Publish or perish

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"Publish or perish" is an aphorism describing the pressure to publish academic work in order to succeed in an academic career. [1] [2] [3] Such institutional pressure is generally strongest at research universities. [4] Some researchers have identified the publish or perish environment as a contributing factor to the replication crisis.

Contents

Successful publications bring attention to scholars and their sponsoring institutions, which can help continued funding and their careers. In popular academic perception, scholars who publish infrequently, or who focus on activities that do not result in publications, such as instructing undergraduates, may lose ground in competition for available tenure-track positions. The pressure to publish has been cited as a cause of poor work being submitted to academic journals. [5] The value of published work is often determined by the prestige of the academic journal it is published in. Journals can be measured by their impact factor (IF), which is the average number of citations to articles published in a particular journal over the last two years. [6]

Origin

The earliest known use of the term in an academic context was in a 1928 journal article. [7] [8] The phrase appeared in a non-academic context in the 1932 book, Archibald Cary Coolidge: Life and Letters, by Harold Jefferson Coolidge. [9] In 1938, the phrase appeared in a college-related publication. [10] According to Eugene Garfield, the expression first appeared in an academic context in Logan Wilson's book, "The Academic Man: A Study in the Sociology of a Profession", published in 1942. [11] Others have attributed the phrase to Columbia University geneticist Kimball C. Atwood III. [12] [13] [14]

Advantages

Research-oriented universities may attempt to manage the unhealthy aspects of the publish or perish practices, but their administrators often argue that some pressure to produce cutting-edge research is necessary to motivate scholars early in their careers to focus on research advancement, and learn to balance its achievement with the other responsibilities of the professorial role. The call to abolish tenure is very much a minority opinion in such settings. [15]

Disadvantages

This phenomenon has been strongly criticized, the most notable grounds being that the emphasis on publishing may decrease the value of resulting scholarship, as scholars must spend more time scrambling to publish whatever they can get into print, rather than spending time developing significant research agendas. [16] Similarly, humanities scholar Camille Paglia has described the publish or perish paradigm as "tyranny" and further writes that "The [academic] profession has become obsessed with quantity rather than quality. ... One brilliant article should outweigh one mediocre book." [17]

The pressure to publish or perish also detracts from the time and effort professors can devote to teaching undergraduate courses and mentoring graduate students. The rewards for exceptional teaching rarely match the rewards for exceptional research, which encourages faculty to favor the latter whenever they conflict. [18]

Also, publish-or-perish is linked to scientific misconduct or at least questionable ethics. [19] It has also been argued that the quality of scientific work has suffered due to publication pressures. Physicist Peter Higgs, namesake of the Higgs boson, was quoted in 2013 as saying that academic expectations since the 1990s would likely have prevented him from both making his groundbreaking research contributions and attaining tenure. "It's difficult to imagine how I would ever have enough peace and quiet in the present sort of climate to do what I did in 1964," he said. "Today I wouldn't get an academic job. It's as simple as that. I don't think I would be regarded as productive enough." [20]

According to some researchers, the publish or perish culture might also perpetuate bias in academic institutions. Overall, women publish less frequently than men, and when they do publish their work receives fewer citations than their male counterparts, even when it is published in journals with significantly higher impact factors. [21] Furthermore, one study pointed out that gaps in the promotion and progress of women in academic medicine may be significantly influenced by gender-based variances in article citations. [22]

