Saproamanita

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Saproamanita
Amanita vittadini.jpg
Saproamanita vittadinii in grass in Italy
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Amanitaceae
Genus:
Saproamanita

Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu (2016)
Type species
Saproamanita vittadinii [1]
(Moretti) Redhead, Vizzini, Drehmel & Contu (2016)
Diversity
c. 23 species
Synonyms

LepidellaE.-J. Gilbert (1925)
Amanita subgen. LepidellaBeauseigneur (1925)
AspidellaE.-J. Gilbert (1940)
Amanita subgen. AspidellaE.-J. Gilbert (1941)
Amanita sect. LepidellaCorner & Bas (1962)
Amanita sect. AspidellaPomerleau (1966)
Amanita subsect. VittadinaeBas (1969)
Amanita ser. Vittadinae(Bas) Neville & Poumarat (2004)

Contents

The genus Saproamanita contains about 24 species of agarics and is one of six genera in the family Amanitaceae, of which the similar Amanita is also a member. Saproamanita differs from Amanita in that its species are saprophytic, and not ectomycorrhizal.

Description

Saproamanita resemble Amanita . They have a pileus, free lamellae, a central stipe, and an annulus. Below the annulus are scales and rings, remnants of the universal veil composed largely of cylindrical to slender, clavate, inflated hyphal cells mostly scattered in the central stipe region (rather than the base). [2] The spores are white and amyloid.

Taxonomy

The name refers to the saprotrophic life style and the generic relationship to its sister genus, Amanita. In earlier studies the genus was ill-defined and named Lepidella and later Aspidella. Both of these names are unusable because of earlier usage by biologists for other organisms, e.g. Aspidella E. Billings. The most recent adoption of the name Aspidella [3] was based on a molecularly and ecologically defined genus similar to the current circumscription. [4]

DNA molecular evidence for the separation of the genus from Amanita was first detected in a 2002 study of mushrooms and their, with S. armillariiformis (then classified as an Amanita) appearing basal to Amanita. [5] Later studies, supported by larger samplings of species and additional gene regions in investigations of Amanitaceae, expanded the sampling of both groups of species that were all considered to be Amanita species [6] [7] [8] or separated into two genera under the names Aspidella and Amanita. [3] In that most detailed study of decomposition pathway enzymes that lends support for taxonomic separation, [7] the subgeneric name Amanita subgen. Lepidella was misapplied to a group of species that did not include the type species of the subgenus; that subgeneric group of mycorrhizal species [7] is more correctly named Amanita subgen. Amanitina. [4] [9]

Currently there are two competing contemporary classifications, one that recognizes the two genera, Amanita and Saproamanita, [4] [10] [11] [12] and the other that maintains both genera under the older name Amanita. [13]

A recent phylogenetic tree for the genus included information from Thailand by Nakarin Suwannarach and Surapong Khuna. [14]

Distribution and habitat

Saproamanita are known to inhabit grasslands, lawns, pastures, fens, and fields in Africa, Asia including the Indian subcontinent and Thailand, [15] [14] [16] [17] Australia, Europe, including Mediterranean islands (e.g. Cyprus) [18] and England, [2] North America, including Mexico, [19] the Caribbean, [10] and South America, [20] [21] as well as glens in open canopy forests. Some species are known to form fairy rings. At least three of the species are invasive species expanding their ranges, S. inopinata in Europe, S. thiersii in North America, and S. manicata in Hawaii. [2] [22] [23] [12]

Genome sequencing

The genome of S. thiersii (as Amanita thiersii) and its cellulose degrading capability are the subject of a US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute project. [24]

Species

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agaricales</span> Order of mushrooms

The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics, but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi and gasteroid fungi belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus and the deadly Amanita virosa to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boletaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Boletaceae are a family of mushroom-forming fungi, primarily characterised by small pores on the spore-bearing hymenial surface, instead of gills as are found in most agarics. Nearly as widely distributed as the agarics, the family is renowned for hosting some prime edible species highly sought after by mushroom hunters worldwide, such as the cep or king bolete . A number of rare or threatened species are also present in the family, that have become the focus of increasing conservation concerns. As a whole, the typical members of the family are commonly known as boletes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanitaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Amanitaceae is a family of mushroom-forming fungi. Amanita Pers. is one of the most speciose and best-known fungal genera. The family, also commonly called the amanita family, is in order Agaricales, the gilled mushrooms. The family consists primarily of the large genus Amanita, but also includes the smaller genera Amarrendia, Catatrama, Limacella, Limacellopsis, Saproamanita, Torrendia and Zhuliangomyces. Both Amarrendia and Torrendia are considered to be synonymous with Amanita but appear quite different because they are secotioid.

