] 1 g ampoules of 99.8% pure caesium.
56Ba Barium 3.594425 (1.177×1019 kg)0.246–0.2750.886–0.9902016USGS MYB 2016 [49] In the form of chemical-grade barite (barium sulfate) exported from China to United States. Price per barium contained, includes cost, insurance, and freight. Barium sulfate is the primary feedstock for production of barium chemicals. [50]
57La Lanthanum 6.14539 (1.08×1018 kg)4.78–4.9229.4–30.32020SMM [51] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99% pure.
58Ce Cerium 6.7766.5 (1.84205×1018 kg)4.57–4.7130.9–31.92020SMM [52] [lower-alpha 4] Min. 99% pure.
59Pr Praseodymium 6.7739.2 (2.5484×1017 kg)1036952019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
60Nd Neodymium 7.00741.5 (1.14955×1018 kg)57.54032019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
61147Pm Promethium-147 7.2646000034000002003Radiochemistry Society [53] From Periodic Table of the Elements published on website of Radiochemistry Society. There is no further information as to source or specifics of this price.
62Sm Samarium 7.527.05 (1.95285×1017 kg)13.91042019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
63Eu Europium 5.2432 (5.54×1016 kg)31.41652020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.999% pure.
64Gd Gadolinium 7.8956.2 (1.7174×1017 kg)28.62262020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.5% pure.
65Tb Terbium 8.2291.2 (3.324×1016 kg)65854102019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
66Dy Dysprosium 8.555.2 (1.4404×1017 kg)30726302019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
67Ho Holmium 8.7951.3 (3.601×1016 kg)57.15032020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.5% pure.
68Er Erbium 9.0663.5 (9.695×1016 kg)26.42402020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.5% pure.
69Tm Thulium 9.3210.52 (1.4404×1016 kg)3000280002003IMAR [54] [lower-alpha 12] Price quotes from Canadian producer, for 1 kg order. 99.5–99.99% purity, Free on Board Vancouver, Canada.
70Yb Ytterbium 6.9653.2 (8.864×1016 kg)17.11192020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.99% pure.
71Lu Lutetium 9.840.8 (2.216×1016 kg)64363302020ISE 2020 [34] [lower-alpha 8] Min. 99.99% pure.
72Hf Hafnium 13.313 (8.31×1016 kg)900120002017USGS MCS [14] Unwrought hafnium.
73Ta Tantalum 16.6542 (5.54×1016 kg)298–3124960–52002019ISE 2019 [41] Min. 99.95% pure. Ex Works China.
74W Tungsten 19.251.3 (3.601×1016 kg)35.36792019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Powder, particle size 2–10 μm, 99.7% pure. Free on Board China.
75Re Rhenium 21.027×10−4 (1.939×1013 kg)3010–415063300 – 873002020SMM [55] [lower-alpha 4] 99.99% pure.
76Os Osmium 22.610.002 (5.54×1013 kg)120002800002016Fastmarkets [lower-alpha 13]
77Ir Iridium 22.560.001 (2.77×1013 kg)55500 – 562001250000 – 12700002020SMM [58] [lower-alpha 4] 99.95% pure.
78Pt Platinum 21.460.005 (1.385×1014 kg)278005960002019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] 99.95% pure. London bullion market morning fix. In warehouse.
79Au Gold 19.2820.004 (1.108×1014 kg)7543014544412024London gold fix99.9% pure. Afternoon London gold fix.
80Hg Mercury 13.53360.085 (2.3545×1015 kg)30.24092017USGS MCS [14] Average European Union price of 99.99% pure mercury.
81Tl Thallium 11.850.85 (2.3545×1016 kg)4200498002017USGS MCS [14]
82Pb Lead 11.34214 (3.878×1017 kg)2.0022.62019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Min. 99.97% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
83Bi Bismuth 9.8070.009 (2.493×1014 kg)6.3662.42019Preismonitor [20] [lower-alpha 7] Refined bismuth, min. 99.99% pure.
84209Po Polonium-209 9.3249.2×1012458×10122004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
85At Astatine 73×10−20 [lower-alpha 9] (8.31×10−4 kg)Not traded.Only under a tenth of microgram of astatine has ever been produced. [44] Most stable isotope has half-life of 8.1 hours.
86Rn Radon 0.009734×10−13 [lower-alpha 9] (1.108×104 kg)Not traded.Used in brachytherapy until 1960s, [59] currently radon is not used commercially. [60]
87Fr Francium 1.87~ 1×10−18 [lower-alpha 9] (2.77×10−2 kg)Not traded.Only quantities of the order of millions of atoms have been obtained for research. [61] Most stable isotope, 223Fr, has half-life of 22 minutes. Francium has no commercial or medical uses. [60]
88Ra Radium 5.59×10−7 [lower-alpha 9] (2.493×1010 kg) Negative price.Radium was historically used in the treatment of cancer, but stopped being used when more effective treatments were introduced. As medical facilities had to pay for its disposal, its price can be considered negative. [62]
89225Ac Actinium-225 10.0729×1012290×10122004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
90Th Thorium 11.729.6 (2.6592×1017 kg)28733602010USGS MYB 2012 [63] As 99.9% pure thorium oxide, price per thorium contained. Free on Board port of entry, duty paid.
91Pa Protactinium 15.371.4×10−6 [lower-alpha 9] (3.878×1010 kg)No reliable price available.In 1959–1961 Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority produced 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium at a cost of $500000, giving the cost of 4000000 USD per kg. [44] Periodic Table of Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory website at one point listed protactinium-231 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a price of 280000 USD/kg. [64]
92U Uranium 18.952.7 (7.479×1016 kg)10119102018EIA Uranium Marketing [65] Mainly as triuranium octoxide, price per uranium contained.
93Np Neptunium 20.45≤ 3×10−12 [lower-alpha 9] (8.31×104 kg)660000135000002003 [lower-alpha 10] Pomona [66] Periodic Table published by Pomona College Chemistry Department lists neptunium-237 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 660 USD/g plus packing costs.
