Redneck Revolt

Last updated
Redneck Revolt
PredecessorJohn Brown Gun Club
Formation2009;15 years ago (2009)
Founded at Kansas, United States
Location
  • United States
Methods Direct action, firearms and first aid training, open carry, outreach, food and clothing programs, community gardens, needle exchanges, potlucks, educational events, protests, security and medical assistance at protests
Website RedneckRevolt.org

Redneck Revolt is an American political group [1] [2] [3] that organizes predominantly among working-class people. The group supports gun rights and members often openly carry firearms. Its political positions are anti-capitalist, anti-racist and anti-fascist. Founded in Kansas in 2009, members were present at several protests against Donald Trump and against the far-right in 2017.

Contents

Background

Redneck Revolt was founded in 2009, [1] [4] [5] partly in response to the perceived contradictions of the Tea Party movement, [1] as an offshoot of the John Brown Gun Club, a firearms training and community defense project that was itself founded in Lawrence, Kansas, in 2004. [1] [4] [5] [6] Founding member Dave Strano was previously part of the Kansas Mutual Aid Network which was involved in organizing protests against the Republican National Convention in 2004, in relation to which he and others began to train with firearms and engage in Second Amendment advocacy. [6] [7] In the early 2000s, John Brown Gun Club members operated anti-racist stalls at gun shows in Kansas. [8] The John Brown Gun Club sought to "demystify" firearms and to distinguish their commitment to community self-defense from clandestine groups that advocated guerrilla warfare. [6] Its first major mobilization was a protest against the 2005 national conference of the Minuteman Project. [9]

Following a hiatus, the group was re-formed as a national organization in summer 2016, [5] [6] using both the Redneck Revolt and John Brown Gun Club names, [4] with the intention of responding to the growth of right-wing populism, particularly among rural, working-class white people. [6]

The group attributes their use of the word "redneck" to the time of the Coal Wars, a series of labor disputes in the United States occurring from around 1890 to around 1930, when the word became popular among coal-miners. [10] The use of the term is also intended as a form of subversion or reappropriation. [7] The group's name also refers to the 1921 Battle of Blair Mountain [11] and the red bandanas worn by members emulate those worn by striking coal-miners during that conflict. [12] A member has said that the group tries "to acknowledge the ways we've made mistakes and bought into white supremacy and capitalism, but also give ourselves an environment in which it's OK to celebrate redneck culture". [1]

Their political influences include the 19th-century abolitionist John Brown, [13] the Young Patriots Organization [1] [5] [14] [15] the Deacons for Defense and Justice [7] and the Rainbow Coalition, an alliance formed in Chicago in the 1960s between the Black Panther Party, Young Lords and the Young Patriots. [16] [17] The group sees itself as part of a tradition of white working-class "rebellion against tyranny and oppression". [13]

Views

Core principles of Redneck Revolt [18] [19]
  • We stand against white supremacy
  • We believe in true liberty for all people
  • We stand for organized defense of our communities
  • We are working class and poor people
  • We are an aboveground militant formation
  • We stand against the nation-state and its forces which protect the bosses and the rich (police and military)
  • We stand against capitalism
  • We stand against the wars of the rich
  • We stand against patriarchy
  • We believe in the right of militant resistance
  • We believe in the need for revolution
Redneck Revolt members at a Donald Trump presidential campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, in September 2016 Redneck Revolt Members at a Donald Trump Presidential Campaign Rally in Phoenix, Arizona.jpg
Redneck Revolt members at a Donald Trump presidential campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, in September 2016

Redneck Revolt is an anti-capitalist, [17] anti-racist [17] and anti-fascist group [5] [20] that uses direct action tactics. [13] [14] [20] Redneck Revolt supports the rights of Muslims, immigrants and LGBT people and is opposed to economic inequality. [21] The group's literature does not argue for prioritizing economic injustice over racism or vice versa, but rather argues that both should be fought simultaneously. [22] Members also support the Black Lives Matter movement. [1]

The group's website includes statements in opposition to capitalism, the nation state, white supremacy and "the wars of the rich" and advocates a "right of militant resistance". [12] [17] They advance a critique of white supremacy which they describe as "a system of violence and power that ensures that political, economic, and social power is withheld from people who aren't white". [9] They describe their purpose as follows: [9]

We hope to incite a movement amongst working people that works toward the total liberation of all working people, regardless of skin color, religious background, sexual orientation, gender, country of birth, or any other division that bosses and politicians have used to fragment movements for social, political, and economic freedom.