<i>Amanita gemmata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita gemmata, commonly known as the gemmed amanita or the jonquil amanita, is an agaric mushroom of the family Amanitaceae and genus Amanita. The fruit body has a cap that is a dull to golden shade of yellow, and typically 2.5–12 centimetres in diameter. The cap surface is sticky when moist, and characterized by white warts, which are easily detached. It is initially convex, and flattens out when mature. The flesh is white and does not change colour when cut. The gills are white and closely spaced. The stem is pale yellow, and measures 4–12 cm long by 0.5–1.9 cm thick. The partial veil that covers the young fruit body turns into the ring on the stem at maturity. The spore print is white. It resembles numerous other species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hygrophoraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics, including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species, DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.

<i>Melanoleuca</i> Genus of fungi

Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.

<i>Amanita abrupta</i> Species of fungus

Amanita abrupta, commonly known as the American abrupt-bulbed amanita or the American abrupt-bulbed lepidella, is a toxic species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Named for the characteristic shape of its fruit bodies, this white Amanita has a slender stem, a cap covered with conical white warts, and an "abruptly enlarged" swollen base. This terrestrial species grows in mixed woods in eastern North America and eastern Asia, where it is thought to exist in a mycorrhizal relationship with a variety of both coniferous and deciduous tree species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amanitoideae</span> Subfamily of fungi

Amanitoideae is a subfamily of the fungi or mushroom family Amanitaceae. The name was first used as Agaricaceae subfamily Amanitoideae before the subfamily was raised in rank to become the Amanitaceae separated from the revised Agaricaceae.

Dictyonema is a genus of mainly tropical basidiolichens in the family Hygrophoraceae.

<i>Amanita rubrovolvata</i> Species of fungus

Amanita rubrovolvata, commonly known as the red volva amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. The fungus produces small to medium-sized mushrooms, with reddish-orange caps up to 6.5 millimetres wide. The stems are up to 10 cm (4 in) tall, cream-coloured above the ring and cream to yellowish below it. The stem ends in a roughly spherical bulb at the base, which is covered with bright orange patches.

<i>Saproamanita thiersii</i> Species of fungus

Saproamanita thiersii, commonly called Thiers' lepidella, is a North American saprotrophic basidiomycete fungus in the genus Saproamanita. It is a white, small mushroom. Its cap is convex, measuring 3.5–10 centimetres across, and the stipe is 8–20 cm (3–8 in) long. The spore print is white.

<i>Saproamanita vittadinii</i> Species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae

Saproamanita vittadinii, commonly known as the Vittadini's lepidella, is a European saprophyte mushroom classified in the genus Saproamanita. Unlike some Amanitas, this species is known to occur without accompanying woody plant symbionts. It has a general aspect somewhat between Macrolepiota and Armillaria, but it is characterized by a pure white colour overall and by the squamous (scaly) covering of cap and stipe.

<i>Amanita sphaerobulbosa</i> Species of fungus

Amanita sphaerobulbosa, commonly known as the Asian abrupt-bulbed Lepidella, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae. First described by mycologist Tsuguo Hongo in 1969, it is found in Southern Asia.

<i>Saproamanita nauseosa</i> Species of fungus

Saproamanita nauseosa is a species of agaric fungus in the family Amanitaceae. First described by English mycologist Elsie Maud Wakefield in 1918 as a species of Lepiota, it was named for its nauseating odor. The type specimen was found growing on soil in the Nepenthes greenhouse at Kew Gardens. Derek Reid transferred the species to Amanita in 1966, and then in 2016 the separate genus Saproamanita was created by Redhead et al. for saprophytic Amanitas and it was transferred to this new genus.

<i>Saproamanita inopinata</i> Species of fungus

Saproamanita inopinata, commonly called unexpected anamita, is a basidomycete fungus in the subgenus Saproamanita. This species was previously called Anamita inopinata, before being briefly renamed to Aspidella inopinata until it received its current name. The native range is currently unknown, with it currently being considered introduced into both New Zealand and England.

<i>Zhuliangomyces illinitus</i> Species of fungus

Zhuliangomyces illinitus is a mushroom-forming fungus species of genus Zhuliangomyces in the family Amanitaceae in the order Agaricales. It has been known most recently as Limacella illinita. Also known previously as Agaricus illinitus and Mastocephalus illinitus. This fungus is known for its distinctive slimy cap. Z. illinitus is commonly known as the dripping slimecap or the overflowing slimy stem.