94239Pu Plutonium-239 19.8464900001290000002019DOE OSTI [67] Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained.
95241Am Americium-241 13.69072800099700001998NWA [68] [lower-alpha 15] Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in Nuclear Weapons FAQ.
95243Am Americium-243 13.690750000103000002004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
96244Cm Curium-244 13.5101850000002.50×1092004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
96248Cm Curium-248 13.510160×1092.16×10122004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
97249Bk Berkelium-249 14.790185×1092.74×10122004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
98249Cf Californium-249 15.10185×1092.79×10122004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
98252Cf Californium-252 15.1060.0×109906×1092004 [lower-alpha 10] CRC Handbook (ORNL) [lower-alpha 14]
99Es Einsteinium 8.840Not traded.Only microgram quantities have ever been produced. [44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 471.7 days.
100Fm Fermium (9.7)0Not traded.Only tracer amounts have ever been produced. [44] [69] : 13.2.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 100.5 days.
101Md Mendelevium (10.3)0Not traded.Only around 106 atoms have been produced in experiments. [69] : 13.3.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 days.
102No Nobelium (9.9)0Not traded.Only around 105 atoms have been produced in experiments. [69] : 13.4.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 58 minutes.
103Lr Lawrencium (15.6)0Not traded.Only around 1000 atoms have been produced in experiments. [69] : 13.5.6.  Most stable known isotope has half-life of 11 hours.
104Rf Rutherfordium (23.2)0Not traded.Only a few thousand atoms have been produced in experiments. [44] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.5 hours.
105Db Dubnium (29.3)0Not traded.Atoms of dubnium have been prepared experimentally at a rate of at most one per minute. [70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 hours.
106Sg Seaborgium (35.0)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments. [71] The most stable known isotope has half-life of 14 minutes.
107Bh Bohrium (37.1)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments. [72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1 minute.
108Hs Hassium (40.7)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments. [72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 16 seconds.
109Mt Meitnerium (37.4)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis. [73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
110Ds Darmstadtium (34.8)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis. [73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 9.6 seconds.
111Rg Roentgenium (28.7)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis. [73] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.1 minutes.
112Cn Copernicium (14.0)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments. [72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 seconds.
113Nh Nihonium (16)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
114Fl Flerovium (9.928)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1.9 seconds.
115Mc Moscovium (13.5)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.65 seconds.
116Lv Livermorium (12.9)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 53 ms.
117Ts Tennessine (7.2)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 ms.
118Og Oganesson (7)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than ten atoms have been produced in experiments. [74] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.7 ms.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa. [3] For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used. Values in parentheses are theoretical predictions.
  2. ↑ Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
  3. ↑ Price per volume for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa, pure element. For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Spot market price range on 3 February 2020.
  5. ↑ Market price on 5 February 2020
  6. 1 2 3 4 Average price in November 2019. Data from China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Price average for entire year 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Market price on 4 February 2020
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 or earlier
  11. ↑ The values reported are present in 85th edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics [44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition. [45]
  12. ↑ Source lists prices of other rare earth elements (some of which are significantly different than the ones presented in table above):
    • lanthanum – 25 USD/kg
    • cerium – 30 USD/kg
    • praseodymium – 70 USD/kg
    • neodymium – 30 USD/kg
    • samarium – 80 USD/kg
    • europium – 1600 USD/kg
    • gadolinium – 78 USD/kg
    • terbium – 630 USD/kg
    • dysprosium – 120 USD/kg
    • holmium – 350 USD/kg
    • erbium – 180 USD/kg
    • thulium – 3000 USD/kg
    • ytterbium – 484 USD/kg
    • lutetium – 4000 USD/kg
    • yttrium – 96 USD/kg
  13. ↑ Fastmarkets Price [56] and Chart [57] Creator. Mid-market price from price table. Year of latest price data (2016) read from chart. Archived: table, chart (5, 7, 50, 1200 data points)
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Price does not include packing costs. The values reported are present in Handbook's 85th edition [44] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition. [45]
  15. ↑ This source also lists price of Americium-243 as 180 USD/mg, which is much higher than reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and used in this table.