The group does not identify itself as part of the political left, [21] nor as politically liberal. [1] A spokesperson for the Phoenix, Arizona John Brown Gun Club said in April 2017 that the group includes anarchists, communists, libertarians and Republicans. [12] The geographer Levi van Sant has argued that the group's ideology is a form of libertarian socialism. [9] The website argues for the necessity of revolution. [17] Redneck Revolt does not have leaders [12] and does not offer a detailed blueprint for political action. In June 2017, a spokesperson said that "[w]e don't have some grand plan for how we want to remake the world. We're tackling a specific problem, which is white supremacy, which we find to be built into capitalism". [17]

They also do not consider themselves an antifa group. [15] Although their goals are similar, Redneck Revolt members do not cover their faces and seek to be "as upfront about who [they] are and what [they]'re doing as possible". [23]

The group supports gun rights [1] [16] [24] and runs firearms training events. [14] [17] Members view the right to bear arms as connected to the necessity of overthrowing the state. [25] Members often view the practice of openly carrying guns as a political statement that intimidates opponents and affirms gun rights. [1] In a May 2017 interview, a member said the group uses guns only in self-defense and in "response to a rise in politically motivated violence and intimidation against vulnerable communities". [21] In September 2017, a member said: "It's not about seizing the gun culture or becoming obsessed about guns. It's only recognizing it's useful to know how to field strip and clean a rifle as much as it is to know how to fix wiring in your house and use a circular saw". [4] The increased visibility of Redneck Revolt in 2017 has sparked debate among activists over the effects of armed protest and the possibility that the use of guns may lead to heightened violence. [26]

In May 2017, a member said that Redneck Revolt had reached out to groups such as the 3 Percenters, a predominantly right-wing group, with whom they have some common ground. [21] The practice of openly carrying firearms and a shared interest in guns has led to dialogs with right-wing militias. [7] [11] Van Sant wrote in March 2018 that "[t]hrough patient dialogue and popular education, several Redneck Revolt chapters have been able to challenge the white nationalist ideologies of these right-wing libertarian militias and flip them away from anti-immigrant and pro-capitalist positions". [9]

The group argues that the white working-class have more in common with working-class people of color than with the wealthy. [4] Dave Strano, a former founding member, has argued: [1]

The history of the white working class has been a history of being an exploited people. However, we've been an exploited people that further exploits other exploited people. While we've been living in tenements and slums for centuries, we've also been used by the rich to attack our neighbors, coworkers, and friends of different colors, religions and nationalities.

Activities

Redneck Revolt is a national network. [12] Local groups use both the Redneck Revolt and John Brown Gun Club names. [7] There is no official count of the number of chapters, [26] but as of December 2017 the group had around 45 such local chapters across more than 30 U.S. states. [24] The group's membership grew during the 2016 presidential election [8] and following the August 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. [26] In 2018, local groups in Shelby, North Carolina, Portland, Oregon, and Asheville and Boone, North Carolina, disaffiliated from the national network. [7]

The group focuses on anti-racist organizing among white poor and working-class people, [1] [14] [17] although members are not exclusively white. [1] For instance, around 30 percent are people of color. [23] In May 2018, a member said that at least one third of the group's membership were women, people of color or non-binary people. [11] Administrative and communications activities are divided equally along lines of gender. [22] Speaking to Mark Bray, author of Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook , one of Redneck Revolt's co-founders said the group's membership includes veterans, former Republicans and former members of the 3 Percenters. [23]

Redneck Revolt is active in spaces in which white supremacist groups also often recruit, including country music concerts, flea markets, gun shows, NASCAR events, rodeos and state fairs. [8] [17] [24] [9] [22] Chapters provide firearms and first aid training, [27] food and clothing programs [17] and community gardens [15] [17] [27] and host needle exchanges, [17] potlucks [15] and educational events. [27] Activities around racial justice and transgender rights are predominantly oriented toward rural white people, while firearms training events are oriented toward women and people of color. [22] In a September 2017 interview, a member said that the group was exploring ways to respond to health care challenges and food shortages. [4] Some of the group's activities are modeled after the Survival Programs pursued by the Black Panther Party and the Young Patriots Organization in the 1960s. [7]