References

  1. ↑ Vizzini A, Redhead SA, Dovana F (2017). "Epitypification of Agaricus vittadinii (Basidiomycota, Amanitaceae)". Phytotaxa. 326 (3): 230–234. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.326.3.8.
  2. 1 2 3 Læssøe T, Petersen JH (2019). Fungi of Temperate Europe Vol 1. Princeton University Press. pp. 352–354. ISBN   9780691180373.
  3. 1 2 Vizzini A, Contu M, Ercole E, Voyron S (2012). "Rivalutazione e delimitazione del genere Aspidella (Agaricales, Amanitaceae), nuovamente separato da Amanita". Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea. 27 (2): 75–90.
  4. 1 2 3 Redhead SA, Vizzini A, Drehmel DC, Contu M (2016). "Saproamanita, a new name for both Lepidella E.-J. Gilbert and Aspidella E.-J. Gilbert (Amaniteae, Amanitaceae)". IMA Fungus. 7 (1): 119–129. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.07. PMC   4941681 . PMID   27433443. Archived 2016-08-04 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ, Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clémençon H, Miller OK Jr (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID   12099793.
  6. ↑ Justo A, Morgenstern I, Hallen-Adams HE, Hibbett DS (2010). "Convergent evolution of sequestrate forms in Amanita under Mediterranean climate conditions". Mycologia. 102 (3): 675–688. doi:10.3852/09-191. PMID   20524599. S2CID   9995551.
  7. 1 2 3 Wolfe BE, Tulloss RE, Pringle A (2012). "The irreversible loss of a decomposition pathway marks the single origin of an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e39597. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739597W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039597 . PMC   3399872 . PMID   22815710.
  8. ↑ Hess J, Pringle A (2014). "The natural histories of species and their genomes: asymbiotic and ectomycorrhizal Amanita Fungi.". In Martin F (ed.). Advances in Botanical Research. Vol. 70. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 235–257. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397940-7.00008-2. ISBN   9780123979407.
  9. ↑ Cui YY, Cai Q, Tang LP, Liu JW, Yang ZL (2018). "The family Amanitaceae: molecular phylogeny, higher-rank taxonomy and the species in China". Fungal Diversity. 91 (1): 5–230. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0405-9. S2CID   52048762.
  10. 1 2 Vizzini A, Angelini A, Bizzi A (2016). "Saproamanita manicata in Repubblica Dominicana". RMR, Boll. Amer. 2016 (2): 33–44.
  11. ↑ Hawksworth DL (2016). "Sense and sensibility in naming". IMA Fungus. 7 (1): 1–2. doi: 10.1007/BF03449407 .
  12. 1 2 Hemmes DE, Desjardin DE, Perry BA (2019). "Recent Introductions and Movements of Fleshy Fungi in the Hawaiian Islands". Fungi. 11 (4): 20–24.
  13. ↑ "home - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella". www.amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
  14. 1 2 Boonmee S, Wanasinghe DN, Calabon MS, Huanraluek N, Chandrasiri SK, et al. (2021). "Fungal diversity notes 1387–1511: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa". Fungal Diversity. 111 (1): 1–335. doi:10.1007/s13225-021-00489-3. PMC   8648402 . PMID   34899100.
  15. ↑ Verma RK, Pandro V (2018). "Diversity and distribution of Amanitaceous mushrooms in India, two new reports from Sal Forest of Central India". Indian Journal of Tropical Biodiversity. 26 (1): 42–54.
  16. ↑ Kantharaja R, Krishnappa M (2022). "Amanitaceous fungi of central Western Ghats: taxonomy, phylogeny, and six new reports to Indian mycobiota". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 14 (4): 20890–20902. doi: 10.11609/jott.7801.14.4.20890-20902 .
  17. ↑ Aman N, Khalid AN, Moncalvo JM (2022). "A compendium of macrofungi of Pakistan by ecoregions". MycoKeys. 89: 171–233. doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.89.81148 . PMC   9849087 . PMID   36760828. S2CID   248686065.
  18. ↑ Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA (2018). "Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents". Documents Mycologiques. 37: 201–218.
  19. ↑ Rodríguez Hernández, Alicia (2018). Aspectos bioculturales de Saproamanita thiersii (Fungi: Agaricales) en el municipio de Apaxco de Ocampo, Estado de México (PDF) (Thesis). Univeridad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo.
  20. ↑ Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, Hardy GE, Gené J, et al. (2018). "Fungal Planet description sheets: 716–784". Persoonia. 40: 240–395. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.10. PMC   6146637 . PMID   30505003.
  21. ↑ Gómez-Montoya N, Ríos-Sarmiento C, Zora-Vergara B, Benjumea-Aristizabal C, Santa-Santa DJ, Zuluaga-Moreno M, Franco-Molano AE (2022). "Diversidad de macrohongos (Basidiomycota) de Colombia: listado de especies. Macrofungal diversity (Basidiomycota) of Colombia: List of species". Actual. Biol. 44 (116): 1–94. doi: 10.17533/udea.acbi.v44n116a07 . S2CID   249689952.
  22. ↑ Kibby G (2005). "The invasion of Amanita inopinata continues!". Field Mycol. 6: 31. doi: 10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60294-0 .
  23. ↑ Wolfe BE, Kuo M, Pringle A (2012). "Amanita thiersii is a saprotrophic fungus expanding its range in the United States". Mycologia. 104 (1): 22–23. doi:10.3852/11-056. PMID   21914823. S2CID   207661066.
  24. ↑ "Why sequence cellulose degrading fungus Amanita thiersii?". DOE Joint Genome Institute. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2022-12-17.
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