Related Research Articles

A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom. Chemical elements are identified by the number of protons in the nuclei of their atoms, known as the element's atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. Two or more atoms of the same element can combine to form molecules, in contrast to chemical compounds or mixtures, which contain atoms of different elements. Atoms can be transformed into different elements in nuclear reactions, which change an atom's atomic number.

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Curium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This transuranic actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso in 1944, using the cyclotron at Berkeley. They bombarded the newly discovered element plutonium with alpha particles. This was then sent to the Metallurgical Laboratory at University of Chicago where a tiny sample of curium was eventually separated and identified. The discovery was kept secret until after the end of World War II. The news was released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains ~20 grams of curium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Einsteinium</span> Chemical element, symbol Es and atomic number 99

Einsteinium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Es and atomic number 99. It is a member of the actinide series and it is the seventh transuranium element. It was named in honor of Albert Einstein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Holmium</span> Chemical element, symbol Ho and atomic number 67

Holmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ho and atomic number 67. It is a rare-earth element and the eleventh member of the lanthanide series. It is a relatively soft, silvery, fairly corrosion-resistant and malleable metal. Like many other lanthanides, holmium is too reactive to be found in native form, as pure holmium slowly forms a yellowish oxide coating when exposed to air. When isolated, holmium is relatively stable in dry air at room temperature. However, it reacts with water and corrodes readily, and also burns in air when heated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hafnium</span> Chemical element, symbol Hf and atomic number 72

Hafnium is a chemical element; it has symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1922, by Dirk Coster and George de Hevesy, making it one of the last two stable elements to be discovered. Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indium</span> Chemical element, symbol In and atomic number 49