2016–2019

During the Dakota Access Pipeline protests in 2016, Redneck Revolt published a pamphlet addressed to members of right-wing militias that argued there was no reason why "the white working-class ... [should] find solidarity with rich white ranch owners against the government, but not working-class people of color defending their own land and community". [8]

The Phoenix, Arizona chapter of Redneck Revolt openly carried firearms outside of the Arizona State Legislature on the day of the inauguration of Donald Trump in January 2017. They declared support for those opposing Trump, including immigrants, LGBTQ people and Muslims. [16]

In April 2017, members attended a counter-protest against groups including the League of the South, the Traditionalist Worker's Party and the National Socialist Movement in Pikeville, Kentucky. [1] [17] Later in April, members hosted a barbecue in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where Trump was marking his 100th day in office. [1]

Silver Valley Redneck Revolt, a local chapter, organized a counter-demonstration against a Ku Klux Klan rally in Asheboro, North Carolina, in May 2017. [10] [16] In a Facebook post, the group said: "We need to let the Klan know that if they leave their enclaves there will be a broad response from the community. ... This event is to publicly denounce the Klan, their beliefs, and show that we will not back down". [28]

A local chapter of Redneck Revolt was part of a counter-protest against a June 2017 rally in support of Trump in Portland, Oregon. [14] Also in June, members were part of a protest against the Christian conservative organization Focus on the Family in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which coincided with a speech by Mike Pence to celebrate the group's fortieth anniversary. [29] On June 23, armed members of Redneck Revolt attended a protest in Kalkaska, Michigan, in response to anti-Muslim comments made by Jeff Sieting, the village president. Members carried a banner in support of Muslims and said they were there to protect the protesters from counter-protesters supporting Sieting. [30] [31]

In August 2017, members participated in protests against Trump's speech in Phoenix, Arizona. [23] [32] [33] In February 2018, Dwayne E. Dixon, a member of Redneck Revolt and a teaching assistant professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, was found not guilty of misdemeanour gun charges for his role in a protest against a Ku Klux Klan event in Durham, North Carolina, the previous August. [11] [34] In September 2017, Redneck Revolt supported the Juggalo March on Washington, a protest by juggalos against their designation as a gang. Redneck Revolt's statement said the march aligned with their "belief in the right to community self-determination and self-defense". [35]

In October 2017, a branch of Redneck Revolt in Suffolk County, New York, was involved in organizing a candlelight vigil for people suffering from opioid addiction and families affected by the opioid epidemic. [36]

Unite the Right rally

At the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, on August 11–12, 2017, several Redneck Revolt chapters provided armed security and medical assistance for counter-protesters. [4] [7] [11] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] Days later, members provided security at a "Hate Is Not Welcome in Lane County" march in Eugene, Oregon, in response to the events in Charlottesville. [42] [43]

In October 2017, Redneck Revolt was one of a number of groups named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed on behalf of the city of Charlottesville and several Charlottesville-based businesses and neighborhood associations which sought to prohibit militia and paramilitary activity in Virginia. [7] [44] [45] [46] [47] The groups and individuals named as defendants which also included the white supremacist activist Jason Kessler were accused of unlawful paramilitary activity, falsely assuming the role of law enforcement officers and being a public nuisance. [41] The lawsuit identified Redneck Revolt and the Socialist Rifle Association, an anti-fascist group that defends working-class people's right to bear arms, as "private militia groups ... [that] helped create and secure a staging area for counter-protestors". [47]

Mary McCord, a former federal prosecutor who played a leading role in the lawsuit, described the decision to include Redneck Revolt among the defendants as "painful" and said: "This case was not conceived of because of Redneck Revolt, that's for sure. They fit the description, so it was pretty hard not to include them". [41] In June 2018, a group of members of clergy asked the city and the other plaintiffs to remove Redneck Revolt from the complaint. [41] [48] They argued: "There is a marked difference between the armed white supremacist groups who invaded Charlottesville with the intent to do harm and the armed anti-racist groups who came to Charlottesville to assist in supporting and protecting our most marginalized communities". [48] A lead attorney for the plaintiffs responded as follows: "The basis for this lawsuit is not about motives – it's about engaging in paramilitary activity. That's why Redneck Revolt was named as a defendant, and why they remain in the suit". [48] Redneck Revolt and Kessler signed consent decrees to end paramilitary activity in Charlottesville to resolve the lawsuit when they were left as the only defendants in early July 2018. [3] [49] The consent decree prohibits members from returning to Charlottesville "as part of a unit of two or more persons acting in concert while armed with a firearm, weapon, shield or any item whose purpose is to inflict bodily harm, at any demonstration, rally, protest or march". [3] Redneck Revolt issued a statement saying that it had chosen to end the lawsuit and to "focus our energies on the many important fights ahead". [3]

