Related Research Articles
Sexual harassment is a type of harassment involving the use of explicit or implicit sexual overtones, including the unwelcome and inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors. Sexual harassment includes a range of actions from verbal transgressions to sexual abuse or assault. Harassment can occur in many different social settings such as the workplace, the home, school, churches, etc. Harassers or victims may be of any sex or gender.
Women in Pakistan make up 48.76% of the population according to the 2017 census of Pakistan. Women in Pakistan have played an important role throughout Pakistan's history and they are allowed to vote in elections since 1956. In Pakistan, women have held high offices including that of the Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Leader of the Opposition, as well as federal ministers, judges, and serving commissioned posts in the armed forces. Major General Shahida Malik, attaining the highest military post for a woman. Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as the first woman Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988.
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to protect women from domestic violence. It was brought into force by the Indian government and Ministry of Women and Child Development on 26 October 2006. The Act provides a definition of "domestic violence" for the first time in Indian law, with this definition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse. It is a civil law meant primarily for protection orders, rather than criminal enforcement.
National Commission on Status of Women(NCSW) is a Pakistani statutory body established by the President Pervez Musharraf, under the XXVI Ordinance dated 17 July 2000.Mumtaz Rashidi It is an outcome of the national and international commitments of the Government of Pakistan like Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 1995; and 1998 National Plan of Action (NPA) for Women, 1998.
Equal Rights Advocates (ERA) is an American non-profit women's rights organization that was founded in 1972. ERA is a legal organization dedicated to advancing rights and opportunities for women, girls, and people of all gender identities through legal cases.
Brendan W. Williams served in the Washington House of Representatives from 2005 to 2011, representing Washington's 22nd legislative district.
Fouzia Saeed is a Pakistani social activist, gender expert, trainer/facilitator, development manager, folk culture promoter, television commentator and author. She is the author of two well regarded books. Her first book is an ethnographic look at prostitution in Pakistan, TABOO!: The Hidden Culture of a Red Light District. Her second book, Working with Sharks: Countering Sexual Harassment in our Lives, was an autobiographical exposé on sexual harassment in the United Nations and the revenge meted out by the UN management she and 10 other women faced for making their case.
Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature. It is commonly understood as behavior that demeans, humiliates or embarrasses a person, and it is characteristically identified by its unlikelihood in terms of social and moral reasonableness. In the legal sense, these are behaviors that appear to be disturbing, upsetting or threatening. They evolve from discriminatory grounds, and have an effect of nullifying a person's rights or impairing a person from benefiting from their rights. When these behaviors become repetitive, it is defined as bullying. The continuity or repetitiveness and the aspect of distressing, alarming or threatening may distinguish it from insult.
Honour killings in Pakistan are known locally as karo-kari. Pakistan has the highest number of documented and estimated honour killings per capita of any country in the world; about one-fifth of the world's honour killings are committed in Pakistan. An honour killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the belief the victim has brought dishonour upon the family or community. The death of the victim is viewed as a way to restore the reputation and honour of the family.
LGBT employment discrimination in the United States is illegal under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity is encompassed by the law's prohibition of employment discrimination on the basis of sex. Prior to the landmark cases Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia and R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2020), employment protections for LGBT people were patchwork; several states and localities explicitly prohibit harassment and bias in employment decisions on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender identity, although some only cover public employees. Prior to the Bostock decision, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) interpreted Title VII to cover LGBT employees; the EEOC determined that transgender employees were protected under Title VII in 2012, and extended the protection to encompass sexual orientation in 2015.
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 is a legislative act in India that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work. It was passed by the Lok Sabha on 3 September 2012. It was passed by the Rajya Sabha on 26 February 2013. The Bill got the assent of the President on 23 April 2013. The Act came into force from 9 December 2013. This statute superseded the Vishaka Guidelines for Prevention Of Sexual Harassment (POSH) introduced by the Supreme Court (SC) of India. It was reported by the International Labour Organization that very few Indian employers were compliant to this statute. Most Indian employers have not implemented the law despite the legal requirement that any workplace with more than 10 employees need to implement it. According to a FICCI-EY November 2015 report, 36% of Indian companies and 25% among MNCs are not compliant with the Sexual Harassment Act, 2013. The government has threatened to take stern action against employers who fail to comply with this law.
Violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a major public health problem and a violation of women's human rights in Pakistan. Violence against women in [[Pakistan is part of an issue that faces the entire region the country is situated in. In the 2019 Women, Peace and Security Index, Pakistan ranked 164 out of 167 countries.
The law for workplace bullying is given below for each country in detail. Further European countries with concrete antibullying legislation are Belgium, France, and The Netherlands.
Rabiya Javeri Agha is a retired civil servant officer who served in the Government of Pakistan in BPS-22 grade as Federal Secretary. She was the first unanimously elected female President of the Pakistan Administrative Service (PAS) Officers Association. She had an extensive career ranging from human rights, women's development, sustainable tourism, energy, finance and trade.
Founded in 2001, Alliance Against Sexual Harassment (AASHA) is an alliance of non-government organizations (NGOs) including Action Aid Pakistan, Bedari, Working Women’s Support Centre, Working Women Association, Federal Women’s Welfare Agency, Conscience Promoters, Pakistan Institute of Labour Education & Research, and Working Women Organisation. AASHA is a non-governmental organization operating in Lahore, and Karachi which raises awareness regarding sexual harassment and lobbies the policymakers to take action against it.
In Malaysia, sexual harassment, as defined by the Employment Act 1955, is “any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature, whether verbal, non-verbal, visual, gestural or physical, directed at a person which is offensive, humiliating or a threat to their well-being”. The Act does not distinguish between male and female or employer and employee. As such, sexual harassment can be committed by a female against a male, or an employee against an employer.
Tanveer Jahan is a Pakistani human rights defender and trainer. Jahan has been associated with the social development sector in Pakistan for over 35 years. She serves as Executive Director at the Democratic Commission for Human Development, and as National Coordinator of the Pakistan Human Rights Defenders Network. She has served as a member at the National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW).
Zehra Khan is a Pakistani trade unionist and activist. She is the general secretary of the Home-Based Women Worker's Federation (HBWWF).
The Punjab Commission on Status of Women (PCSW) is a human rights institution in Pakistan, which was established by the Government of Punjab in March 2014 under the PCSW Act, 2014. Its mandated is to work for the empowerment of women, expansion of opportunities for socio-economic development of women, and elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.
As an Islamic country, Pakistan should theoretically respect many rights of women, but in its predominantly patriarchal society such laws have been subject to complex patterns of advances and setbacks, particularly since 1947. According to Muhammad Ramzan et al., the legislative assembly of Pakistan has enacted a number of measures designed to give women more power in the areas of family, inheritance, revenue, and civil and criminal laws, while also attempting to safeguard their right to freedom of speech and expression without gender discrimination, seeing this as required by the Quran.
References
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-09-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ "Pakistan and the Law around Sexual Harassment at Workplace". POSH at Work | Empanelled by Ministry of Women & Child Development, GOI. 2021-08-12. Archived from the original on 2021-09-01. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
- ↑ "Why do women march on International Women's Day in Pakistan | Special Report | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2021-09-07.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2021-09-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)