Variants

The MIT Media Lab's director Nicholas Negroponte instituted the motto "demo or die", privileging demonstrations over publication. [23] Director Joi Ito modified this to "deploy or die", emphasizing the adoption of the technology. [24]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Publish or perish". Nature. 467 (7313): 252. 2010. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..252.. doi: 10.1038/467252a . PMID   20844492.
  2. ↑ Fanelli, D. (2010). Scalas, Enrico (ed.). "Do Pressures to Publish Increase Scientists' Bias? An Empirical Support from US States Data". PLOS ONE. 5 (4): e10271. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...510271F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010271 . PMC   2858206 . PMID   20422014.
  3. ↑ Neill, U. S. (2008). "Publish or perish, but at what cost?". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (7): 2368. doi:10.1172/JCI36371. PMC   2439458 . PMID   18596904.
  4. ↑ Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009). "Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution". In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.). Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–132. ISBN   9781405179423 . Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  5. ↑ Gad-El-Hak, M. (2004). "Publish or Perish—An Ailing Enterprise?". Physics Today. 57 (3): 61–62. Bibcode:2004PhT....57c..61G. doi:10.1063/1.1712503.
  6. ↑ Liu, Xue-Li; Gai, Shuang-Shuang; Zhou, Jing (2016). "Journal Impact Factor: Do the Numerator and Denominator Need Correction?". PLOS ONE. 11 (3): e0151414. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151414L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151414 . PMC   4792445 . PMID   26977697.
  7. ↑ Case, Clarence Marsh (1928). "Scholarship in Sociology". Sociology and Social Research. 12: 323–340. ISSN   0038-0393. LCCN   sn83004127. OCLC   5088377 – via Google Books.
  8. ↑ Doyle, Charles Clay; Mieder, Wolfgang; Shapiro, Fred R. (22 May 2012). The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Yale University Press. p. 209. ISBN   978-0300136029.
  9. ↑ Coolidge, Harold Jefferson; Lord, Robert Howard (22 March 1932). Archibald Cary Coolidge: Life and Letters. Books for Libraries Press. ISBN   9780836966411 – via Google Books.
  10. ↑ "Notes and Announcements". Bulletin of the Association of American Colleges. 24 (5): 463–468. 1938. JSTOR   40219435.
  11. ↑ Eugene Garfield (June 1996). "What Is The Primordial Reference for the Phrase 'Publish Or Perish'?" (PDF). The Scientist. 10 (12): 11.
  12. ↑ Moosa, Imad A. (26 January 2018). Publish or Perish: Perceived Benefits versus Unintended Consequences. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78643-493-7.
  13. ↑ "Obituary: Kimball C. Atwood III". The Independent. 22 October 1992. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  14. ↑ Moosa, Imad A. (26 January 2018). Publish or perish: Origin and perceived benefits: Perceived Benefits versus Unintended Consequences. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78643-493-7.
  15. ↑ Vuong, Q.-H. (2019). "Breaking barriers in publishing demands a proactive attitude". Nature Human Behaviour. 3 (10): 1034. doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0667-6 . PMID   31602012.
  16. ↑ Decca, Aitkenhead. "Peter Higgs: I wouldn't be productive enough for today's academic system". The Guardian.
  17. ↑ Paglia, Camille. Junk Bonds and Corporate Raiders: Academe in the Hour of the Wolf. First published in Arion Spring 1991, republished in Paglia's Sex, Art and American Culture: New Essays (Vintage, 1992) ISBN   9780679741015
  18. ↑ Bauerlein, Mark (17 November 2011). "Literary Research: Costs and Impact". Center for College Affordability and Productivity. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  19. ↑ Wesel, M. van (2016). "Evaluation by Citation: Trends in Publication Behavior, Evaluation Criteria, and the Strive for High Impact Publications". Science and Engineering Ethics. 22 (1): 199–225. doi:10.1007/s11948-015-9638-0. PMC   4750571 . PMID   25742806.
  20. ↑ Aitkenhead, Decca. Peter Higgs: I wouldn't be productive enough for today's academic system, The Guardian 6 December 2013; accessed 24 August 2016
  21. ↑ Ghiasi, Gita; Larivière, Vincent; Sugimoto, Cassidy R. (2015). "On the Compliance of Women Engineers with a Gendered Scientific System". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145931. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045931G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145931 . PMC   4696668 . PMID   26716831.
  22. ↑ Chatterjee, Paula (2021). "Gender Disparity in Citations in High-Impact Journal Articles". JAMA Netw Open. 4 (7): e2114509. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14509. PMC   8254129 . PMID   34213560.
  23. ↑ Computers and People33–37:1:7, 1984 (?)
  24. ↑ Nancy Duvergne Smith, "Deploy or Die—Media Lab Director's New Motto", Slice of MIT, July 29, 2014 Archived 22 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine

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