Significance

In September 2017, the historian Noel Ignatiev expressed concern regarding Redneck Revolt's commitment to "defense of our communities". Ignatiev argued that "in this society those who share our material conditions, our neighbors, our family members, our friends, the people working alongside us, usually reflect which race they (and we) are assigned to" and contended that "[t]he goal is not to defend the white community but to abolish it, and along with it all communities defined by racial preference or oppression". He also criticised the group for failing to challenge "institutions that reproduce white supremacy—neither the criminal justice system, nor the schools, nor employment discrimination, nor real estate lending and renting policies" and concluded that "white people organized as whites are dangerous to the working class and to humanity, and white people with guns organized as whites are doubly so—and this is true regardless of the intentions of the organizers". [50] Gabriel Kuhn responded to Ignatiev in a 2018 article. Kuhn argued that "organizations with the aim to primarily mobilize and organize among the white working class ... are mandatory if we don't want to simply abandon this part of the population and hand it to the right on a silver platter". [51]

In March 2018, the geographer Levi van Sant argued: [18]

[T]he Redneck Revolt model of Libertarian Socialism reveals important things, and should be an important part of the U.S. Left. Of particular importance is their Gramscian effort to read for the 'good sense in the common sense' of right-wing populism through radical and grassroots engagement.

Van Sant has also identified three lessons that Redneck Revolt offers to the American left, namely that working-class white people "are not inherently conservative"; that the group's success is drawn from their critique of modern American liberalism, including on firearms issues; and that they do not employ the rhetoric of white privilege, diversity or inclusion, but instead "position themselves as part of working class and white rural communities" and "act in solidarity with oppressed peoples". [8] Van Sant concluded that "[t]he case of Redneck Revolt suggests there are promising alternatives to Trumpism emanating from the U.S. countryside too often ignored by the U.S. left". [8]