Indium is a chemical element; it has symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a silvery-white post-transition metal and one of the softest elements. Chemically, indium is similar to gallium and thallium, and its properties are largely intermediate between the two. It was discovered in 1863 by Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter by spectroscopic methods and named for the indigo blue line in its spectrum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithium</span> Chemical element, symbol Li and atomic number 3

Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the least dense metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and must be stored in vacuum, inert atmosphere, or inert liquid such as purified kerosene or mineral oil. It exhibits a metallic luster. It corrodes quickly in air to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It does not occur freely in nature, but occurs mainly as pegmatitic minerals, which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lutetium</span> Chemical element, symbol Lu and atomic number 71

Lutetium is a chemical element; it has symbol Lu and atomic number 71. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements; it can also be classified as the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palladium</span> Chemical element, symbol Pd and atomic number 46

Palladium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1802 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium form a group of elements referred to as the platinum group metals (PGMs). They have similar chemical properties, but palladium has the lowest melting point and is the least dense of them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhenium</span> Chemical element, symbol Re and atomic number 75

Rhenium is a chemical element; it has symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-gray, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. It has the third-highest melting point and second-highest boiling point of any element at 5869 K. It resembles manganese and technetium chemically and is mainly obtained as a by-product of the extraction and refinement of molybdenum and copper ores. It shows in its compounds a wide variety of oxidation states ranging from −1 to +7.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scandium</span> Chemical element, symbol Sc and atomic number 21

Scandium is a chemical element; it has symbol Sc and atomic number 21. It is a silvery-white metallic d-block element. Historically, it has been classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tin</span> Chemical element, symbol Sn and atomic number 50

Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard as a result of twinning in tin crystals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thulium</span> Chemical element, symbol Tm and atomic number 69

Thulium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is the thirteenth element in the lanthanide series of metals. It is the second-least abundant lanthanide in the Earth's crust, after radioactively unstable promethium. It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster. It is fairly soft and slowly tarnishes in air. Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as a dopant in solid-state lasers, and as the radiation source in some portable X-ray devices. It has no significant biological role and is not particularly toxic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thallium</span> Chemical element, symbol Tl and atomic number 81

Thallium is a chemical element; it has symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a gray post-transition metal that is not found free in nature. When isolated, thallium resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air. Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861, in residues of sulfuric acid production. Both used the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy, in which thallium produces a notable green spectral line. Thallium, from Greek θαλλός, thallós, meaning "green shoot" or "twig", was named by Crookes. It was isolated by both Lamy and Crookes in 1862; Lamy by electrolysis, and Crookes by precipitation and melting of the resultant powder. Crookes exhibited it as a powder precipitated by zinc at the international exhibition, which opened on 1 May that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zirconium</span> Chemical element, symbol Zr and atomic number 40

Zirconium is a chemical element; it has symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian zargun. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkaline earth metal</span> Group of chemical elements

The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table. They are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ununennium</span> Chemical element, symbol Uue and atomic number 119

Ununennium, also known as eka-francium or element 119, is a hypothetical chemical element; it has symbol Uue and atomic number 119. Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element has been discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to be an s-block element, an alkali metal, and the first element in the eighth period. It is the lightest element that has not yet been synthesized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Copernicium</span> Chemical element, symbol Cn and atomic number 112

Copernicium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Cn and atomic number 112. Its known isotopes are extremely radioactive, and have only been created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 30 seconds. Copernicium was first created in 1996 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany. It was named after the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus on his 537th birthday.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Group 3 element</span> Group of chemical elements

Group 3 is the first group of transition metals in the periodic table. This group is closely related to the rare-earth elements. It contains the four elements scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lutetium (Lu), and lawrencium (Lr). The group is also called the scandium group or scandium family after its lightest member.

Deuterium-depleted water (DDW) is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally at sea level on Earth.

References

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