In 2019 the sociologist Teal Rothschild wrote that "Redneck Revolt brings venerable activist traditions to bear on very contemporary issues, including 21st century identity politics." [52] Rothschild argued that while Redneck Revolt members see both anti-racism and bearing arms as part of a strategy of aiding marginalized people, media representations tend to depict them "as an oxymoron—as if gun carrying and anti-racism are not two positions, but two opposing poles." [25] Rothschild noted that "contemporary social movement studies have begun to center groups that span multiple identities and causes, and movements like Redneck Revolt suggest exactly why that matters. ... [Redneck Revolt] reminds us of the capacity for a single organization to hold a multiplicity of meanings, aims, and practices." [22]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Watt, Cecilia Saixue (July 11, 2017). "Redneck Revolt: the armed leftwing group that wants to stamp out fascism". The Guardian . Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  2. ↑ March, Stephanie (March 18, 2018). "Antifa: The hard left's call to arms". ABC Online . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ruth, Serven Smith (July 12, 2018). "Kessler, Redneck Revolt agree to end paramilitary activity in city". The Daily Progress . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bridges, Virginia (September 1, 2017). "They're leftists with guns. Meet the Redneck Revolt". The Herald-Sun . Retrieved September 20, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Bray 2017, p. 119.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Van Sant 2018, p. 1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Green, Jordan (April 11, 2018). "They Hate Racists. They Love Assault Rifles. Meet Redneck Revolt". Indy Week . Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Van Sant, Levi (April 16, 2018). "A redneck revolt? Radical responses to Trumpism in the rural US". openDemocracy . Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Van Sant 2018, p. 2.
  10. 1 2 Brinegar, Judi (May 6, 2017). "Rallies against KKK find support". The Courier-Tribune . Archived from the original on July 14, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Wyllie, Julian (May 28, 2018). "A Professor Brought His Guns to Protect Protesters at White-Supremacist Rallies. Then His Troubles Started" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Lemons, Stephen (April 5, 2017). "Lemons: Lefties with Guns Ready to Rumble with Right-Wing Militias, Says Arizona Anarchist". Phoenix New Times . Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 Love, David (July 19, 2017). "Pro-Gun, Pro-Labor and Anti-Racist, Redneck Revolt Is Trying to Steer Whites Away from Trump, Right-Wing Militias". Atlanta Black Star. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Pauly, Madison (May–June 2017). "A New Wave of Left-Wing Militants Is Ready to Rumble in Portland—and Beyond". Mother Jones . Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Shugerman, Emily (December 25, 2017). "Meet Redneck Revolt, the radical leftist group arming working-class people so they can defend minorities". The Independent . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Green, Jordan (May 6, 2017). "Militant anti-Klan protesters march through downtown Asheboro". Triad City Beat. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ware, Jared (June 20, 2017). "Redneck Revolt builds anti-racist, anti-capitalist movement with working class whites". ShadowProof . Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  18. 1 2 Van Sant 2018, p. 3.
  19. ↑ "Redneck Revolt organizing principles". Redneck Revolt. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  20. 1 2 Enzinna, Wes (January 26, 2017). "The Long History of 'Nazi Punching'". Mother Jones . Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Hersh, Joshua (June 15, 2017). "Extremism experts are starting to worry about the left". Vice . Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Rothschild 2019, p. 59.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Bray 2017, p. 120.
  24. 1 2 3 Maza, Cristina (December 27, 2017). "What is Redneck Revolt? These left-wing activists protest minorities with guns". Newsweek . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  25. 1 2 Rothschild 2019, p. 58.
  26. 1 2 3 Stein, Nat (September 27, 2017). "The left's answer to emboldened white supremacists? A militia of their own". Colorado Springs Independent . Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  27. 1 2 3 Hunt, Max (November 10, 2017). "Local activists strive for social change". Mountain Xpress . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
  28. ↑ Womick, Chip (March 13, 2017). "Asheboro mayor to KKK: 'Don't come here'". The Courier-Tribune . Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  29. ↑ Trowbridge, Julia (June 23, 2017). "VP Mike Pence speaks at Focus on the Family's 40th anniversary celebration". Rocky Mountain Collegian . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  30. ↑ Springer, Morgan; Wanschura, Daniel (June 24, 2017). "Kalkaska protesters argue about hate and freedom of speech in response to FB posts". Interlochen Public Radio . Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  31. ↑ Bach, Trevor (June 8, 2018). "How This Small Town in Trump Country Dumped Its Islamophobic President". Vice . Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Trump opponents show up with rifles near event". Fox 5 New York. August 22, 2017. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  33. ↑ "Police deploy gas and pepper spray to disperse protesters outside Trump rally as thousands gather". The Independent . August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  34. ↑ Willets, Sarah (February 9, 2018). "Charges Dropped Against Two Accused of Bringing Weapons to Anti-Klan Rally". Indy Week . Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
  35. ↑ Stryker, Kitty (September 14, 2017). "The Radical Politics Behind the Juggalo March on Washington". Vice . Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  36. ↑ Blasl, Katie (September 30, 2017). "Candlelight vigil for victims of opioid epidemic will be held Sunday downtown". Riverhead Local. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  37. ↑ Andrews, Becca (August 16, 2017). "Right-to-Carry Laws Are Making Violent Protests like Charlottesville Even Harder to Defuse". Mother Jones . Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  38. ↑ Coley, Ben (August 15, 2017). "Local resident recounts Charlottesville". The Dispatch . Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  39. ↑ Farah Stockman (August 14, 2017). "Who Were the Counterprotesters in Charlottesville?". The New York Times . Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  40. ↑ Harriot, Michael (January 12, 2018). "The Caucasian Panthers: Meet the Rednecks Armed, Ready and 'Bout That Anti-Racist Life". The Root . Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Dwyer, Johnny (June 12, 2018). "'Alt-right' and anti-fascists unite against lawsuit designed to prevent another Charlottesville". The Intercept . Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  42. ↑ Rippetoe, Rachel (August 15, 2017). "Hundreds in Eugene march against hate amid national outcry over neo-Nazi rally in Virginia". The Register-Guard . Archived from the original on September 24, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  43. ↑ Segerstrom, Carl (August 17, 2017). "Setting the Terms after Charlottesville". Eugene Weekly . Archived from the original on August 18, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  44. ↑ Baars, Samantha (October 12, 2017). "Militia madness: City files suit against August 12 participants". C-VILLE Weekly. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  45. ↑ Suarez, Chris (October 12, 2017). "New suits filed against Aug. 12 rally organizers". The Daily Progress . Retrieved October 14, 2017.
  46. ↑ "League of the South: No more armed rallies in Charlottesville". Al Jazeera . March 27, 2018. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  47. 1 2 Arria, Michael (April 29, 2018). "Why Is Charlottesville Suing Two Anti-Racist Groups Over Last Year's Violent 'Unite the Right' Rally?". Truthout . Retrieved August 18, 2018.
  48. 1 2 3 Suarez, Chris (June 8, 2018). "Kessler planning anniversary rallies in city, D.C." The Daily Progress . Retrieved August 19, 2018.
  49. ↑ Green, Jordan (July 12, 2018). "Jason Kessler, Redneck Revolt settle lawsuit with Charlottesville". Triad City Beat . Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  50. ↑ Ignatiev, Noel (September 15, 2017). "Rainbow Coalition or Class War?". Hard Crackers: Chronicles of Everyday Life. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
  51. ↑ Kuhn, Gabriel (2018). "New Classes for a New Class Politics: An Appreciation of David Gilbert's Looking at the U.S. White Working Class Historically". Turning the Tide. 30 (2): 6. ProQuest   2036210213.
  52. ↑ Rothschild 2019, p. 57.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patriot Prayer</span> American far-right political group

Patriot Prayer is a US far-right group founded by Joey Gibson in 2016 and based in Vancouver, Washington, a suburban city in the Portland metropolitan area. Since 2016, the group has organized several dozen pro-gun, pro-Trump rallies held in cities in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California. Often met with large numbers of counter-protesters, attendees have repeatedly clashed with left-wing groups in the Portland area. Far-right groups, such as the Proud Boys, have attended the rallies organized by Patriot Prayer, as well as white nationalists, sparking controversy and violence.

Refuse Fascism is a U.S.-based anti-fascist coalition organization, led by the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA. Until the 2020 United States presidential election, it was characterized by its call for the removal of the Trump administration by non-violent street protests. Since the election, it has counter-demonstrated at a series of pro-Trump events.

The New York Light Foot Militia (NYLFM) is a militia movement organization founded by George Curbelo in 2015 in the U.S. state of New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose City Antifa</span> Antifa group founded in 2007 in Portland, Oregon

Rose City Antifa (RCA) is an antifascist group founded in 2007 in Portland, Oregon. A leftist group, it is the oldest known active antifa group in the United States. While anti-fascist activism in the United States dates back to the 1980s, Rose City Antifa is the first to adopt the abbreviated moniker antifa. Since 2016, Rose City Antifa has been one of the nine chapters of the Torch Network coalition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlottesville car attack</span> 2017 terrorist attack in the United States

The Charlottesville car attack was a white supremacist terrorist attack perpetrated on August 12, 2017, when James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately drove his car into a crowd of people peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one person and injuring 35. Fields, 20, had previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs, and drove from Ohio to attend the rally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unite the Right 2</span> 2018 white supremacist rally in Washington, D.C.

The "Unite the Right 2" rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred on August 12, 2018, at Lafayette Square near the White House in Washington, D.C., United States. It was organized by Jason Kessler to mark the first anniversary of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, which ended in deadly violence and attracted both national and international attention.

The Rise Above Movement (RAM) is a militant alt-right Southern California-based street fighting group which has variously been described as "a loose collective of violent neo-Nazis and fascists", white nationalists, white supremacists, and far-right persons. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), it "is inspired by identitarian movements in Europe and it is trying to bring their philosophies and violent tactics to the United States." Its members are primarily located in the areas of Orange County and San Diego, and as of 2018, have been variously numbered at 20 to 50. Individual RAM members are also members of other organizations, such as the self-described Identitarian Identity Evropa/American Identity Movement, the "Western chauvinist" Proud Boys, and the neo-Nazi skinhead Hammerskin Nation, according to Northern California Anti-Racist Action (NoCARA).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Rifle Association</span> American socialist gun rights organization

The Socialist Rifle Association (SRA) is a socialist gun rights advocacy group in the United States that is dedicated to "providing working class people the information they need to be effectively armed for self and community defense." The group advocates for Second Amendment gun rights from a left-wing perspective.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club</span> Gun club in the Puget Sound region

The Puget Sound John Brown Gun Club (PSJBGC) is a Puget Sound Area gun club, formerly affiliated with Redneck Revolt. During the George Floyd protests in June 2020, the group attended the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone in Seattle.

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